ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.

Why you should listen

Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.

Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.

More profile about the speaker
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com
TEDIndia 2009

Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders

Aditi Shankardass 對學習障礙的另類看法

Filmed:
1,062,056 views

兒童發展障礙一般是以觀察患者的行為來診斷,但是 Aditi Shankardass 認為我們應該由直接觀察患者的大腦來診斷,在本演講中她說明了如何使用試驗室中那一台,卓越的 EEC (腦波圖) 設備發現過去的誤診,並因此而改變了這些孩子的一生。
- Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
When I was 10 years年份 old,
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我十歲的時候,
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a cousin表姐 of mine took me on a tour遊覽 of his medical school學校.
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我表哥帶我參觀他所就讀的醫學院。
00:22
And as a special特別 treat對待,
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他特別
00:24
he took me to the pathology病理 lab實驗室
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帶我到病理實驗室參觀,
00:26
and took a real真實 human人的 brain
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並從一個罐子裡
00:28
out of the jar
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拿出一個真實的人腦
00:30
and placed放置 it in my hands.
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放在我的手上。
00:32
And there it was,
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就這樣
00:34
the seat座位 of human人的 consciousness意識,
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人類意識行為的所在地、
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the powerhouse發電廠 of the human人的 body身體,
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人體的發電站
00:38
sitting坐在 in my hands.
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就放在我手中了。
00:40
And that day I knew知道 that when I grew成長 up,
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這樣的經驗讓我當下就決定,長大以後
00:42
I was going to become成為 a brain doctor醫生,
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一定要當一個腦科的醫生
00:44
scientist科學家, something or the other.
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或科學家,或其他相關的職業。
00:47
Years年份 later後來, when I finally最後 grew成長 up,
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幾年之後,我長大了,
00:50
my dream夢想 came來了 true真正.
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我的夢想成真了。
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph博士.D.
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當我做有關
00:54
on the neurological神經 causes原因
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造成兒童誦讀困難的神經
00:56
of dyslexia誦讀困難 in children孩子
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因素的博士研究時,
00:58
that I encountered遇到 a startling觸目驚心 fact事實
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我遇到一個讓人驚心的狀況,
01:00
that I'd like to share分享 with you all today今天.
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我希望在今天演講中和大家分享。
01:04
It is estimated預計 that one in six children孩子,
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據估計,每六個兒童就有一個
01:06
that's one in six children孩子,
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也就是六分之一的兒童
01:09
suffer遭受 from some developmental發展的 disorder紊亂.
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都有某一類的發展障礙問題。
01:13
This is a disorder紊亂 that
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這種發展障礙會
01:15
retards延緩 mental心理 development發展 in the child兒童
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阻礙兒童的心智發展,
01:17
and causes原因 permanent常駐 mental心理 impairments障礙.
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並造成永久性的心智減損。
01:21
Which哪一個 means手段 that each and every一切 one of you here today今天
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這就是說今天在座的各位
01:24
knows知道 at least最小 one child兒童 that is suffering痛苦
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最少會認識一個
01:27
from a developmental發展的 disorder紊亂.
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有發展障礙的孩子。
01:30
But here's這裡的 what really perplexed困惑 me.
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但有一件事情我一直覺得很困惑,
01:32
Despite儘管 the fact事實 that each
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因為儘管每一個
01:34
and every一切 one of these disorders障礙
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發展障礙的個案
01:36
originates起源 in the brain,
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都是起源於腦這個器官,
01:39
most of these disorders障礙
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但是大部分的診斷
01:41
are diagnosed確診 solely獨自 on the basis基礎
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都只建立在
01:43
of observable可觀察 behavior行為.
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可觀察的患者行為之上。
01:46
But diagnosing診斷 a brain disorder紊亂
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但是診斷腦部障礙
01:48
without actually其實 looking at the brain
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卻沒有直接觀察腦部情況,
01:51
is analogous類似 to treating治療 a patient患者 with a heart problem問題
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就好像治療心臟病患,
01:54
based基於 on their physical物理 symptoms症狀,
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只根據病患的生理症狀來判斷,
01:56
without even doing an ECG心電圖 or a chest胸部 X-rayX-射線
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而不看心電圖或是胸腔 X
01:59
to look at the heart.
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光片一樣。
02:01
It seemed似乎 so intuitive直觀的 to me.
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我直覺的認為,
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To diagnose診斷 and treat對待 a brain disorder紊亂 accurately準確,
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要精確的診斷和治療腦部障礙問題,
02:07
it would be necessary必要 to look at the brain directly.
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直接觀察腦部信號是一定必要的,
02:10
Looking at behavior行為 alone單獨
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單只觀察患者的行為,
02:12
can miss小姐 a vital重要 piece of the puzzle難題
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將會遺漏掉解讀這個拼圖相當重要的部分,
02:15
and provide提供 an incomplete殘缺, or even a misleading誤導,
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因而導致資訊不完整, 甚至錯誤解讀
02:18
picture圖片 of the child's孩子的 problems問題.
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病童的問題,
02:21
Yet然而, despite儘管 all the advances進步 in medical technology技術,
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然而, 儘管醫學技術已經很先進了,
02:24
the diagnosis診斷 of brain disorders障礙
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但是對於有六分之一兒童
02:26
in one in six children孩子
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可能罹患腦部障礙之診斷方法,
02:28
still remained保持 so limited有限.
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卻依然非常有限。
02:32
And then I came來了 across橫過 a team球隊 at Harvard哈佛 University大學
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後來我遇到哈佛大學的一個團隊,
02:35
that had taken採取 one such這樣 advanced高級 medical technology技術
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他們不用過去的研究腦部的方式,
02:38
and finally最後 applied應用的 it,
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而改使用一種先進的醫療技術,
02:40
instead代替 of in brain research研究,
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並將之應用
02:42
towards diagnosing診斷 brain disorders障礙 in children孩子.
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在診斷兒童的腦部障礙方面,
02:46
Their groundbreaking奠基 technology技術
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這個突破性的技術
02:48
records記錄 the EEG腦電圖, or the electrical電動 activity活動
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能夠即時的紀錄腦部的腦波圖,
02:51
of the brain, in real真實 time,
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或其他腦部活動的電子信號,
02:54
allowing允許 us to watch the brain
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由此我們可以觀察到腦部
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as it performs施行 various各個 functions功能
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在進行各種不同功能活動,
02:59
and then detect檢測 even the slightest絲毫 abnormality異常
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並偵測到在進行這些功能時,
03:01
in any of these functions功能:
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非常細微的異常狀態,
03:03
vision視力, attention注意, language語言, audition面試.
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如視覺、注意力、語言及聽覺等功能中的異常現象。
03:06
A program程序 called Brain Electrical電動
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(方法是) 先以一個名為「腦部電子
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Activity活動 Mapping製圖
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活動對映計」,
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then triangulates三角測量 the source資源
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用三角定位的方式找出。
03:12
of that abnormality異常 in the brain.
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腦部不正常信號的來源
03:14
And another另一個 program程序 called
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然後用一個
03:16
Statistical統計 Probability可能性 Mapping製圖
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名為「統計可能性對映計劃」
03:18
then performs施行 mathematical數學的 calculations計算
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作數學計算,
03:21
to determine確定 whether是否 any of these abnormalities異常
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以決定這些不正常點
03:23
are clinically臨床 significant重大,
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是否有臨床診斷上的意義,
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allowing允許 us to provide提供 a much more accurate準確
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藉此可以對病童症狀
03:27
neurological神經 diagnosis診斷
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提供更精確的
03:29
of the child's孩子的 symptoms症狀.
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神經學診斷結果。
03:31
And so I became成為 the head of neurophysiology神經生理學
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因此我擔任了這個團隊
03:34
for the clinical臨床 arm of this team球隊,
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臨床部門的神經生理學領導人,
03:36
and we're finally最後 able能夠 to use this technology技術
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我們終於能夠應用這項技術,
03:38
towards actually其實 helping幫助
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實際幫助
03:40
children孩子 with brain disorders障礙.
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有腦部障礙的兒童
03:42
And I'm happy快樂 to say that I'm now in the process處理
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我也很高興的告訴大家,現在
03:44
of setting設置 up this technology技術 here in India印度.
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我正在將這項技術應用在印度這裡。
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such這樣 child兒童,
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我想與各位談一位美國廣播公司(ABC)
03:51
whose誰的 story故事 was also covered覆蓋 by ABCABC News新聞.
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曾經報導過的那個孩子,
03:55
Seven-year-old七十歲 Justin賈斯汀 SenigarSenigar
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這位七歲的小孩名叫賈斯丁 (Justin Senigar) ,
03:57
came來了 to our clinic診所 with this diagnosis診斷
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來到我們診所時是被診斷為
03:59
of very severe嚴重 autism自閉症.
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有嚴重自閉症。
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Like many許多 autistic自閉症 children孩子,
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就像一般的自閉症的小孩,
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his mind心神 was locked鎖定 inside his body身體.
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他的心智是被限鎖在他自己的身體範圍內。
04:06
There were moments瞬間 when he would
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這是他每次發作時
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actually其實 space空間 out for seconds at a time.
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昏昏沉沉的情形。
04:11
And the doctors醫生 told his parents父母
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醫生對他的父母說
04:13
he was never going to be able能夠
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他將永遠無法
04:15
to communicate通信 or interact相互作用 socially社交上,
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和這個社會溝通及互動,
04:17
and he would probably大概 never have too much language語言.
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很有可能他不會有多少語言能力 。
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking奠基 EEG腦電圖 technology技術
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當我們使用這項破天荒的腦波圖(EEC)技術
04:24
to actually其實 look at Justin's賈斯汀的 brain,
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去觀察賈斯丁的腦部,
04:27
the results結果 were startling觸目驚心.
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結果讓人吃驚,
04:30
It turned轉身 out that Justin賈斯汀 was almost幾乎
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我們幾乎可以確定賈斯丁
04:32
certainly當然 not autistic自閉症.
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不是自閉症兒,
04:34
He was suffering痛苦 from brain seizures癲癇發作
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他是因為被其他腦部毛病所擾
04:37
that were impossible不可能 to see with the naked eye,
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而肉眼看不到這個毛病。
04:40
but that were actually其實 causing造成 symptoms症狀
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這樣產生的症狀,
04:42
that mimicked模仿 those of autism自閉症.
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看起來和自閉症呈現的現象很像。
04:45
After Justin賈斯汀 was given特定 anti-seizure抗驚厥 medication藥物治療,
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在給賈斯丁作抗發作的治療之後,
04:48
the change更改 in him was amazing驚人.
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他的改變非常驚人。
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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在六十天之內,
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his vocabulary詞彙 went from two to three words
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他所認識的字彙由三兩個字,
04:56
to 300 words.
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進步到三百個字,
04:58
And his communication通訊 and social社會 interaction相互作用
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他的溝通以及和社會互動的能力,
05:00
were improved改善 so dramatically顯著
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更是有戲劇性的發展,
05:02
that he was enrolled就讀 into a regular定期 school學校
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他可以到一般的學校就讀,
05:05
and even became成為 a karate空手道 super champ冠軍.
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,甚至變成空手道優勝者
05:09
Research研究 shows節目 that 50 percent百分 of children孩子,
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研究顯示百分之五十,
05:11
almost幾乎 50 percent百分 of children孩子
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接近百分之五十,
05:13
diagnosed確診 with autism自閉症
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被診斷為自閉症兒童,
05:15
are actually其實 suffering痛苦 from hidden brain seizures癲癇發作.
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其實是被其他潛在的腦部疾病所苦,
05:20
These are the faces面孔 of the children孩子
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這些
05:22
that I have tested測試
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是我診斷過
05:24
with stories故事 just like Justin賈斯汀.
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有和賈斯丁一樣情況的小孩,
05:27
All these children孩子
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當他們到
05:29
came來了 to our clinic診所 with a diagnosis診斷
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我們的診所來時是被誤診
05:31
of autism自閉症, attention注意 deficit赤字 disorder紊亂,
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為自閉症、有注意力缺陷、
05:34
mental心理 retardation遲緩, language語言 problems問題.
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精神障礙 及語言障礙等
05:38
Instead代替, our EEG腦電圖 scans掃描 revealed透露
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但當我們用我們的EEC作掃描後,
05:41
very specific具體 problems問題 hidden within their brains大腦
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潛藏在他們腦部特定地方的問題就顯現出來了,
05:44
that couldn't不能 possibly或者 have been detected檢測
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而這些問題是不可能用
05:46
by their behavioral行為的 assessments評估.
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過去行為評估法可以發現的,
05:49
So these EEG腦電圖 scans掃描
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所以EEC掃描
05:51
enabled啟用 us to provide提供 these children孩子
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讓我們能過對這些孩童,
05:53
with a much more accurate準確 neurological神經 diagnosis診斷
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提供更精確的診斷
05:56
and much more targeted針對 treatment治療.
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及對症下藥的治療,
06:00
For too long now, children孩子 with developmental發展的 disorders障礙
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長久以來,有行為發展障礙的小孩
06:03
have suffered遭遇 from misdiagnosis誤診
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一直苦於真正的問題
06:05
while their real真實 problems問題 have gone走了 undetected未被發現
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沒有被檢測出來的誤診中,
06:07
and left to worsen惡化.
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因而情況更加惡化。
06:09
And for too long, these children孩子 and their parents父母
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這些小孩的父母也長久以來
06:12
have suffered遭遇 undue過度的 frustration挫折 and desperation絕望.
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一直處在無窮盡的挫折及絕望之中。
06:15
But we are now in a new era時代 of neuroscience神經科學,
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但是現在神經科學的新世紀來臨了,
06:18
one in which哪一個 we can finally最後 look
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用這個新科技,我們終於
06:21
directly at brain function功能 in real真實 time
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可以用非侵入性、
06:24
with no risks風險 and no side effects效果, non-invasively非侵入性,
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沒有風險及副作用、直接且及時的
06:27
and find the true真正 source資源
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發現許多失能兒童
06:29
of so many許多 disabilities殘疾人 in children孩子.
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真正的病源。
06:32
So if I could inspire啟發
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所以如果我能激發
06:34
even a fraction分數 of you in the audience聽眾 today今天
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今天聽眾中一部分人,
06:37
to share分享 this pioneering創舉 diagnostic診斷 approach途徑
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將這一項先進的診斷方式
06:40
with even one parent whose誰的 child兒童
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與患有發展障礙兒童的
06:42
is suffering痛苦 from a developmental發展的 disorder紊亂,
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一對父母溝通分享,
06:45
then perhaps也許 one more puzzle難題
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也許就又有一個腦
06:47
in one more brain will be solved解決了.
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的困惑會被解決,
06:49
One more mind心神 will be unlocked解鎖.
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又有一個被鎖住的心智也將被解開,
06:51
And one more child兒童 who has been misdiagnosed誤診
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又有一個被現在診斷系統誤診
06:53
or even undiagnosed確診 by the system系統
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或是不曾診斷病因的兒童
06:56
will finally最後 realize實現 his or her true真正 potential潛在
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能夠在還能補救的時限之前救回來,
06:59
while there's still time
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而得以將他們的潛力
07:01
for his or her brain to recover恢復.
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實際展現出來。
07:03
And all this by simply只是 watching觀看 the child's孩子的 brainwaves腦電波.
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而這一切,只要由觀察小孩的腦波圖就可以做得到。
07:06
Thank you.
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謝謝
07:08
(Applause掌聲)
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掌聲
Translated by 張新永 Davidchang
Reviewed by Lin Su-Wei()

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.

Why you should listen

Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.

Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.

More profile about the speaker
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com