TEDxUofT
Matt Russo: What does the universe sound like? A musical tour
麥特魯索: 宇宙聽起來像什麼？一趟音樂之旅
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
1,688,064 views
外太空真的是一般所描述的那樣寂靜且沒有生命嗎？也許不是。天體物理學家和音樂家麥特魯索帶我們踏上一段旅程，穿過宇宙，揭露出隱藏的行星軌道節奏和和諧。他說宇宙充滿了音樂，我們只需學習如何聽見它。
Matt Russo - Astrophysicist, musician
Matt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound. Full bio
Matt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like you all
to close your eyes, please ...
to close your eyes, please ...
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我想請大家閉上眼睛……
00:17
and imagine yourself sitting
in the middle of a large, open field
in the middle of a large, open field
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想像你自己坐在一片
廣大開放的原野中間，
廣大開放的原野中間，
00:21
with the sun setting on your right.
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在你的右邊是西下的太陽。
00:24
And as the sun sets,
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當太陽西下時，想像今天晚上
00:25
imagine that tonight
you don't just see the stars appear,
you don't just see the stars appear,
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你不只會看到星星出現，
00:28
but you're able to hear the stars appear
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你還會聽見星星出現，
00:30
with the brightest stars
being the loudest notes
being the loudest notes
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最明亮的星星是最大聲的音符，
越熱、越藍的星星
產生越高音的音符。
產生越高音的音符。
00:33
and the hotter, bluer stars
producing the higher-pitched notes.
producing the higher-pitched notes.
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00:37
(Music)
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（音樂）
00:59
And since each constellation
is made up of different types of stars,
is made up of different types of stars,
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既然每個星座都是
由不同類型的星星組成，
由不同類型的星星組成，
那麼每個星座都會產生出
它自己的獨特弦律，
它自己的獨特弦律，
01:03
they'll each produce
their own unique melody,
their own unique melody,
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比如白羊座，公羊。
01:05
such as Aries, the ram.
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01:11
(Music)
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（音樂）
或獵戶座，獵人。
01:13
Or Orion, the hunter.
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（音樂）
01:15
(Music)
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01:19
Or even Taurus, the bull.
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或甚至金牛座，公牛。
01:20
(Music)
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（音樂）
01:26
We live in a musical universe,
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我們住在一個音樂的宇宙中，
我們能利用這一點，
從一個新的角度來體驗宇宙，
從一個新的角度來體驗宇宙，
01:28
and we can use that to experience
it from a new perspective,
it from a new perspective,
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並和更多人分享那個角度。
01:32
and to share that perspective
with a wider range of people.
with a wider range of people.
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讓我說明我的意思。
01:36
Let me show you what I mean.
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（音樂結束）
01:37
(Music ends)
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當我說我是天體物理學家時，
別人通常會很敬佩。
別人通常會很敬佩。
01:38
Now, when I tell people
I'm an astrophysicist,
I'm an astrophysicist,
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01:41
they're usually pretty impressed.
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01:42
And then I say I'm also a musician --
they're like, "Yeah, we know."
they're like, "Yeah, we know."
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接著，我說我也是音樂家——
他們會說：「是啊，我們知道。」
他們會說：「是啊，我們知道。」
（笑聲）
01:45
(Laughter)
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所以，大家似乎都知道
01:46
So everyone seems to know
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音樂和天文學之間
有很深刻的連結。
有很深刻的連結。
01:48
that there's this deep connection
between music and astronomy.
between music and astronomy.
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這個想法其實很古老；
01:51
And it's actually a very old idea;
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始於兩千年前的畢達哥拉斯。
01:52
it goes back over 2,000 years
to Pythagoras.
to Pythagoras.
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01:55
You might remember Pythagoras
from such theorems
from such theorems
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你們可能會因為畢達哥拉斯定理
01:58
as the Pythagorean theorem --
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而記得畢達哥拉斯——
（笑聲）
02:00
(Laughter)
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他說：
02:01
And he said:
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02:03
"There is geometry
in the humming of the strings,
in the humming of the strings,
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「在弦的哼唱之中，有著幾何學，
在天體的間隔之中，有著音樂。」
02:06
there is music in the spacing
of the spheres."
of the spheres."
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02:08
And so he literally thought
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所以他真的認為
行星沿著天体的運行
02:10
that the motions of the planets
along the celestial sphere
along the celestial sphere
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會創造出和諧的音樂。
02:12
created harmonious music.
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若你問他：「為什麼
我們什麼都聽不見？」
我們什麼都聽不見？」
02:15
And if you asked him,
"Why don't we hear anything?"
"Why don't we hear anything?"
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他會說你聽不見是因為你不知道
02:17
he'd say you can't hear it
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02:18
because you don't know
what it's like to not hear it;
what it's like to not hear it;
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「沒有聽見它」是怎樣的，
你不知道真正的寂靜是什麼。
02:21
you don't know what true silence is.
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就像是，得等到你家停電了，
02:23
It's like how you have to wait
for your power to go out
for your power to go out
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才會聽出你的電冰箱有多吵。
02:25
to hear how annoying
your refrigerator was.
your refrigerator was.
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02:28
Maybe you buy that,
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也許你買帳，
但其他人並非都會買帳，
但其他人並非都會買帳，
02:29
but not everybody else was buying it,
including such names as Aristotle.
including such names as Aristotle.
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包括一個叫做亞里斯多德的人。
02:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
一字不差。（笑聲）
02:37
Exact words.
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02:38
(Laughter)
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我會一字不差引述他的話，他說：
02:39
So I'll paraphrase his exact words.
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02:41
He said it's a nice idea,
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這是個好想法，但，
02:42
but if something as large and vast
as the heavens themselves
as the heavens themselves
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像天堂這麼廣大浩翰的東西
若在移動並發出聲音，
02:45
were moving and making sounds,
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它不僅會是聽得見的，
02:47
it wouldn't just be audible,
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還會大聲到能撼動地球。
02:48
it would be earth-shatteringly loud.
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02:51
We exist, therefore
there is no music of the spheres.
there is no music of the spheres.
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我們存在，因此，天體沒有音樂。
02:55
He also thought that the brain's
only purpose was to cool down the blood,
only purpose was to cool down the blood,
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他也認為大腦的唯一目的
就是要讓血液冷卻，
就是要讓血液冷卻，
那也是他的想法……（笑聲）
02:59
so there's that ...
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03:00
(Laughter)
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但我想要跟各位說明
在某個角度他們兩人都對。
在某個角度他們兩人都對。
03:01
But I'd like to show you that in some way
they were actually both right.
they were actually both right.
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03:05
And we're going to start by understanding
what makes music musical.
what makes music musical.
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我們一開始要先來了解
是什麼讓音樂是音樂。
是什麼讓音樂是音樂。
03:10
It may sound like a silly question,
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這聽起來是個蠢問題，
但你可曾納悶過，
為什麼一起演奏某些音符時，
為什麼一起演奏某些音符時，
03:12
but have you ever wondered why it is
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03:13
that certain notes, when played together,
sound relatively pleasing or consonant,
sound relatively pleasing or consonant,
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聽起來相對讓人愉悅或和諧，
比如這兩段——
03:18
such as these two --
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（音樂）
03:19
(Music)
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而其他音符演奏起來
就很緊繃或刺耳，
就很緊繃或刺耳，
03:22
while others are
a lot more tense or dissonant,
a lot more tense or dissonant,
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像這兩段。
03:24
such as these two.
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（音樂）
03:26
(Music)
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對吧？
03:28
Right?
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為什麼會這樣？為什麼會有音符？
03:29
Why is that? Why are there notes at all?
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為什麼會有走調和不走調之分？
03:31
Why can you be in or out of tune?
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03:33
Well, the answer to that question
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那個問題的答案
其實畢達哥拉斯就已經解開了。
03:35
was actually solved by Pythagoras himself.
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03:40
Take a look at the string on the far left.
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看看最左邊的弦。
03:43
If you bow that string,
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如果你用弓拉那條弦，
它在快速來回震盪中
會產生一個音符。
會產生一個音符。
03:45
it will produce a note as it oscillates
very fast back and forth.
very fast back and forth.
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（音樂音符）
03:49
(Musical note)
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但如果你把弦剪成一半，
你會有兩條弦，
你會有兩條弦，
03:52
But now if you cut the string in half,
you'll get two strings,
you'll get two strings,
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每條弦的震盪速度會是兩倍。
03:55
each oscillating twice as fast.
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03:57
And that will produce a related note.
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那會產生出一個相關的音符。
或三倍速，
04:00
Or three times as fast,
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04:03
or four times --
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或四倍速——
04:04
(Musical notes)
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（音樂音符）
04:11
And so the secret to musical harmony
really is simple ratios:
really is simple ratios:
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所以，音樂和諧的秘密
其實只是簡單的比率：
其實只是簡單的比率：
比率越簡單，
04:15
the simpler the ratio,
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04:17
the more pleasing or consonant
those two notes will sound together.
those two notes will sound together.
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那兩個音符一起演奏起來
就會更讓人愉悅、和諧。
就會更讓人愉悅、和諧。
比率越複雜，音符
聽起來就越不和諧。
聽起來就越不和諧。
04:20
And the more complex the ratio,
the more dissonant they will sound.
the more dissonant they will sound.
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正是這種緊繃和放鬆之間，
04:23
And it's this interplay
between tension and release,
between tension and release,
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或是和諧與不和諧之間的互相影響，
04:26
or consonance and dissonance,
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04:28
that makes what we call music.
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形成了我們所稱的音樂。
04:31
(Music)
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（音樂）
04:46
(Music ends)
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（音樂結束）
（掌聲）謝謝。
04:47
(Applause)
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04:48
Thank you.
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（掌聲）
04:50
(Applause)
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但還不只如此。
04:53
But there's more.
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04:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:57
So the two features of music
we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,
we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,
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所以，音樂的兩項特徵，
即我們所謂的音高和節奏，
即我們所謂的音高和節奏，
它們其實是同樣東西的
兩個不同版本，
兩個不同版本，
05:01
they're actually two versions
of the same thing,
of the same thing,
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容我示範。
05:04
and I can show you.
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（慢節奏）
05:05
(Slow rhythm)
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那是一種節奏，對吧？
05:06
That's a rhythm right?
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05:09
Watch what happens when we speed it up.
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看看當我們把它加快時會如何。
（節奏漸漸變快）
05:11
(Rhythm gets gradually faster)
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（高音）
05:14
(High pitch)
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（降低音高）
05:18
(Lowering pitch)
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（慢節奏）
05:21
(Slow Rhythm)
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05:25
So once a rhythm starts happening
more than about 20 times per second,
more than about 20 times per second,
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一旦節奏開始快到
每秒鐘 20 次以上，
每秒鐘 20 次以上，
你的大腦就會翻轉，
05:28
your brain flips.
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停止將它聽成是節奏，
開始將它聽成是音高。
開始將它聽成是音高。
05:29
It stops hearing it as a rhythm
and starts hearing it as a pitch.
and starts hearing it as a pitch.
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05:34
So what does this have to do
with astronomy?
with astronomy?
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那和天文學有什麼關係？
那就要談到 TRAPPIST-1
行星系統了。
行星系統了。
05:36
Well, that's when we get
to the TRAPPIST-1 system.
to the TRAPPIST-1 system.
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05:40
This is an exoplanetary system
discovered last February of 2017,
discovered last February of 2017,
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這是去年二月發現的
系外行星系統，
系外行星系統，
即 2017 年。
它讓大家都好興奮，
05:46
and it got everyone excited
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因為它有七個地球大小的行星，
05:47
because it is seven Earth-sized planets
all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.
all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.
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都繞著一個很近的紅色矮星運行。
我們認為，其中三個行星
溫度適合液態水存在。
溫度適合液態水存在。
05:52
And we think that three of the planets
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05:54
have the right temperature
for liquid water.
for liquid water.
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不用多久，在接下來的幾年，
05:56
It's also so close
that in the next few years,
that in the next few years,
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我們應該就能夠偵測
其大氣中的元素，
其大氣中的元素，
05:58
we should be able to detect
elements in their atmospheres
elements in their atmospheres
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比如氧氣以及甲烷——
可能的生命跡象。
可能的生命跡象。
06:01
such as oxygen and methane --
potential signs of life.
potential signs of life.
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06:05
But one thing about
the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.
the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.
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但 TRAPPIST 系統
有一個特點，就是它很小。
有一個特點，就是它很小。
06:09
So here we have the orbits
of the inner rocky planets
of the inner rocky planets
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這裡的是內岩石行星的軌道，
在我們的太陽系中：
在我們的太陽系中：
06:12
in our solar system:
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水星、金星、地球，和火星，
06:13
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars,
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而 TRAPPIST-1 中
那七個地球大小的行星
那七個地球大小的行星
06:14
and all seven Earth-sized
planets of TRAPPIST-1
planets of TRAPPIST-1
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都被好好地塞在水星的軌道中。
06:17
are tucked well inside
the orbit of Mercury.
the orbit of Mercury.
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06:21
I have to expand this by 25 times
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我把它放大了 25 倍，
讓各位可以看見
TRAPPIST-1 行星的軌道。
TRAPPIST-1 行星的軌道。
06:23
for you to see the orbits
of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.
of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.
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06:28
It's actually much more similar in size
to our planet Jupiter and its moons,
to our planet Jupiter and its moons,
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在大小上，其實是和我們的
木星及木星的衛星比較相似，
只是它是七個地球大小的行星
繞著一個恆星在運行。
繞著一個恆星在運行。
06:32
even though it's seven
Earth-size planets orbiting a star.
Earth-size planets orbiting a star.
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06:36
Another reason this got everyone excited
was artist renderings like this.
was artist renderings like this.
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另一個讓大家興奮的理由，
是像這樣的藝術呈現。
06:42
You got some liquid water,
some ice, maybe some land,
some ice, maybe some land,
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有一些液態水、一些冰，
也許還有一些土地，
也許還有一些土地，
也許你可以在這絕美的
橘色夕陽下去潛水。
橘色夕陽下去潛水。
06:45
maybe you can go for a dive
in this amazing orange sunset.
in this amazing orange sunset.
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06:49
It got everyone excited,
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這讓大家很興奮，接著，
06:51
and then a few months later,
some other papers came out
some other papers came out
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幾個月後，又出現了其他的論文，
內容說，其實，它可能
看起來會比較像這樣。
看起來會比較像這樣。
06:54
that said, actually,
it probably looks more like this.
it probably looks more like this.
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06:58
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:02
So there were signs
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有一些徵象顯示，
有部分表面可能是熔化的熔岩，
07:04
that some of the surfaces
might actually be molten lava
might actually be molten lava
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07:08
and that there were very damaging
X-rays coming from the central star --
X-rays coming from the central star --
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還從中間的恆星發出
極具殺傷力的 X 光，
極具殺傷力的 X 光，
X 光會殺盡表面上的所有生命，
07:11
X-rays that will sterilize the surface
of life and even strip off atmospheres.
of life and even strip off atmospheres.
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甚至會破壞大氣層。
07:16
Luckily, just a few months ago in 2018,
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幸運的是，2018 年，
就在幾個月前，
就在幾個月前，
根據更精煉的測量值
所寫的論文發表出來了，
所寫的論文發表出來了，
07:19
some new papers came out
with more refined measurements,
with more refined measurements,
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發現確實看起來是那樣。
07:23
and they found actually
it does look something like that.
it does look something like that.
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（笑聲）
07:26
(Laughter)
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我們現在知道
其中幾顆星球有大量的水——
其中幾顆星球有大量的水——
07:28
So we now know that several of them
have huge supplies of water --
have huge supplies of water --
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全球海洋——
07:32
global oceans --
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當中數顆星球有很厚的大氣層，
07:33
and several of them
have thick atmospheres,
have thick atmospheres,
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所以，若要找尋生命，
到這裡找是對的。
到這裡找是對的。
07:36
so it's the right place to look
for potential life.
for potential life.
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07:40
But there's something even more
exciting about this system,
exciting about this system,
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但關於這個系統，
還有件更讓人興奮的事，
還有件更讓人興奮的事，
特別讓我興奮。
07:42
especially for me.
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07:44
And that's that TRAPPIST-1
is a resonant chain.
is a resonant chain.
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這件事就是，
TRAPPIST-1 是個共振鏈。
TRAPPIST-1 是個共振鏈。
07:48
And so that means for every two orbits
of the outer planet,
of the outer planet,
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那就表示，外行星每繞 2 圈，
07:51
the next one in orbits three times,
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下一個行星就會繞 3 圈，
07:54
and the next one in four,
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再下一個是 4 圈，
接著是 6、9、15，
07:56
and then six, nine, 15 and 24.
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及 24 圈。
08:01
So you see a lot of very simple ratios
among the orbits of these planets.
among the orbits of these planets.
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可以看到這些行星的繞行當中
有許多非常簡單的比率。
有許多非常簡單的比率。
08:06
Clearly, if you speed up their motion,
you can get rhythms, right?
you can get rhythms, right?
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很顯然，加速它們的移動，
就能得到節奏，對吧？
就能得到節奏，對吧？
比如，每一個行星
繞一圈，就是一拍。
繞一圈，就是一拍。
08:10
One beat, say, for every time
a planet goes around.
a planet goes around.
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08:12
But now we know if you speed
that motion up even more,
that motion up even more,
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但現在，我們知道，
如果把移動速度再提高，
如果把移動速度再提高，
就會產生出音樂音高，
08:15
you'll actually produce musical pitches,
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在這個案例中，
08:17
and in this case alone,
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08:20
those pitches will work together,
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那些音高能夠同心協力，
產生出悅耳，
甚至像人類演奏的和諧。
甚至像人類演奏的和諧。
08:21
making harmonious,
even human-like harmony.
even human-like harmony.
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08:25
So let's hear TRAPPIST-1.
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咱們來聽聽
TRAPPIST-1 吧。
TRAPPIST-1 吧。
08:28
The first thing you'll hear will be
a note for every orbit of each planet,
a note for every orbit of each planet,
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你們會先聽到的是
每個星球軌道的音符，
每個星球軌道的音符，
只要記住，
08:32
and just keep in mind,
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08:34
this music is coming
from the system itself.
from the system itself.
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這音樂是來自系統本身。
我並沒有創造音高或是節奏，
08:36
I'm not creating the pitches or rhythms,
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我只是把它們帶到
人類的聽覺範圍中。
人類的聽覺範圍中。
08:38
I'm just bringing them
into the human hearing range.
into the human hearing range.
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08:41
And after all seven planets have entered,
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在所有七個行星都進入之後，
你們就會看見——
08:43
you're going to see --
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嗯，你們就會在每兩個行星
對齊時聽見一聲鼓聲。
對齊時聽見一聲鼓聲。
08:44
well, you're going to hear a drum
for every time two planets align.
for every time two planets align.
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那就是它們靠近彼此的時候，
08:48
That's when they kind of
get close to each other
get close to each other
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會因為引力而彼此拉扯。
08:50
and give each other a gravitational tug.
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08:57
(Tone)
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（音調）
09:05
(Two tones)
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（兩種音調）
09:14
(Three tones)
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（三種音調）
09:22
(Four tones)
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（四種音調）
09:29
(Five tones)
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（五種音調）
09:37
(Six tones)
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（六種音調）
09:45
(Seven tones)
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（七種音調）
09:53
(Drum beats)
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（鼓節拍）
10:31
(Music ends)
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（音樂結束）
10:32
And that's the sound of the star itself --
its light converted into sound.
its light converted into sound.
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那是行星自身的聲音——
它的光線被轉換成聲音。
它的光線被轉換成聲音。
10:37
So you may wonder
how this is even possible.
how this is even possible.
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你可能會納悶，這怎麼有可能？
10:40
And it's good to think
of the analogy of an orchestra.
of the analogy of an orchestra.
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有個很好的比喻，就是交響樂團。
10:44
When everyone gets together
to start playing in an orchestra,
to start playing in an orchestra,
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當大家聚集在
一個交響樂團中演奏，
一個交響樂團中演奏，
他們無法一蹴而就吧？
10:47
they can't just dive into it, right?
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他們全都必須調節；必須要確保
10:49
They have to all get in tune;
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他們的樂器和旁邊的樂器會共振，
10:50
they have to make sure
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10:51
their instruments resonate
with their neighbors' instruments,
with their neighbors' instruments,
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TRAPPIST-1 存在的初期
就有遇到很類似這樣的狀況。
就有遇到很類似這樣的狀況。
10:54
and something very similar happened
to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.
to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.
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當時此星系剛剛形成，
10:58
When the planets were first forming,
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11:00
they were orbiting within a disc of gas,
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它們是在一個氣體的
圓平面內繞行，
圓平面內繞行，
11:03
and while inside that disc,
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在那個圓平面內，
11:05
they can actually slide around
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它們其實可以滑來滑去，
調整它們跟旁邊行星之間的軌道，
11:07
and adjust their orbits to their neighbors
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直到它們調節到完美。
11:09
until they're perfectly in tune.
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它們的融合是件好事，
因為這個系統非常緊密——
因為這個系統非常緊密——
11:11
And it's a good thing they did
because this system is so compact --
because this system is so compact --
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在非常擠的空間中
有很大的質量——
有很大的質量——
11:15
a lot of mass in a tight space --
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如果它們的軌道的
每個面向沒有調節好，
每個面向沒有調節好，
11:17
if every aspect of their orbits
wasn't very finely tuned,
wasn't very finely tuned,
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它們就可能會馬上
打斷彼此的軌道，
打斷彼此的軌道，
11:20
they would very quickly
disrupt each other's orbits,
disrupt each other's orbits,
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摧毀整個系統。
11:22
destroying the whole system.
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11:24
So it's really music
that is keeping this system alive --
that is keeping this system alive --
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是音樂，讓這個系統
能一直活下去——
能一直活下去——
以及系統中可能存在的居民。
11:28
and any of its potential inhabitants.
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11:32
But what does our solar system sound like?
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但我們的太陽系聽起來
是什麼樣子的？
是什麼樣子的？
11:36
I hate to be the one to show you this,
but it's not pretty.
but it's not pretty.
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我真希望不是由我來
為各位展示，它不怎麼美好。
為各位展示，它不怎麼美好。
（笑聲）
11:39
(Laughter)
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所以，一則，
11:41
So for one thing,
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我們的太陽系的規模更大許多，
11:43
our solar system
is on a much, much larger scale,
is on a much, much larger scale,
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所以若要聽見所有八個行星，
11:46
and so to hear all eight planets,
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我們就得要從海王星開始，
它在我們的聽覺範圍底部，
它在我們的聽覺範圍底部，
11:47
we have to start with Neptune
near the bottom of our hearing range,
near the bottom of our hearing range,
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接著一直到最上的水星，
11:51
and then Mercury's going
to be all the way up
to be all the way up
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很靠近我們聽覺範圍的頂部。
11:53
near the very top of our hearing range.
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但，此外，因為我們太陽系的
行星沒有很緊密——
行星沒有很緊密——
11:55
But also, since our planets
are not very compact --
are not very compact --
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它們非常分散——
11:57
they're very spread out --
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12:00
they didn't have to adjust
their orbits to each other,
their orbits to each other,
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它們不需要去調整彼此間的軌道，
所以它們有點像是在隨機的時刻
演奏自己隨機的音符。
演奏自己隨機的音符。
12:02
so they're kind of just all playing
their own random note at random times.
their own random note at random times.
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讓我說聲抱歉，我們就來聽吧。
12:06
So, I'm sorry, but here it is.
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12:09
(Tone)
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（音調）那是海王星。
12:11
That's Neptune.
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12:12
(Two tones)
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（兩種音調）天王星。
12:13
Uranus.
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12:15
(Three tones)
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（三種音調）
土星。
12:17
Saturn.
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（四種音調）
12:18
(Four tones)
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木星。
12:20
Jupiter.
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12:21
And then tucked in, that's Mars.
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接著拉進來的是火星。
（五種音調）
（五種音調）
12:23
(Five tones)
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12:24
(Six tones)
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（六種音調）地球。
12:26
Earth.
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12:27
(Seven tones)
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（七種音調）金星。
12:28
Venus.
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12:30
(Eight tones)
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（八種音調）那是水星——
12:31
And that's Mercury --
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好，好，我停下來就是了。
12:33
OK, OK, I'll stop.
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（笑聲）
12:34
(Laughter)
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這其實是克卜勒的夢想。
12:36
So this was actually Kepler's dream.
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約翰尼斯克卜勒就是
想出行星運動定律的人。
想出行星運動定律的人。
12:39
Johannes Kepler is the person
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12:41
that figured out
the laws of planetary motion.
the laws of planetary motion.
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對於在音樂、天文學，和幾何之間
12:43
He was completely fascinated by this idea
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12:45
that there's a connection
between music, astronomy and geometry.
between music, astronomy and geometry.
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有連結存在的這個想法，
讓他非常著迷。
讓他非常著迷。
12:49
And so he actually spent an entire book
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所以他寫了一整本書，
就是在尋找太陽系行星之間的
12:51
just searching for any kind of musical
harmony amongst the solar system's planets
harmony amongst the solar system's planets
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任何一種音樂和諧，
這真的非常困難。
12:56
and it was really, really hard.
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12:59
It would have been much easier
had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,
had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,
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如果他住在 TRAPPIST-1，
就會簡單得多，
就會簡單得多，
13:02
or for that matter ...
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或就這點來說，
13:04
K2-138.
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住在 K2-138 上也不錯。
13:07
This is a new system
discovered in January of 2018
discovered in January of 2018
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它是個新系統，
在 2018 年一月被發現，
有五個行星，
13:10
with five planets,
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和 TRAPPIST 很像，
13:12
and just like TRAPPIST,
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它們存在的初期，
都調節得非常一致。
都調節得非常一致。
13:13
early on in their existence,
they were all finely tuned.
they were all finely tuned.
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其實，它們調節成為
13:16
They were actually tuned
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一種由畢達哥拉斯自己
13:17
into a tuning structure
proposed by Pythagoras himself,
proposed by Pythagoras himself,
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在至少兩千年前
所提出的調節結構。
所提出的調節結構。
13:20
over 2,000 years before.
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13:23
But the system's actually
named after Kepler,
named after Kepler,
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但這個系統卻是以克卜勒命名，
因為它是用克卜勒
太空望遠鏡發現的。
太空望遠鏡發現的。
13:26
discovered by the Kepler space telescope.
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13:28
And so, in the last few billion years,
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所以，在最後幾十億年，
它們失去了調節，
13:30
they've actually lost their tuning,
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比 TRAPPIST 的狀況
嚴重一點，所以……
嚴重一點，所以……
13:32
quite a bit more than TRAPPIST has,
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13:34
and so what we're going to do
is go back in time
is go back in time
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我們要做的，就是回到過去，
13:37
and imagine what
they would've sounded like
they would've sounded like
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想像它們在剛形成的時候
聽起來會是什麼樣子的。
13:39
just as they were forming.
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14:02
(Music)
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（音樂）
15:20
(Music ends)
267
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（音樂結束）
15:22
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:30
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:32
Now, you may be wondering:
How far does this go?
How far does this go?
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你們可能在納悶，極限在哪裡？
外太空到底有多少音樂？
15:34
How much music actually is out there?
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15:37
And that's what I was wondering last fall
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去年秋天我就是在納悶這件事，
當時我在多倫多大學的
天文館工作，
天文館工作，
15:39
when I was working
at U of T's planetarium,
at U of T's planetarium,
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有位藝術家蘿賓
和她女兒艾琳與我聯絡，
和她女兒艾琳與我聯絡，
15:41
and I was contacted by an artist
named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.
named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.
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15:46
Robyn loves the night sky,
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蘿賓熱愛夜空，
但她 13 年來她都無法
完全看見夜空，
完全看見夜空，
15:48
but she hasn't been able
to fully see it for 13 years
to fully see it for 13 years
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因為她的視力在衰退。
15:51
because of vision loss.
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15:53
And so they wondered
if there was anything I could do.
if there was anything I could do.
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她們想知道我能不能幫上忙。
15:55
So I collected all the sounds
I could think of from the universe
I could think of from the universe
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於是我收集了所有
我能想到的宇宙的聲音，
我能想到的宇宙的聲音，
把它們包裝成為
15:59
and packaged them into
what became "Our Musical Universe."
what became "Our Musical Universe."
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「我們的音樂宇宙」。
這是個以聲音為基礎的
天文館節目，
天文館節目，
16:04
This is a sound-based planetarium show
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探索宇宙的節奏和和諧。
16:06
exploring the rhythm
and harmony of the cosmos.
and harmony of the cosmos.
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這場展示讓蘿賓非常感動，
16:10
And Robyn was so moved
by this presentation
by this presentation
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當她回家之後，
16:12
that when she went home,
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她把她的經歷畫成
這張迷人的圖像。
這張迷人的圖像。
16:13
she painted this gorgeous
representation of her experience.
representation of her experience.
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16:18
And then I defaced it
by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.
by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.
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我為了做海報而把木星
放上去，破壞了這傑作。
放上去，破壞了這傑作。
16:21
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
16:23
So ...
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所以……
16:27
in this show, I take people
of all vision levels
of all vision levels
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在這場展示中，
我帶著各種不同視力的人，
我帶著各種不同視力的人，
踏上一段宇宙的聲音之旅，
16:30
and bring them on an audio tour
of the universe,
of the universe,
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16:33
from the night sky all the way out
to the edge of the observable universe.
to the edge of the observable universe.
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從夜空一路旅行到
可見宇宙的邊緣。
可見宇宙的邊緣。
16:38
But even this is just the start
of a musical odyssey
of a musical odyssey
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但這也只是一段漫長的
音樂探索的開端，
音樂探索的開端，
用新的眼睛和耳朵來感受宇宙，
16:40
to experience the universe
with new eyes and with new ears,
with new eyes and with new ears,
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我希望你們能加入我。
16:44
and I hope you'll join me.
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謝謝。
16:46
Thank you.
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（掌聲）
16:47
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Russo - Astrophysicist, musicianMatt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound.
Why you should listen
Matt Russo co-founded the art-science project SYSTEM Sounds and works to make astronomy more accessible to the visually impaired. His work has been featured in the New York Times, and he will lead an orchestra in an upcoming BBC documentary on the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system. He is currently a professor at Seneca College in Toronto, Canada, where he teaches a course on the deep connections between music and astronomy.
Matt Russo | Speaker | TED.com