TED Residency
Jessica Pryce: To transform child welfare, take race out of the equation
潔西卡普萊斯: 把種族因素從兒童福利決策中剔除
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,264,902 views
這場讓人開眼界的演說談的是種族和鄰里對於寄養照護決策的影響。社工潔西卡普萊斯分享一個很有希望的解決方案，來協助兒童福利機關做出沒有偏見的評估，決定是否要將兒童帶離他們的家庭。普萊斯說：「讓我們來同心協力建立一個體制，一個想要讓家庭更強壯，而不是拆散家庭的體制。」
Jessica Pryce - Child advocate, social scientist
Jessica Pryce creates strategies to reduce the impact of racial bias in child protective services. Full bio
Jessica Pryce creates strategies to reduce the impact of racial bias in child protective services. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want you to imagine that you are
a Child Protective Services worker.
a Child Protective Services worker.
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我想請各位想像
自己是兒童保護社工。
自己是兒童保護社工。
00:17
And you have to respond
to a report of child abuse.
to a report of child abuse.
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你必須要處理一件兒童受虐案件。
00:21
You walk into a home, unannounced,
unexpected, certainly uninvited.
unexpected, certainly uninvited.
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你走進一個家中，他們沒被通知，
沒預期你會來，且肯定沒邀請你。
沒預期你會來，且肯定沒邀請你。
00:27
The first thing you see is a mattress
in the middle of the room, on the floor.
in the middle of the room, on the floor.
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你第一眼看到的是房間中央
有一個床墊在地上。
有一個床墊在地上。
00:30
Three kids lying on it, asleep.
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三個孩子躺在床墊上熟睡。
00:33
There's a small table nearby
with a couple of ashtrays,
with a couple of ashtrays,
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旁邊有張小桌子，
上面放了幾個煙灰缸，
上面放了幾個煙灰缸，
00:37
empty beer cans.
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和幾個空啤酒瓶。
00:40
Large rat traps are set in the corner,
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角落有大型的捕鼠器，
00:42
not too far from where
the kids lie asleep.
the kids lie asleep.
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離孩子們睡覺的地方不遠。
00:46
So you make a note.
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於是你做了筆記。
00:49
A part of your job is walking
through the entire home.
through the entire home.
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你的一部分職責，
就是要走過整間房子。
就是要走過整間房子。
00:52
So you start with the kitchen,
where there's very little food.
where there's very little food.
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你從廚房開始，廚房裡的食物很少。
00:56
You notice another mattress
in the bedroom, on the floor,
in the bedroom, on the floor,
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你注意到在臥房地上
也有一張床墊，
也有一張床墊，
00:59
that the mother shares
with her infant child.
with her infant child.
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是母親和嬰兒共用的。
01:04
Now, generally, at this point,
two things may happen.
two things may happen.
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一般來說，在這個時點，
可能會有兩種情況：
可能會有兩種情況：
01:08
The children are deemed unsafe
and removed from the home,
and removed from the home,
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孩子會被認為不安全，
被從家中帶走，
被從家中帶走，
01:12
and placed in state custody
for a specified period of time.
for a specified period of time.
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並被安置到州立機構
照管一段時間。
照管一段時間。
01:16
Or the children remain with their family
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或是，孩子們繼續
和家人待在一起，
和家人待在一起，
01:19
and the child welfare system
provides help and support.
provides help and support.
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而兒童福利制度
會提供協助和支援。
會提供協助和支援。
我以前擔任兒童保護社工時，
01:25
When I was a Child
Protective Services worker,
Protective Services worker,
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01:27
I saw things like this all the time.
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我常看到這樣的事。
01:30
Some far better, some far worse.
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有些狀況好很多，有些狀況糟很多。
01:33
I asked you to imagine
yourself in that home,
yourself in that home,
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我之所以請各位想像
自己身在那個家中，
自己身在那個家中，
01:36
because I wonder what crossed your mind.
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是因為我想知道你們會怎麼想。
01:38
What guides your decisions?
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你的決策根據是什麼？
01:40
What's going to impact
your opinion of that family?
your opinion of that family?
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什麼會影響你對那個家庭的看法？
01:44
What race, ethnicity,
did you think the family was?
did you think the family was?
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你覺得這個家庭是什麼種族？
01:49
I want you to realize
that if those children were white,
that if those children were white,
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我希望各位了解，
如果那些孩子是白人，
如果那些孩子是白人，
01:53
it is more likely that their family
stays together after that visit.
stays together after that visit.
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比較有可能在那次造訪之後，
他們一家人仍然會住在一起。
他們一家人仍然會住在一起。
01:58
Research done at
the University of Pennsylvania
the University of Pennsylvania
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賓州大學的一項研究發現，
02:00
found that white families, on average,
have access to more help and more support
have access to more help and more support
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一般來說，白人家庭
能從兒童福利制度
能從兒童福利制度
取得比較多的協助和支援。
02:05
from the child welfare system.
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02:07
And their cases are less likely
to go through a full investigation.
to go through a full investigation.
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他們的案件也比較
不會需要接受完整調查。
不會需要接受完整調查。
02:14
But on the other hand,
if those kids are black,
if those kids are black,
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但，另一方面，
如果那些孩子是黑人，
如果那些孩子是黑人，
02:17
they are four times
more likely to be removed,
more likely to be removed,
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他們被帶離家庭的
可能性是四倍高，
可能性是四倍高，
02:20
they spend longer periods
of time in foster care,
of time in foster care,
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他們被寄養照顧的時間比較長，
02:24
and it's harder to find them
a stable foster placement.
a stable foster placement.
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也比較難為他們找到
穩定的寄養安置處。
穩定的寄養安置處。
02:29
Foster care is meant to be
an immediate shelter of protection
an immediate shelter of protection
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寄養照顧的本意，是要提供
立即的保護庇護所
立即的保護庇護所
02:32
for kids who are at high risk.
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給高風險的孩童。
02:33
But it's also a confusing
and traumatic exit from the family.
and traumatic exit from the family.
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但從這個出口離開家庭，
很讓人困惑且會造成創傷。
很讓人困惑且會造成創傷。
02:39
Research done at
the University of Minnesota
the University of Minnesota
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明尼蘇達大學的研究發現，
02:41
found that kids
who went through foster care
who went through foster care
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有過寄養照顧經歷的兒童，
02:43
had more behavioral problems
and internalized issues
and internalized issues
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比起留在原生家庭中
接受幫助與支援的兒童，
接受幫助與支援的兒童，
02:46
than kids who remain with their families
while receiving help and support.
while receiving help and support.
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有更多的行為問題，
且更會將議題內化。
且更會將議題內化。
02:52
The scenario I mentioned earlier
is not uncommon.
is not uncommon.
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我先前提到的情況並不罕見。
02:55
A single mother,
living in low-income housing
living in low-income housing
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一位單親母親，住在低收入的住房，
02:57
with her four children.
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帶著四個孩子。
02:59
And the rats make it
almost impossible to keep food,
almost impossible to keep food,
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因為老鼠猖獗，
保存食物也很困難，
保存食物也很困難，
03:02
let alone fresh food in the home.
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更不用說家中
會有什麼新鮮食物了。
會有什麼新鮮食物了。
03:05
Does that mother deserve
to have her children taken from her?
to have her children taken from her?
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這位母親的孩子被帶離
她身邊，是她活該嗎？
她身邊，是她活該嗎？
03:10
Emma Ketteringham,
a family court attorney,
a family court attorney,
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家事法庭律師艾瑪凱特林漢說，
03:13
says that if you live
in a poor neighborhood,
in a poor neighborhood,
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如果你住在貧困的鄰里，
03:16
then you better be a perfect parent.
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那你最好要當個完美的家長。
03:19
She says that we place unfair,
often unreachable standards
often unreachable standards
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她說，我們會用不公平
且通常無法達到的標準
且通常無法達到的標準
03:22
on parents who are raising their kids
with very little money.
with very little money.
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來看待沒什麼錢來養育孩子的父母。
03:26
And their neighborhood and ethnicity
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而他們的所住的鄰里和天生的人種
03:28
impact whether or not
their kids are removed.
their kids are removed.
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會影響到他們的孩子是否會被帶走。
03:33
In the two years I spent
on the front lines of child welfare,
on the front lines of child welfare,
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我在兒童福利的前線做了兩年，
03:36
I made high-stakes decisions.
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我做過高風險的決策。
03:38
And I saw firsthand
how my personal values impacted my work.
how my personal values impacted my work.
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我親眼看見我的個人價值觀
如何影響我的工作。
如何影響我的工作。
03:42
Now, as social work faculty
at Florida State University,
at Florida State University,
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現在，身為佛羅里達
州立大學的社工人員，
州立大學的社工人員，
03:47
I lead an institute
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我領導一個機構，負責規劃最創新
03:48
that curates the most innovative
and effective child welfare research.
and effective child welfare research.
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且最有效的兒童福利研究。
03:52
And research tells us that there are
twice as many black kids in foster care,
twice as many black kids in foster care,
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研究告訴我們，
接受寄養照顧的黑人孩子
接受寄養照顧的黑人孩子
03:57
twenty-eight percent,
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比例為 28%，
03:59
than there are in the general
population, 14 percent.
population, 14 percent.
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是一般大眾 14% 的兩倍高。
04:03
And although there are
several reasons why,
several reasons why,
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雖然背後的原因有好幾個，
04:05
I want to discuss one reason today:
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今天我只想要討論一個原因：
04:08
implicit bias.
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隱性偏見。
04:10
Let's start with "implicit."
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讓我們先從「隱性」談起。
04:12
It's subconscious,
something you're not aware of.
something you're not aware of.
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它是潛意識的，你不會意識到。
04:16
Bias -- those stereotypes and attitudes
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偏見——是我們所有人
對於特定族群的刻板印象和態度。
04:19
that we all have
about certain groups of people.
about certain groups of people.
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04:22
So, implicit bias is what lurks
in the background
in the background
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隱性偏見潛伏在
我們所做的每一個決策背後。
04:25
of every decision that we make.
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04:28
So how can we fix it?
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我們要如何修正呢？
04:30
I have a promising solution
that I want to share.
that I want to share.
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我有一個很好的解決方案，
想和大家分享。
想和大家分享。
04:34
Now, in almost every state,
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幾乎在每一州，
04:36
there are high numbers of black kids
going into foster care.
going into foster care.
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都有很大量的黑人孩子
接受寄養照顧。
接受寄養照顧。
04:40
But data revealed that Nassau County,
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但資料顯示，拿索縣，
04:43
a community in New York,
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紐約的一個社區，
04:45
had managed to decrease
the number of black kids being removed.
the number of black kids being removed.
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成功地將被帶離家庭的
黑人孩子數目降低。
黑人孩子數目降低。
04:48
And in 2016, I went
into that community with my team
into that community with my team
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2016 年，我和我的團隊
拜訪了那個社區，
拜訪了那個社區，
04:54
and led a research study,
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進行了一項研究，
04:55
discovering the use
of blind removal meetings.
of blind removal meetings.
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發現他們使用盲目移除會議
來決定要不要把孩子帶走。
來決定要不要把孩子帶走。
04:59
This is how it works.
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它的運作方式如下。
05:02
A case worker responds
to a report of child abuse.
to a report of child abuse.
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個案處理人員受理兒童受虐的通報後
05:05
They go out to the home,
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要到家中訪視，
05:06
but before the children are removed,
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但在孩子被帶離之前，
05:08
the case worker
must come back to the office
must come back to the office
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個案處理人員必須先回到辦公室，
05:11
and present what they found.
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針對其發現做簡報。
05:13
But here's the distinction:
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但，差別在這裡：
05:14
When they present to the committee,
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當他們對委員會做簡報時，
05:16
they delete names, ethnicity,
neighborhood, race,
neighborhood, race,
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他們會把姓名、
人種、鄰里、種族等
人種、鄰里、種族等
所有可辨識身分的資訊都刪除。
05:20
all identifiable information.
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05:23
They focus on what happened,
family strength, relevant history
family strength, relevant history
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他們把焦點放在
發生的狀況、家庭的能力、
發生的狀況、家庭的能力、
相關的過去歷史，
以及家長保護孩童的能力。
以及家長保護孩童的能力。
05:29
and the parents' ability
to protect the child.
to protect the child.
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05:32
With that information,
the committee makes a recommendation,
the committee makes a recommendation,
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有那些資訊，
委員會就會做出建議，
委員會就會做出建議，
05:36
never knowing the race of the family.
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自始至終都不知道
個案家庭的種族。
個案家庭的種族。
05:40
Blind removals have made
a drastic impact in that community.
a drastic impact in that community.
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用盲目移除會議來做決策
對該社區有很大的影響。
對該社區有很大的影響。
05:44
In 2011, 57 percent of the kids
going into foster care were black.
going into foster care were black.
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2011 年，接受寄養照顧的
孩子中有 57% 是黑人。
孩子中有 57% 是黑人。
05:49
But after five years of blind removals,
that is down to 21 percent.
that is down to 21 percent.
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但採用盲目移除會議五年後，
百分比降為 21%。
百分比降為 21%。
05:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:01
Here's what we learned
from talking to some of the case workers.
from talking to some of the case workers.
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我們和一些個案處理人員
談過之後，得到以下資訊：
談過之後，得到以下資訊：
06:04
"When a family has a history
with the department,
with the department,
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「兒童福利局有一個家庭
以前的不良記錄時，
以前的不良記錄時，
06:07
many of us hold that history against them,
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我們許多人就會用
那不良記錄來評斷他們，
那不良記錄來評斷他們，
06:10
even if they're trying
to do things differently."
to do things differently."
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即使他們努力嘗試做出不同。」
06:13
"When I see a case from a certain
apartment building,
apartment building,
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「當我看到一個案件是
發生在某棟公寓大樓、
發生在某棟公寓大樓、
06:16
neighborhood or zip code,
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某個鄰里，或某個郵遞區號時，
06:18
I just automatically think the worst."
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我會自動往最糟的方向去想。」
06:22
"Child welfare is very subjective,
because it's an emotional field.
because it's an emotional field.
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「兒童福利是非常主觀的，
因為它是個情緒化的領域。
因為它是個情緒化的領域。
06:26
There's no one who doesn't have
emotions around this work.
emotions around this work.
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每個做這方面工作的人都會有情緒。
06:29
And it's very hard to leave
all of your stuff at the door
all of your stuff at the door
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當你在做這份工作時，
很難放下所有自己的成見。
06:32
when you do this work.
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06:33
So let's take the subjectivity
of race and neighborhood out of it,
of race and neighborhood out of it,
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所以，讓我們來把對於種族
和鄰里的主觀成見從中拿掉，
和鄰里的主觀成見從中拿掉，
06:38
and you might get different outcomes."
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你可能就會得到不同的結果。」
06:42
Blind removals seem to be
bringing us closer
bringing us closer
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用盲目移除會議來做寄養照顧決策，
06:45
to solving the problem of implicit bias
in foster-care decisions.
in foster-care decisions.
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似乎讓我們朝解決隱性偏見影響
寄養照顧策略的問題更近了一步。
寄養照顧策略的問題更近了一步。
06:50
My next step is figuring out
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我的下一步是要想辦法
06:52
how to use artificial intelligence
and machine learning
and machine learning
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使用人工智慧和機器學習
來把這個專案計畫的規模做更大，
06:55
to bring this project to scale
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06:57
and make it more accessible
to other states.
to other states.
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讓其他州也更容易參與。
07:00
I know we can transform child welfare.
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我知道我們可以轉變兒童福利。
07:03
We can hold organizations accountable
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我們能夠要求組織負起責任，
07:05
to developing the social consciousness
of their employees.
of their employees.
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協助它們的員工發展出社會意識。
我們能要求自己負起責任，
07:09
We can hold ourselves accountable
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07:11
to making sure our decisions
are driven by ethics and safety.
are driven by ethics and safety.
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確保我們的決策基礎是倫理和安全。
07:15
Let's imagine a child welfare system
that focuses on partnering with parents,
that focuses on partnering with parents,
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讓我們來想像兒童福利體制的焦點
放在與家長合作、賦予家庭能力，
07:21
empowering families,
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07:22
and no longer see poverty as failure.
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且不再把貧窮和失敗劃上等號。
07:26
Let's work together to build a system
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讓我們來同心協力建立一個體制，
07:29
that wants to make families stronger
instead of pulling them apart.
instead of pulling them apart.
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一個想要讓家庭更強壯，
而不是拆散家庭的體制。
而不是拆散家庭的體制。
07:34
Thank you.
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謝謝。
07:35
(Applause) (Cheering)
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（掌聲）（歡呼）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Pryce - Child advocate, social scientistJessica Pryce creates strategies to reduce the impact of racial bias in child protective services.
Why you should listen
Jessica Pryce curates child welfare research that focuses on answering legislative questions and informing social policy. She has conducted research at the state and national level while publishing and presenting her work nationally and internationally. Her research has focused on the training and education of the workforce, racial disparity in child welfare decisions, and the disproportionality in our country's foster care system. Pryce is executive director of a research center at Florida State University
After earning her PhD at Howard University and working in New York state for two years, Pryce was appointed in 2016 the new Executive Director of the Florida Institute for Child Welfare, where she mobilizes social scientists devoted to improving the intractable issues that have negatively impacted the lives of vulnerable children and their families. She is currently engaged in a multi-year project focused on illuminating the experiences of black parents as they matriculate through child protective services. That same year, Pryce published an article illuminating strategies for the promotion of racial equity in a community on Long Island, NY.
In 2018, she was selected as a TED Resident. During the residency, she worked to disseminate strategies to child welfare agencies with the goal of their adopting Blind Removals, a racial equity strategy in child protection. Understanding the negative impact of removing children from their parents unnecessarily, Pryce has also written on the lingering, historical trauma of sanctioned family separations in the US.
Jessica Pryce | Speaker | TED.com