TED2016
Trevor Timm: How free is our freedom of the press?
Trevor Timm: 出版自由究竟有幾多？
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喺美國，因為第一修正案嘅保護，傳媒有權報道公衆需要知情嘅祕密消息。但政府嘅監視令告密者覺得，9.11 之後要分享基本上所有國家安全大新聞嘅消息來源，係越嚟越危險嘅事。係依嗰簡短但又包含咗大量資訊嘅演講裏面，新聞自由基金會聯合創始人、TED 研究生 Trevor Timm 審視政府最近對某啲人嘅行動。呢啲人揭發罪行、揭露不公義，同時主張用科技令人可以更加安全同匿名地揭發事件。
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analyst
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Trevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So this is James Risen.
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呢個係 James Risen
00:15
You may know him as the
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter
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佢係紐約時報嘅記者
佢榮獲普立茲獎而為人熟悉
00:17
for The New York Times.
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喺大家仲未聽過
斯諾登呢個名字之前
斯諾登呢個名字之前
00:19
Long before anybody knew
Edward Snowden's name,
Edward Snowden's name,
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James Risen 因為寫咗本
00:22
Risen wrote a book in which
he famously exposed
he famously exposed
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揭露美國國家安全局
非法竊聽美國民衆通話嘅書
非法竊聽美國民衆通話嘅書
00:25
that the NSA was illegally wiretapping
the phone calls of Americans.
the phone calls of Americans.
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而備受矚目
00:29
But it's another chapter in that book
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但本書嘅另一章
可能有更加深遠嘅影響
可能有更加深遠嘅影響
00:31
that may have an even more lasting impact.
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2015
00:34
In it, he describes a catastrophic
US intelligence operation
US intelligence operation
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裏邊佢描述咗美國情報部門
一次慘烈後果嘅行動
一次慘烈後果嘅行動
上面講咗中情局將核彈嘅設計圖
交咗畀伊朗
交咗畀伊朗
00:39
in which the CIA quite literally
handed over blueprints
handed over blueprints
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00:42
of a nuclear bomb to Iran.
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00:44
If that sounds crazy, go read it.
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如果你覺得太瘋狂，你可以去讀下
00:46
It's an incredible story.
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內裏真係難以置信
00:48
But you know who didn't like that chapter?
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你估咩人會唔鍾意嗰一章？
00:50
The US government.
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美國政府
00:52
For nearly a decade afterwards,
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差唔多往後嗰十年
James 都係美國政府調查嘅對象
00:54
Risen was the subject
of a US government investigation
of a US government investigation
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調查嘅官員亦會要求佢
00:58
in which prosecutors demanded
that he testify
that he testify
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指證佢聲稱嘅消息來源
01:00
against one of his alleged sources.
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01:02
And along the way, he became the face
for the US government's recent pattern
for the US government's recent pattern
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佢變成咗美國政府
最近一系列起訴泄密者
同監察記者行動嘅代表人物
同監察記者行動嘅代表人物
01:06
of prosecuting whistleblowers
and spying on journalists.
and spying on journalists.
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01:10
You see, under the First Amendment,
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喺第一修正案之下，為咗公眾利益
新聞界有權報道各種秘密消息
01:12
the press has the right to publish
secret information in the public interest.
secret information in the public interest.
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但係如果媒體冇辦法收集消息
01:16
But it's impossible to exercise that right
if the media can't also gather that news
if the media can't also gather that news
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冇辦法保護呢班無畏無懼嘅線人
01:21
and protect the identities
of the brave men and women
of the brave men and women
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就冇辦法行使呢個嘅權利
01:24
who get it to them.
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01:26
So when the government came knocking,
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所以當政府人員搵上門
01:28
Risen did what many brave reporters
have done before him:
have done before him:
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James 好似以前好多嘅記者咁
01:31
he refused
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佢拒絕提供任何消息
01:32
and said he'd rather go to jail.
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佢寧願坐監
01:34
So from 2007 to 2015,
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2007 年至到 2015 年
James 响監視下
開始佢喺聯邦監獄嘅生活
開始佢喺聯邦監獄嘅生活
01:37
Risen lived under the specter
of going to federal prison.
of going to federal prison.
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01:40
That is, until just days before the trial,
when a curious thing happened.
when a curious thing happened.
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就喺審判前幾日，有樣奇怪事發生咗
01:45
Suddenly, after years of claiming
it was vital to their case,
it was vital to their case,
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政府喺堅持 James 係
本案關鍵嘅幾年之後
本案關鍵嘅幾年之後
政府突然放棄咗對 James 嘅所有要求
01:49
the government dropped their demands
to Risen altogether.
to Risen altogether.
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01:52
It turns out, in the age
of electronic surveillance,
of electronic surveillance,
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喺電子監控年代
記者同線人根本冇地方匿
記者同線人根本冇地方匿
01:55
there are very few places
reporters and sources can hide.
reporters and sources can hide.
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01:58
And instead of trying and failing
to have Risen testify,
to have Risen testify,
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與其一次又一次被 James 拒絕舉證
02:02
they could have his digital trail
testify against him instead.
testify against him instead.
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政府可以用佢嘅電子記錄
嚟指證 Jeffrey Sterling
嚟指證 Jeffrey Sterling
02:06
So completely in secret
and without his consent,
and without his consent,
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於是喺完全機密而且未經同意嘅情況下
02:09
prosecutors got Risen's phone records.
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控方攞到 James 嘅電話紀錄
02:11
They got his email records,
his financial and banking information,
his financial and banking information,
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郵箱紀錄、理財同銀行資料、信用報告
02:16
his credit reports,
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02:18
even travel records with a list
of flights he had taken.
of flights he had taken.
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甚至佢坐過嘅航班紀錄
02:21
And it was among this information that
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,
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控方喺呢啲紀綠當中搵到證據
起訴 Jeffrey Sterling
起訴 Jeffrey Sterling
Jeffrey 就係 James 聲稱嘅消息來源
同埋中情局嘅泄密者
同埋中情局嘅泄密者
02:25
Risen's alleged source
and CIA whistleblower.
and CIA whistleblower.
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02:30
Sadly, this is only one case of many.
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好遺憾，呢一類嘅事成千上萬
02:33
President Obama ran on a promise
to protect whistleblowers,
to protect whistleblowers,
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奧巴馬總統應承過保護泄密者
但係相反
02:36
and instead, his Justice Department
has prosecuted more
has prosecuted more
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佢嘅司法部門拉嘅告密者
比其他部門加起嚟仲多
比其他部門加起嚟仲多
02:40
than all other administrations combined.
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02:43
Now, you can see how this
could be a problem,
could be a problem,
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所以依個係好大嘅問題
尤其當政府對佢哋嘅祕密咁敏感嘅時候
02:45
especially because the government
considers so much of what it does secret.
considers so much of what it does secret.
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02:50
Since 9/11, virtually every important
story about national security
story about national security
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9.11 之後，基本上所有
關於國家安全嘅重大新聞
關於國家安全嘅重大新聞
02:55
has been the result of a whistleblower
coming to a journalist.
coming to a journalist.
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都係由告密者提供畀記者嘅
02:58
So we risk seeing the press
unable to do their job
unable to do their job
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正因爲政府監視住所有人
新聞界好難行使
第一修正案賦予佢哋嘅權利
第一修正案賦予佢哋嘅權利
03:01
that the First Amendment
is supposed to protect
is supposed to protect
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03:03
because of the government's
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
expanded ability to spy on everyone.
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03:07
But just as technology has allowed
the government
the government
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不過正如科技幫政府
監視記者嘅一舉一動
監視記者嘅一舉一動
03:09
to circumvent reporters' rights,
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03:12
the press can also use technology
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新聞界都可以
以其人之道還治其人之身
以其人之道還治其人之身
03:14
to protect their sources
even better than before.
even better than before.
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利用科技保護佢哋嘅線人
03:17
And they can start from the moment
they begin speaking with them,
they begin speaking with them,
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保護仲可以從第一次對話就已經開始
而唔使喺佢哋被審嘅時候先嚟保護
03:20
rather than on the witness stand
after the fact.
after the fact.
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03:24
Communications software now exists
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宜家好多通訊軟件
喺 James 出書嘅時候冇嘅
喺 James 出書嘅時候冇嘅
03:26
that wasn't available
when Risen was writing his book,
when Risen was writing his book,
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03:28
and is much more surveillance-resistant
than regular emails or phone calls.
than regular emails or phone calls.
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而且反監視能力
比一般電郵同電話好好多
比一般電郵同電話好好多
03:33
For example, one such tool is SecureDrop,
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例如有一款叫 SecureDrop 嘅軟件
依個係一款開放原始碼嘅告密系統
03:38
an open-source whistleblower
submission system
submission system
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由亞倫 · 斯沃茨
一位過咗身嘅互聯網大師開發嘅
一位過咗身嘅互聯網大師開發嘅
03:40
that was originally created by the late
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,
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喺我做嘢嘅地方，新聞自由基金會
繼續開發緊
繼續開發緊
03:44
and is now developed
at the non-profit where I work,
at the non-profit where I work,
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03:47
Freedom of the Press Foundation.
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03:49
Instead of sending an email,
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與其傳送電郵
你可以去某個新聞機構嘅網站
03:51
you go to a news organization's website,
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譬如依度華盛頓郵報
03:53
like this one here on The Washington Post.
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喺依度你可以上載檔案或者傳送訊息
03:56
From there, you can upload a document
or send information
or send information
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就好似其他網上嘅聯絡表格咁
03:59
much like you would
on any other contact form.
on any other contact form.
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資料會被加密喺伺服器入面
04:02
It'll then be encrypted
and stored on a server
and stored on a server
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得新聞機構嘅人可以睇
04:05
that only the news organization
has access to.
has access to.
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04:08
So the government can no longer
secretly demand the information,
secretly demand the information,
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所以政府冇得再祕密追蹤依啲信息
就算追蹤到
都好大機會唔會係一手資料
都好大機會唔會係一手資料
04:11
and much of the information
they would demand
they would demand
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04:13
wouldn't be available in the first place.
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04:16
SecureDrop, though, is really
only a small part of the puzzle
only a small part of the puzzle
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SecureDrop 只係 21 世紀
保護新聞自由嘅一個小小工具
保護新聞自由嘅一個小小工具
04:19
for protecting press freedom
in the 21st century.
in the 21st century.
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04:23
Unfortunately, governments
all over the world
all over the world
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不過世界各地嘅政府
時時刻刻都開發新嘅監視技術
時時刻刻都開發新嘅監視技術
04:25
are constantly developing
new spying techniques
new spying techniques
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令我哋更加危險
04:27
that put us all at risk.
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04:30
And it's up to us going forward
to make sure
to make sure
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所以我哋只能夠繼續努力
唔單止保護善於科技嘅告密者
04:32
that it's not just
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
the tech-savvy whistleblowers,
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好似斯諾登咁
有自己嘅渠道揭發政府惡行
有自己嘅渠道揭發政府惡行
04:35
like Edward Snowden, who have
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.
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仲要保護嗰啲
透過揭發退伍老兵醫療問題
透過揭發退伍老兵醫療問題
04:39
It's just as vital that we protect the
next veteran's health care whistleblower
next veteran's health care whistleblower
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提醒我哋醫院擠迫問題嘅告密者
04:44
alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,
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保護嗰啲帶出費林特市污水
隱患嘅環衛工人
隱患嘅環衛工人
04:47
or the next environmental worker
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04:49
sounding the alarm
about Flint's dirty water,
about Flint's dirty water,
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04:53
or a Wall Street insider
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保護警惕我哋
下次金融危機來臨嘅華爾街中人
下次金融危機來臨嘅華爾街中人
04:54
warning us of the next financial crisis.
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04:57
After all, these tools weren't just built
to help the brave men and women
to help the brave men and women
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所以，依啲工具唔係爲咗
保護敢於揭發罪行嘅線人
保護敢於揭發罪行嘅線人
05:02
who expose crimes,
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05:03
but are meant to protect
all of our rights under the Constitution.
all of our rights under the Constitution.
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而係爲咗保障憲法下
所有人得到應有嘅權利
所有人得到應有嘅權利
05:07
Thank you.
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多謝
（掌聲）
05:08
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Trevor Timm - Writer, activist and legal analystTrevor Timm is the co-founder and executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports and defends journalism dedicated to transparency and accountability.
Why you should listen
Trevor Timm is a co-founder and the executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation. He is a journalist, activist, and lawyer who writes a twice weekly column for The Guardian on privacy, free speech, and national security. He has contributed to The Atlantic, Al Jazeera, Foreign Policy, Harvard Law and Policy Review, PBS MediaShift and Politico.
Trevor formerly worked as an activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Before that, he helped the longtime General Counsel of The New York Times, James Goodale, write a book on the Pentagon Papers and the First Amendment. He received his J.D. from New York Law School.
Trevor Timm | Speaker | TED.com