TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Shankardass 关于学习障碍嘅另类睇法
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儿童嘅发展障碍一般可以通过观察佢哋嘅行为睇出黎.但係Aditi Shankardass觉得我哋应该直接睇下佢哋嘅大脑.佢解释佐佢实验室中绝妙嘅ECG脑电图设备系点样揭露以前嘅误诊.而且从此改变咗啲细路仔嘅一生
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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我十岁果阵时,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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我有个表哥带我参观咗佢返学嘅医学院
00:22
And as a special treat,
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我仲得到特殊照顾
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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佢带我去咗间病理学实验室
00:26
and took a real human brain
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然后攞出个真实嘅人类大脑
00:28
out of the jar
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从一个罐入边
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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然后摆喺我手上
00:32
And there it was,
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呢个就喺
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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人类意识嘅位置
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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人体躯干嘅发动机
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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摆喺我手上
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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由果日开始 我知道我大个咗之後
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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我会去做一个脑科医生
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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或者喺科学家,或者其他相关嘅
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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过咗咁多年,当我终于大个女了
00:50
my dream came true.
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我嘅梦想实现咗
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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然后当我修紧我嘅哲学博士学位
00:54
on the neurological causes
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喺关于对神经系统有問題
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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而造成阅读障碍嘅细路
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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我发现到一个惊人嘅事实
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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而今日我想将佢同大家分享下
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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据估计,六分之一嘅细路
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that's one in six children,
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每六个细路就有一个
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suffer from some developmental disorder.
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会有某种程度嘅发展障碍问题
01:13
This is a disorder that
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呢种发展障碍
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retards mental development in the child
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会阻住儿童嘅心智发展
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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并造成永久嘅精神损伤
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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即喺话今日在座嘅每一位½
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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都会认识起码一位细路
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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喺有发展障碍嘅
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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但喺有一度令我搞唔明嘅地方
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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尽管事实上
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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每个发展障碍嘅个案
01:36
originates in the brain,
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都系产生喺大脑之中
01:39
most of these disorders
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基本上呢啲紊乱
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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都喺简单嘅通过
01:43
of observable behavior.
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观察患者基本嘅行为嚟诊断
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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但喺诊断一种大脑紊乱
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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又唔去睇个大脑发生咩事
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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就好似医一个心脏病人
01:54
based on their physical symptoms,
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只根据简单嘅身体症状
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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而唔去睇心电图或者系X光胸透
01:59
to look at the heart.
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嚟了解个心脏
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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我觉得咁太依赖直觉喇
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To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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要精确诊断同医好一种大脑紊乱
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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绝对要直接睇下个大脑
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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只喺睇病人嘅行为
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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有可能错过最重要嘅一塊拼图
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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同埋导致不完全,甚至喺错误解读
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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问题解决方案
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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依家 尽管医疗科技进步咗好多
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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要诊断六分之一儿童嘅
02:26
in one in six children
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大脑紊乱
02:28
still remained so limited.
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条件都喺好有限嘅
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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后来我遇到一个哈佛大学嘅小组
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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佢哋用咗种好先进嘅医疗技术™
02:38
and finally applied it,
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并运用佢
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instead of in brain research,
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唔单止做大脑研究
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towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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仲用佢诊断儿童嘅大脑紊乱问题
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Their groundbreaking technology
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佢哋呢种创新嘅技术
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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可以记录EEG脑电图或者电流活动¾
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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仲喺实时记录
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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咁样我哋就可以睇到
02:56
as it performs various functions
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大脑执行不同嘅功能
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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然后检测出啲好细微嘅异常
03:01
in any of these functions:
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喺呢啲功能之中
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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视觉,注意力,语言,发声
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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有一个项目叫做
03:08
Activity Mapping
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脑电活动绘图
03:10
then triangulates the source
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用三角定位的方式找出
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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脑部唔正常信号嘅来源
03:14
And another program called
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仲有一个项目叫做
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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统计几率绘图
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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佢可以执行数学运算
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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通过运算嚟决定呢啲反常
03:23
are clinically significant,
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喺未临床特征
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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咁就比咗我哋一个更加之精准嘅
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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神经学诊断
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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对果啲儿童嘅症状
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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所以我就做咗呢个团队
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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临床部分嘅神经生理学嘅负责人
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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同埋我哋依家终于可以用呢种科技
03:38
towards actually helping
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实实际际咁
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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去帮助大脑紊乱嘅小朋友
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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喺呢度我好开心咁同大家讲我哋依家
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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正在将呢种科技应用到印度
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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我想同大家讲下一个小朋友
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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佢嘅故事美国广播公司都有介绍
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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七岁嘅 Justin Seingar
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came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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嚟到我哋诊所
03:59
of very severe autism.
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佢被人哋诊断到有好严重嘅自闭症
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Like many autistic children,
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好似好多自闭症儿童咁
04:03
his mind was locked inside his body.
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佢嘅心智被自己嘅身体鎖住咗
04:06
There were moments when he would
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曾经有几次
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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佢自己一个人喺度发牛斗
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And the doctors told his parents
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个医生同佢父母讲
04:13
he was never going to be able
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佢永远都唔可以
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to communicate or interact socially,
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好似社交咁沟通同互动
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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佢可能永远唔会讲好多野
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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当我哋用呢个创新嘅脑电图(EEG)科技
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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去认真睇下Justin嘅大脑
04:27
the results were startling.
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结果系好出乎意料嘅
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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结果显示Justin基本
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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完全无自闭症
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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佢只系脑部疾病发作
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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而斋系用对眼系睇唔到嘅
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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但喺佢又喺会引起
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that mimicked those of autism.
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好似自闭症咁嘅症状
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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当Justin接受咗抗发作药物治疗之后
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the change in him was amazing.
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佢嘅改变喺十分惊人嘅
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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喺60日嘅时间之内
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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佢嘅词汇从两三个单词
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to 300 words.
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飞升到300几个
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And his communication and social interaction
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佢嘅沟通同社交
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were improved so dramatically
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不可思议嘅提升到
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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可以去正常嘅学校返学
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and even became a karate super champ.
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佢甚至变成咗一个空手道嘅冠軍
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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调查表明一半嘅儿童
05:11
almost 50 percent of children
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接近一半
05:13
diagnosed with autism
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被诊断为自闭症嘅
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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其实系因为有隐藏住个大脑疾病
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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呢啲就喺我测试过嘅
05:22
that I have tested
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小朋友嘅面容
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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就好似Justin嘅故事咁
05:27
All these children
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呢啲细路
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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嚟到我哋诊所之前被诊断为
05:31
of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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自闭症,注意力缺陷紊乱
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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精神障碍,语言障碍
05:38
Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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事实上,我哋嘅EEG脑电图扫描揭示佐
05:41
very specific problems hidden within their brains
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隐藏在大脑入边嘅特殊问题
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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呢啲问题本来喺无办法
05:46
by their behavioral assessments.
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用行为评估检测出嘅
05:49
So these EEG scans
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所以EEG脑电图扫描
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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令到我哋可以向依啲小朋友提供一个
05:53
with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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精确好多嘅神经生理学诊断
05:56
and much more targeted treatment.
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同埋更加之有针对性嘅治疗比呢啲小朋友
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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好耐以嚟,有发展紊乱嘅小朋友
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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忍受住误诊
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while their real problems have gone undetected
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而真正嘅问题仲未被检测出嚟
06:07
and left to worsen.
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而令到佢病情恶化
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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一路以嚟,呢啲小朋友同佢哋嘅父母
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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忍受住過度嘅伤心同绝望
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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但喺我哋依家处于神经生理学嘅新时代
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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喺度我哋终于可以直接睇到
06:21
directly at brain function in real time
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大脑嘅实时运行
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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而无风险同埋副作用,亦无侵略性
06:27
and find the true source
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我哋可以搵到
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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令儿童们失常嘅真正原因
06:32
So if I could inspire
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所以如果今日我可以启发
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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就算只系你哋其中嘅一小部分人♪
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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将呢种先进嘅诊断手法
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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分享比就算一个
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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患有大脑发展紊乱嘅儿童嘅父母
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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咁可能又一个
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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脑疾会被治愈
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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又一个紧闭嘅大脑会被打开
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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咁又一个被误诊
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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或者系用现在嘅系统无法诊断嘅儿童
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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终于可以发现佢嘅潜力
06:59
while there's still time
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因为依家仲有时间
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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佢嘅大脑仲可以恢复翻
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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而呢啲,只要简单嘅通过睇下佢嘅脑电波就可以做到
07:06
Thank you.
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多谢
07:08
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com