TED2017
Michael Patrick Lynch: How to see past your own perspective and find truth
Michael Patrick Lynch: Kako nadići vlastitu perspektivu i pronaći istinu
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
1,781,987 views
Što više toga čitamo i gledamo na internetu, to težim postaje razlikovati ono što je stvarno od onoga što je lažno. Kao da znamo više, ali razumijemo manje, kako kaže filozof Michael Patrick Lynch. U ovom govoru, izaziva nas da poduzmemo aktivne korake kako bismo rasprsnuli vlastite zaštitne balone i sudjelovali u zajedničkoj stvarnosti koja uistinu jest temelj svega.
Michael Patrick Lynch - Philosopher
Michael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data. Full bio
Michael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, imagine that you had
your smartphone miniaturized
your smartphone miniaturized
0
740
3679
Zamislite da ste dali
svoj pametni telefon smanjiti
svoj pametni telefon smanjiti
00:16
and hooked up directly to your brain.
1
4443
2360
i priključiti izravno u svoj mozak.
00:19
If you had this sort of brain chip,
2
7711
1893
Da imate takav moždani čip,
00:21
you'd be able to upload
and download to the internet
and download to the internet
3
9628
2531
mogli biste učitavati
i preuzimati s interneta
i preuzimati s interneta
00:24
at the speed of thought.
4
12183
1192
brzinom misli.
00:25
Accessing social media or Wikipedia
would be a lot like --
would be a lot like --
5
13986
3267
Pristupanje društvenim mrežama
ili Wikipediji bilo bi vrlo slično,
ili Wikipediji bilo bi vrlo slično,
00:29
well, from the inside at least --
6
17277
1640
barem iznutra,
00:30
like consulting your own memory.
7
18941
1750
konzultiranju s vlastitim pamćenjem.
00:33
It would be as easy
and as intimate as thinking.
and as intimate as thinking.
8
21247
3198
Bilo bi jednako lako
i intimno kao razmišljanje.
i intimno kao razmišljanje.
00:37
But would it make it easier
for you to know what's true?
for you to know what's true?
9
25579
3157
Ali bi li vam bilo lakše
znati što je istina?
znati što je istina?
00:40
Just because a way
of accessing information is faster
of accessing information is faster
10
28760
2961
Samo zato što je neki
način pristupanja informacijama brži,
način pristupanja informacijama brži,
00:43
it doesn't mean it's more
reliable, of course,
reliable, of course,
11
31745
2245
naravno, ne znači da je i pouzdaniji
i ne znači da bi ga svi
protumačili na isti način.
protumačili na isti način.
00:46
and it doesn't mean that we would all
interpret it the same way.
interpret it the same way.
12
34014
3231
00:49
And it doesn't mean that you would be
any better at evaluating it.
any better at evaluating it.
13
37269
3594
I ne znači da biste bili
išta bolji u procjenjivanju.
išta bolji u procjenjivanju.
Zapravo, možda biste čak bili gori
00:52
In fact, you might even be worse,
14
40887
1657
jer, znate, više podataka
znači manje vremena za procjenu.
znači manje vremena za procjenu.
00:54
because, you know, more data,
less time for evaluation.
less time for evaluation.
15
42568
2782
00:58
Something like this is already
happening to us right now.
happening to us right now.
16
46378
3395
Nešto takvo nam se već događa upravo sada.
01:01
We already carry a world of information
around in our pockets,
around in our pockets,
17
49797
3858
Već nosimo ogromnu količinu
podataka u svojim džepovima,
podataka u svojim džepovima,
01:05
but it seems as if the more information
we share and access online,
we share and access online,
18
53679
4229
ali čini se da što više informacija
dijelimo i dobivamo na internetu,
dijelimo i dobivamo na internetu,
01:09
the more difficult it can be for us
to tell the difference
to tell the difference
19
57932
2802
to nam je teže odrediti
01:12
between what's real and what's fake.
20
60758
2117
što je stvarno, a što lažno.
01:15
It's as if we know more
but understand less.
but understand less.
21
63507
3938
Kao da znamo više, ali razumijemo manje.
01:20
Now, it's a feature
of modern life, I suppose,
of modern life, I suppose,
22
68152
2937
To je, pretpostavljam,
jedna od odlika modernog života,
jedna od odlika modernog života,
01:23
that large swaths of the public
live in isolated information bubbles.
live in isolated information bubbles.
23
71113
3988
to da velik dio javnosti
živi u izoliranim balonima informacija.
živi u izoliranim balonima informacija.
01:27
We're polarized: not just over values,
but over the facts.
but over the facts.
24
75849
4654
Polarizirani smo: ne samo po pitanju
vrijednosti, nego i činjenica.
vrijednosti, nego i činjenica.
01:32
One reason for that is, the data
analytics that drive the internet
analytics that drive the internet
25
80527
3597
Jedan od razloga je to što nam analiza
podataka koja pokreće internet
podataka koja pokreće internet
01:36
get us not just more information,
26
84148
2399
ne daje samo više informacija,
01:38
but more of the information that we want.
27
86571
2186
nego više informacija koje želimo.
01:40
Our online life is personalized;
28
88781
2390
Naš život na internetu je personaliziran;
01:43
everything from the ads we read
29
91195
1730
sve, od reklama koje čitamo,
01:44
to the news that comes down
our Facebook feed
our Facebook feed
30
92949
2590
do vijesti koje nam se
pojavljuju na Facebooku,
pojavljuju na Facebooku,
01:47
is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
31
95563
3006
skrojeno je prema našim sklonostima.
01:51
And so while we get more information,
32
99279
1806
I zato, dok dobivamo više informacija,
01:53
a lot of that information ends up
reflecting ourselves
reflecting ourselves
33
101109
3230
velika količina njih u konačnici
odražava nas same,
odražava nas same,
01:56
as much as it does reality.
34
104363
2204
kao što nas odražava i stvarnost.
01:59
It ends up, I suppose,
35
107198
1639
Zbog njih se u konačnici
02:01
inflating our bubbles
rather than bursting them.
rather than bursting them.
36
109691
2533
naši baloni napuhuju, umjesto raspršuju.
02:05
And so maybe it's no surprise
37
113331
2129
Zbog toga možda nije čudno
da smo u situaciji,
u paradoksalnoj situaciji,
u paradoksalnoj situaciji,
02:07
that we're in a situation,
a paradoxical situation,
a paradoxical situation,
38
115484
2905
02:10
of thinking that we know so much more,
39
118413
2131
zbog koje mislimo da znamo puno više,
02:12
and yet not agreeing
on what it is we know.
on what it is we know.
40
120568
3010
bez da se slažemo oko onoga što znamo.
Kako ćemo riješiti taj problem
polarizacije znanja?
polarizacije znanja?
02:17
So how are we going to solve
this problem of knowledge polarization?
this problem of knowledge polarization?
41
125259
3572
02:20
One obvious tactic is to try
to fix our technology,
to fix our technology,
42
128855
4168
Jedna od očitih taktika
je pokušati popraviti tehnologiju,
je pokušati popraviti tehnologiju,
02:25
to redesign our digital platforms,
43
133047
1909
redizajnirati naše digitalne platforme,
02:26
so as to make them less
susceptible to polarization.
susceptible to polarization.
44
134980
3143
kako bismo ih učinili manje
podložnima polarizaciji.
podložnima polarizaciji.
02:30
And I'm happy to report
45
138884
1199
Sa zadovoljstvom prenosim
02:32
that many smart people at Google
and Facebook are working on just that.
and Facebook are working on just that.
46
140107
4640
da mnogo pametnih ljudi iz Googlea
i Facebooka rade samo na tome.
i Facebooka rade samo na tome.
02:36
And these projects are vital.
47
144771
1589
I ti projekti su iznimno važni.
02:39
I think that fixing technology
is obviously really important,
is obviously really important,
48
147837
3130
Mislim da je, očito,
popravljanje tehnologije vrlo važno,
popravljanje tehnologije vrlo važno,
02:42
but I don't think technology alone,
fixing it, is going to solve the problem
fixing it, is going to solve the problem
49
150991
4622
no ne i da će se samo popravljanjem
tehnologije riješiti problem
tehnologije riješiti problem
02:47
of knowledge polarization.
50
155637
1354
polarizacije znanja.
02:49
I don't think that because I don't think,
at the end of the day,
at the end of the day,
51
157015
3075
To ne mislim jer, na kraju,
ne smatram da je to
ne smatram da je to
02:52
it is a technological problem.
52
160114
1629
tehnološki problem.
02:53
I think it's a human problem,
53
161767
1875
Mislim da je to ljudski problem,
02:55
having to do with how we think
and what we value.
and what we value.
54
163666
3565
koji je povezan s time
kako razmišljamo i što cijenimo.
kako razmišljamo i što cijenimo.
Mislim da ćemo trebati pomoć
kako bismo ga riješili.
kako bismo ga riješili.
03:00
In order to solve it, I think
we're going to need help.
we're going to need help.
55
168285
2615
Trebat će nam pomoć
psihologije i politologije.
psihologije i politologije.
03:02
We're going to need help
from psychology and political science.
from psychology and political science.
56
170924
3005
03:05
But we're also going to need help,
I think, from philosophy.
I think, from philosophy.
57
173953
3250
Ali, smatram da će nam također
trebati i pomoć filozofije.
trebati i pomoć filozofije.
03:10
Because to solve the problem
of knowledge polarization,
of knowledge polarization,
58
178663
3528
Jer, kako bismo riješili problem
polarizacije znanja,
polarizacije znanja,
03:15
we're going to need to reconnect
59
183522
1995
morat ćemo se ponovno povezati
03:18
with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
60
186455
3836
s jednom fundamentalnom idejom filozofije:
03:23
that we live in a common reality.
61
191219
2397
da živimo u zajedničkoj stvarnosti.
03:26
The idea of a common reality
is like, I suppose,
is like, I suppose,
62
194671
4027
Ideja zajedničke stvarnosti
ista je kao, pretpostavljam,
ista je kao, pretpostavljam,
mnogo filozofskih koncepata:
03:30
a lot of philosophical concepts:
63
198722
1563
laka za izjaviti,
03:32
easy to state
64
200309
1166
ali misteriozno teška za primjeniti.
03:33
but mysteriously difficult
to put into practice.
to put into practice.
65
201499
2635
Kako bismo je zbilja prihvatili,
03:37
To really accept it,
66
205003
1305
03:38
I think we need to do three things,
67
206332
2217
mislim da moramo učiniti tri stvari,
03:40
each of which is a challenge right now.
68
208573
2312
od kojih svaka trenutno
predstavlja izazov.
predstavlja izazov.
03:44
First, we need to believe in truth.
69
212749
2564
Prvo, moramo vjerovati u istinu.
Možda ste primjetili
03:48
You might have noticed
70
216267
1163
da naša kultura trenutno
ima problematičan odnos
ima problematičan odnos
03:49
that our culture is having
something of a troubled relationship
something of a troubled relationship
71
217454
3015
s tim konceptom.
03:52
with that concept right now.
72
220493
1401
03:55
It seems as if we disagree so much that,
73
223061
3213
Čini se da, ako se toliko
razilazimo u mišljenju,
razilazimo u mišljenju,
kako je nedavno rekao
jedan politički komentator,
jedan politički komentator,
03:58
as one political commentator
put it not long ago,
put it not long ago,
74
226298
2809
04:01
it's as if there are no facts anymore.
75
229131
2235
izgleda kao da činjenice
više ni ne postoje.
više ni ne postoje.
04:04
But that thought is actually an expression
76
232986
4222
Ta misao je zapravo izražaj
04:09
of a sort of seductive line
of argument that's in the air.
of argument that's in the air.
77
237232
4009
zavodljive linije argumentacije
koja visi u zraku.
koja visi u zraku.
04:13
It goes like this:
78
241668
1268
Ona je sljedeća:
04:16
we just can't step outside
of our own perspectives;
of our own perspectives;
79
244188
2851
jednostavno ne možemo odstupiti
od vlastitih perspektiva;
od vlastitih perspektiva;
04:19
we can't step outside of our biases.
80
247063
2442
ne možemo se odvojiti
od vlastite pristranosti.
od vlastite pristranosti.
04:21
Every time we try,
81
249529
1473
Svaki put kada pokušamo,
04:23
we just get more information
from our perspective.
from our perspective.
82
251026
3585
samo dobivamo još informacija
iz naše perspektive.
iz naše perspektive.
04:27
So, this line of thought goes,
83
255536
2250
I tako se taj niz misli razvija,
04:31
we might as well admit
that objective truth is an illusion,
that objective truth is an illusion,
84
259016
3762
da možemo priznati
kako je objektivna istina iluzija,
kako je objektivna istina iluzija,
04:34
or it doesn't matter,
85
262802
1154
ili da nije važna,
jer je ili nikada nećemo pojmiti,
04:35
because either we'll never
know what it is,
know what it is,
86
263980
2146
04:39
or it doesn't exist in the first place.
87
267039
2143
ili niti ne postoji.
04:43
That's not a new philosophical thought --
88
271173
2996
To nije nova filozofska misao -
04:46
skepticism about truth.
89
274193
1848
skepsa prema istini.
04:49
During the end of the last century,
as some of you know,
as some of you know,
90
277332
2881
Krajem prošlog stoljeća,
kao što neki od vas znaju, bila je
kao što neki od vas znaju, bila je
04:52
it was very popular in certain
academic circles.
academic circles.
91
280237
2294
vrlo popularna u određenim
akademskim krugovima.
akademskim krugovima.
04:55
But it really goes back all the way
to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
92
283317
5133
Ali, zapravo datira iz vremena
grčkog filozofa Protagore,
grčkog filozofa Protagore,
05:00
if not farther back.
93
288474
1326
ako nije i starija.
05:02
Protagoras said that objective
truth was an illusion
truth was an illusion
94
290252
2449
Protagora je rekao da je
objektivna istina iluzija,
objektivna istina iluzija,
05:04
because "man is the measure
of all things."
of all things."
95
292725
2907
jer je "čovjek mjerilo svih stvari".
05:07
Man is the measure of all things.
96
295656
1940
Čovjek je mjerilo svih stvari.
05:10
That can seem like a bracing bit
of realpolitik to people,
of realpolitik to people,
97
298169
2823
To se ljudima može činiti
temeljnim dijelom realpolitike,
temeljnim dijelom realpolitike,
ili oslobađajućim,
05:13
or liberating,
98
301016
1159
jer svakome od nas dopušta
da otkrivamo ili stvaramo vlastitu istinu.
da otkrivamo ili stvaramo vlastitu istinu.
05:14
because it allows each of us
to discover or make our own truth.
to discover or make our own truth.
99
302199
4538
05:20
But actually, I think it's a bit
of self-serving rationalization
of self-serving rationalization
100
308618
4162
Ali zapravo, ja to smatram
racionalizacijom kojom si podilazimo,
racionalizacijom kojom si podilazimo,
05:24
disguised as philosophy.
101
312804
1867
maskirano u filozofiju.
05:27
It confuses the difficulty
of being certain
of being certain
102
315507
2808
Miješa teškoće bivanja sigurnim
05:30
with the impossibility of truth.
103
318339
2645
s nemogućnošću istine.
05:34
Look --
104
322223
1206
Gledajte,
05:36
of course it's difficult
to be certain about anything;
to be certain about anything;
105
324768
2940
naravno da je teško
oko ičega biti siguran;
oko ičega biti siguran;
05:40
we might all be living in "The Matrix."
106
328908
2313
možda svi živimo u "Matrici".
05:44
You might have a brain chip in your head
107
332018
1982
Možda u svojoj glavi imate čip
05:46
feeding you all the wrong information.
108
334024
1964
koji vas hrani pogrešnim informacijama.
05:49
But in practice, we do agree
on all sorts of facts.
on all sorts of facts.
109
337593
4179
Ali u praksi, slažemo se
oko raznih činjenica.
oko raznih činjenica.
05:53
We agree that bullets can kill people.
110
341796
3239
Slažemo se da metci mogu ubiti ljude.
05:57
We agree that you can't flap
your arms and fly.
your arms and fly.
111
345616
4383
Slažemo se da ne možemo
zamahnuti rukama i poletjeti.
zamahnuti rukama i poletjeti.
06:02
We agree -- or we should --
112
350023
2109
Slažemo se, ili bismo se trebali složiti,
06:05
that there is an external reality
113
353018
2297
da postoji vanjska stvarnost
06:07
and ignoring it can get you hurt.
114
355339
2081
i da si ignoriranjem toga
možemo naštetiti.
možemo naštetiti.
06:11
Nonetheless, skepticism
about truth can be tempting,
about truth can be tempting,
115
359205
4149
Ipak, skepsa prema istini
može biti primamljiva
može biti primamljiva
06:15
because it allows us to rationalize
away our own biases.
away our own biases.
116
363378
3314
jer nam dopušta da racionaliziramo
vlastitu pristranost.
vlastitu pristranost.
06:18
When we do that, we're sort of like
the guy in the movie
the guy in the movie
117
366716
2987
Kada to radimo, skoro smo
kao onaj tip u filmu
kao onaj tip u filmu
06:21
who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
118
369727
2338
koji je znao da živi u "Matrici",
06:24
but decided he liked it there, anyway.
119
372793
2725
ali je zaključio da mu se tamo
svejedno sviđa.
svejedno sviđa.
06:29
After all, getting what you
want feels good.
want feels good.
120
377031
2658
Na kraju krajeva, dobar je osjećaj
dobiti ono što želiš.
dobiti ono što želiš.
06:32
Being right all the time feels good.
121
380271
2696
Dobar je osjećaj biti stalno u pravu.
06:34
So, often it's easier for us
122
382991
2782
I tako, često nam je lakše
06:37
to wrap ourselves in our cozy
information bubbles,
information bubbles,
123
385797
3489
zatvoriti se u svoje komforne
balone informacija,
balone informacija,
06:42
live in bad faith,
124
390049
1541
živjeti kroz licemjerje
06:43
and take those bubbles
as the measure of reality.
as the measure of reality.
125
391614
3751
i te balone smatrati mjerilom stvarnosti.
06:48
An example, I think, of how
this bad faith gets into our action
this bad faith gets into our action
126
396595
5845
Mislim da je primjer toga kako to
licemjerje utječe na naše djelovanje
licemjerje utječe na naše djelovanje
06:54
is our reaction
to the phenomenon of fake news.
to the phenomenon of fake news.
127
402464
4785
naša reakcija na fenomen lažnih vijesti.
06:59
The fake news that spread on the internet
128
407874
2930
Lažne vijesti koje su se internetom širile
07:02
during the American
presidential election of 2016
presidential election of 2016
129
410828
4654
u vrijeme američkih
predsjedničkih izbora 2016.
predsjedničkih izbora 2016.
07:07
was designed to feed into our biases,
130
415506
2627
bile su dizajnirane
da hrane našu pristranost,
da hrane našu pristranost,
07:10
designed to inflate our bubbles.
131
418157
2114
dizajnirane da napuhuju naše balone.
07:12
But what was really striking about it
132
420295
2051
Ali, ono zbilja zapanjujuće
07:14
was not just that it fooled
so many people.
so many people.
133
422370
2614
nije bilo samo to
što su zavarale toliko ljudi.
što su zavarale toliko ljudi.
07:17
What was really striking to me
about fake news,
about fake news,
134
425595
2841
Ono što mi je zbilja zapanjujuće
po pitanju lažnih vijesti,
po pitanju lažnih vijesti,
07:20
the phenomenon,
135
428460
1338
tog fenomena,
07:21
is how quickly it itself became
the subject of knowledge polarization;
the subject of knowledge polarization;
136
429822
5055
je to koliko su one same postale
subjektom polarizacije znanja,
subjektom polarizacije znanja,
07:27
so much so, that the very term --
the very term -- "fake news"
the very term -- "fake news"
137
435582
3679
toliko da sâm pojam "lažne vijesti"
07:31
now just means: "news story I don't like."
138
439285
3404
sada znači samo
"vijest koja mi se ne sviđa".
"vijest koja mi se ne sviđa".
07:35
That's an example of the bad faith
towards the truth that I'm talking about.
towards the truth that I'm talking about.
139
443367
4873
To je primjer licemjerja
prema istini o kojoj govorim.
prema istini o kojoj govorim.
07:43
But the really, I think, dangerous thing
140
451240
3474
No, ono što mislim
da je uistinu opasna stvar
da je uistinu opasna stvar
07:47
about skepticism with regard to truth
141
455981
2578
kod skepse prema istini,
07:51
is that it leads to despotism.
142
459476
1907
to što vodi k despotizmu.
07:54
"Man is the measure of all things"
143
462350
2923
"Čovjek je mjerilo svih stvari"
07:57
inevitably becomes "The Man
is the measure of all things."
is the measure of all things."
144
465297
3917
neizbježno postaje
"TAJ čovjek je mjerilo svih stvari".
"TAJ čovjek je mjerilo svih stvari".
08:01
Just as "every man for himself"
145
469852
2650
Kao što "svaki čovjek za sebe"
08:04
always seems to turn out to be
"only the strong survive."
"only the strong survive."
146
472526
2995
čini se, uvijek ispada da je
"samo snažni opstaju".
"samo snažni opstaju".
08:08
At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
147
476345
2489
Na kraju Orwellove "1984."
08:12
the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing
the protagonist Winston Smith
the protagonist Winston Smith
148
480136
4259
misaoni policajac O'Brien muči
protagonistu Winstona Smitha
protagonistu Winstona Smitha
08:16
into believing two plus two equals five.
149
484419
3198
s ciljem uvjeravanja da je
dva plus dva jednako pet.
dva plus dva jednako pet.
08:20
What O'Brien says is the point,
150
488571
2804
Ono što O'Brien navodi kao cilj
08:25
is that he wants to convince Smith
that whatever the party says is the truth,
that whatever the party says is the truth,
151
493486
4421
je to da želi uvjeriti Smitha
da što god partija kaže jest istina,
da što god partija kaže jest istina,
08:29
and the truth is whatever the party says.
152
497931
2885
a istina je što god partija kaže.
08:33
And what O'Brien knows
is that once this thought is accepted,
is that once this thought is accepted,
153
501484
3520
I ono što O'Brien zna jest da,
čim ta misao bude prihvaćena,
čim ta misao bude prihvaćena,
08:38
critical dissent is impossible.
154
506387
2554
kritičko neslaganje postaje nemoguće.
08:41
You can't speak truth to power
155
509857
2188
Ne možete govorenjem istine
prkositi vlasti,
prkositi vlasti,
08:44
if the power speaks truth by definition.
156
512069
3155
ako vlast po definiciji govori istinu.
08:48
I said that in order to accept
that we really live in a common reality,
that we really live in a common reality,
157
516880
4243
Rekao sam, kako bismo prihvatili da
uistinu živimo u zajedničkoj stvarnosti,
uistinu živimo u zajedničkoj stvarnosti,
08:53
we have to do three things.
158
521147
1287
moramo činiti tri stvari.
Prva je vjerovati u istinu.
08:54
The first thing is to believe in truth.
159
522458
1985
Druga može biti sažeta
08:56
The second thing can be summed up
160
524467
1670
kroz latinsku izreku koju je Kant
uzeo kao moto prosvjetiteljstva:
uzeo kao moto prosvjetiteljstva:
08:58
by the Latin phrase that Kant took
as the motto for the Enlightenment:
as the motto for the Enlightenment:
161
526161
5086
09:03
"Sapere aude,"
162
531271
1637
"Sapere aude",
09:04
or "dare to know."
163
532932
1732
ili "usudi se znati".
09:06
Or as Kant wants,
"to dare to know for yourself."
"to dare to know for yourself."
164
534688
2426
Ili, kao što Kant ističe,
"usudi se znati sâm".
"usudi se znati sâm".
Mislim da je u ranim danima interneta
09:10
I think in the early days of the internet,
165
538208
2042
mnogo nas smatralo da će nam
09:12
a lot of us thought
166
540274
1166
09:13
that information technology
was always going to make it easier
was always going to make it easier
167
541464
3810
informacijska tehnologija uvijek olakšati
09:17
for us to know for ourselves,
168
545298
1855
da znamo sami
09:19
and of course in many ways, it has.
169
547177
2692
i, naravno, na puno načina i jest.
09:21
But as the internet has become
more and more a part of our lives,
more and more a part of our lives,
170
549893
3838
Ali kako internet sve više
postaje dijelom naših života,
postaje dijelom naših života,
09:25
our reliance on it, our use of it,
171
553755
1959
naše oslanjanje ili korištenje njega
09:27
has become often more passive.
172
555738
2560
postalo je pasivnije.
09:30
Much of what we know today we Google-know.
173
558322
2365
Mnogo toga što danas znamo,
znamo zbog Googlea.
znamo zbog Googlea.
09:33
We download prepackaged sets of facts
174
561299
3695
Preuzimamo već upakirane setove činjenica
09:37
and sort of shuffle them along
the assembly line of social media.
the assembly line of social media.
175
565018
3812
i miješamo ih na pokretnoj traci
društvenih mreža.
društvenih mreža.
Znanje putem Googlea je korisno,
09:41
Now, Google-knowing is useful
176
569357
1430
zato što uključuje vrstu
intelektualnog outsourcing-a.
intelektualnog outsourcing-a.
09:42
precisely because it involves
a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
177
570811
3196
09:46
We offload our effort onto a network
of others and algorithms.
of others and algorithms.
178
574031
5765
Dio našeg truda prebacujemo
na mrežu drugih i na algoritme.
na mrežu drugih i na algoritme.
09:51
And that allows us, of course,
to not clutter our minds
to not clutter our minds
179
579820
3007
To nam dopušta, naravno,
da umove ne zatrpavamo
da umove ne zatrpavamo
09:54
with all sorts of facts.
180
582851
1439
raznim vrstama činjenica.
09:56
We can just download them
when we need them.
when we need them.
181
584314
2287
Možemo ih jednostavno
preuzeti kada ih trebamo.
preuzeti kada ih trebamo.
09:58
And that's awesome.
182
586625
1382
I to je fantastično.
10:01
But there's a difference
between downloading a set of facts
between downloading a set of facts
183
589348
4781
Ali, postoji razlika između
preuzimanja seta činjenica
preuzimanja seta činjenica
10:06
and really understanding how or why
those facts are as they are.
those facts are as they are.
184
594809
4826
i pravog razumijevanja toga kako
ili zašto te činjenice jesu to što jesu.
ili zašto te činjenice jesu to što jesu.
10:13
Understanding why
a particular disease spreads,
a particular disease spreads,
185
601237
4374
Razumjeti zašto se određena bolest širi,
10:17
or how a mathematical proof works,
186
605635
2059
ili kako matematički dokaz funkcionira,
10:19
or why your friend is depressed,
187
607718
2013
ili zašto vam je prijatelj u depresiji,
10:21
involves more than just downloading.
188
609755
2465
uključuje više od preuzimanja.
10:25
It's going to require, most likely,
189
613396
2081
Zahtjevat će, najvjerojatnije,
10:27
doing some work for yourself:
190
615501
2102
da dio posla obavite sami:
10:30
having a little creative insight;
191
618503
1840
da imate nešto kreativnog uvida,
10:32
using your imagination;
192
620367
1266
koristite maštu,
10:33
getting out into the field;
193
621657
1318
izlazite na teren,
10:34
doing the experiment;
194
622999
1182
radite eksperiment,
razrađujete dokaz,
10:36
working through the proof;
195
624205
1271
razgovarate s nekim.
10:37
talking to someone.
196
625500
1444
10:43
Now, I'm not saying, of course,
that we should stop Google-knowing.
that we should stop Google-knowing.
197
631533
3544
Ja, naravno, ne govorim da trebamo
prestati stjecati Google znanje.
prestati stjecati Google znanje.
10:48
I'm just saying
198
636402
1151
Samo kažem
da ga ne trebamo ni precjenjivati.
10:49
we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
199
637577
1686
10:51
We need to find ways of encouraging
forms of knowing that are more active,
forms of knowing that are more active,
200
639287
4664
Moramo pronaći načine da potičemo
oblike znanja koji su aktivniji
oblike znanja koji su aktivniji
10:56
and don't always involve passing off
our effort into our bubble.
our effort into our bubble.
201
644512
5049
i koji ne uključuju uvijek da naš
trud prebacujemo na naš balon.
trud prebacujemo na naš balon.
11:02
Because the thing about Google-knowing
is that too often it ends up
is that too often it ends up
202
650242
3341
Jer, stvar s Google znanjem je to
što ono prečesto ispadne
što ono prečesto ispadne
11:05
being bubble-knowing.
203
653607
1364
balon-znanje.
11:07
And bubble-knowing means
always being right.
always being right.
204
655581
2790
A balon-znanje znači
da smo uvijek u pravu.
da smo uvijek u pravu.
11:11
But daring to know,
205
659183
2197
Ali usuditi se znati,
11:13
daring to understand,
206
661404
1570
usuditi se razumjeti,
11:16
means risking the possibility
that you could be wrong.
that you could be wrong.
207
664151
3066
znači riskirati mogućnost
da možemo biti u krivu.
da možemo biti u krivu.
11:19
It means risking the possibility
208
667921
2268
To znači riskirati mogućnost
11:22
that what you want and what's true
are different things.
are different things.
209
670213
4327
da su ono što želimo i ono što je istinito
dvije različite stvari.
dvije različite stvari.
11:28
Which brings me to the third thing
that I think we need to do
that I think we need to do
210
676070
2921
Što me dovodi do treće stvari
koju mislim da moramo činiti,
koju mislim da moramo činiti,
11:31
if we want to accept that we live
in a common reality.
in a common reality.
211
679854
3032
ako želimo prihvatiti to
da živimo u zajedničkoj stvarnosti.
da živimo u zajedničkoj stvarnosti.
11:34
That third thing is:
have a little humility.
have a little humility.
212
682910
2891
Treća stvar je: imajmo malo skromnosti.
Pod skromnost mislim na
epistemičku skromnost,
epistemičku skromnost,
11:38
By humility here, I mean
epistemic humility,
epistemic humility,
213
686510
2122
11:40
which means, in a sense,
214
688656
1989
što znači, u nekom smislu,
11:43
knowing that you don't know it all.
215
691701
2403
da znamo da ne znamo sve.
11:46
But it also means something
more than that.
more than that.
216
694128
2053
Ali, to znači i više od toga.
11:48
It means seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
as open to improvement
217
696205
4450
To znači gledanje vlastitog svjetonazora
kao otvorenog prema poboljšanju
kao otvorenog prema poboljšanju
11:52
by the evidence and experience of others.
218
700679
2131
kroz dokaze i iskustva drugih.
Gledanje svog svjetonazora
11:54
Seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
as open to improvement
219
702834
2049
kao otvorenog prema poboljšanju
kroz dokaze i iskustva drugih.
kroz dokaze i iskustva drugih.
11:56
by the evidence and experience of others.
220
704907
2123
To je više od otvorenosti
prema promjenama.
prema promjenama.
12:00
That's more than just
being open to change.
being open to change.
221
708084
2039
To je više od otvorenosti
prema samonapretku.
prema samonapretku.
12:02
It's more than just being open
to self-improvement.
to self-improvement.
222
710147
2398
To znači uviđanje da vaše znanje
može biti poboljšano
može biti poboljšano
12:04
It means seeing your knowledge
as capable of enhancing
as capable of enhancing
223
712569
4285
12:08
or being enriched
by what others contribute.
by what others contribute.
224
716878
2526
i obogaćeno kroz doprinos drugih.
12:12
That's part of what is involved
225
720224
2714
To je dio onoga što je uključeno
12:14
in recognizing there's a common reality
226
722962
2133
u prepoznavanje zajedničke stvarnosti
12:18
that you, too, are responsible to.
227
726116
1853
za koju ste i vi odgovorni.
12:21
I don't think it's much
of a stretch to say
of a stretch to say
228
729633
2205
Mislim da nije previše nategnuto reći
da naše društvo nije posebno dobro
u poboljšavanju ili poticanju
u poboljšavanju ili poticanju
12:23
that our society is not particularly great
at enhancing or encouraging
at enhancing or encouraging
229
731862
4955
12:28
that sort of humility.
230
736841
1215
takve vrste skromnosti.
12:30
That's partly because,
231
738080
1579
To je djelomično tako jer,
12:32
well, we tend to confuse
arrogance and confidence.
arrogance and confidence.
232
740810
2988
pa, imamo tendenciju miješati
aroganciju i samopouzdanje.
aroganciju i samopouzdanje.
12:36
And it's partly because, well, you know,
233
744263
2441
I djelomično je tako jer je, znate,
12:39
arrogance is just easier.
234
747341
1553
arogancija jednostavno lakša.
12:40
It's just easier to think of yourself
as knowing it all.
as knowing it all.
235
748918
2677
Jednostavno je lakše misliti da znamo sve.
12:43
It's just easier to think of yourself
as having it all figured out.
as having it all figured out.
236
751619
3697
Jednostavno je lakše misliti
da smo sve shvatili.
da smo sve shvatili.
12:48
But that's another example
of the bad faith towards the truth
of the bad faith towards the truth
237
756513
2933
Ali, to je drugi primjer
licemjerja prema istini
licemjerja prema istini
12:51
that I've been talking about.
238
759470
1538
o kojoj sam govorio.
12:55
So the concept of a common reality,
239
763391
2237
I tako se koncept zajedničke stvarnosti,
12:57
like a lot of philosophical concepts,
240
765652
2690
kao mnogi filozofski koncepti,
13:00
can seem so obvious,
241
768366
1484
može činiti tako očitim
13:02
that we can look right past it
242
770785
1842
da ga možemo zanemariti
13:05
and forget why it's important.
243
773945
1984
i zaboraviti zašto je važan.
13:09
Democracies can't function
if their citizens don't strive,
if their citizens don't strive,
244
777394
4944
Demokracije ne mogu funkcionirati
ako njezini građani ne teže,
ako njezini građani ne teže,
13:14
at least some of the time,
245
782362
1370
barem dio vremena,
13:15
to inhabit a common space,
246
783756
1681
tome da nastanjuju isti prostor,
13:17
a space where they can pass
ideas back and forth
ideas back and forth
247
785461
3456
prostor u kojem mogu razmjenjivati ideje
13:22
when -- and especially when --
248
790123
1786
naročito kada
13:23
they disagree.
249
791933
1405
se ne slažu.
13:25
But you can't strive to inhabit that space
250
793749
2264
Ali, ne možete težiti tome da
nastanjujete taj prostor
nastanjujete taj prostor
13:29
if you don't already accept
that you live in the same reality.
that you live in the same reality.
251
797560
3586
ako već ne prihvatite
da živite u istoj stvarnosti.
da živite u istoj stvarnosti.
Da bismo to prihvatili,
moramo vjerovati u istinu
moramo vjerovati u istinu
13:35
To accept that, we've got
to believe in truth,
to believe in truth,
252
803144
2171
13:37
we've got to encourage
more active ways of knowing.
more active ways of knowing.
253
805339
3311
i moramo poticati aktivnije znanje.
13:41
And we've got to have the humility
254
809394
1738
I moramo imati skromnosti
13:44
to realize that we're not
the measure of all things.
the measure of all things.
255
812271
2707
da shvatimo da nismo mjerilo svih stvari.
13:49
We may yet one day realize the vision
256
817049
3524
Možda jednog dana ostvarimo viziju
13:52
of having the internet in our brains.
257
820597
2673
posjedovanja interneta u našim mozgovima.
13:56
But if we want that to be liberating
and not terrifying,
and not terrifying,
258
824545
3919
Ali, ako želimo da to bude
oslobađajuće, a ne zastrašujuće,
oslobađajuće, a ne zastrašujuće,
14:00
if we want it to expand our understanding
259
828488
2762
ako želimo da to proširi
naše razumijevanje
naše razumijevanje
14:03
and not just our passive knowing,
260
831274
2403
a ne samo naše pasivno znanje,
14:06
we need to remember that our perspectives,
261
834585
3639
moramo zapamtiti da naše perspektive,
14:10
as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
262
838248
3151
koliko god čudesne i prekrasne bile,
14:14
are just that --
263
842171
1280
su samo to -
14:15
perspectives on one reality.
264
843475
2520
perspektive jedne stvarnosti.
14:19
Thank you.
265
847096
1271
Hvala vam.
14:20
(Applause)
266
848391
4826
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Patrick Lynch - PhilosopherMichael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data.
Why you should listen
What is truth and why does it matter? Does information technology help or hinder its pursuit? And how do we encourage more productive public discourse? These are some of the questions that animate Michael Lynch's work as a philosopher.
Lynch is a writer and professor of philosophy at the University of Connecticut, where he directs the Humanities Institute. His work concerns truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology. Lynch is the author or editor of seven books, including The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data, In Praise of Reason: Why Rationality Matters for Democracy, Truth as One and Many and the New York Times Sunday Book Review Editor’s pick, True to Life.
The recipient of the Medal for Research Excellence from the University of Connecticut’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, he is The Principal Investigator for Humility & Conviction in Public Life, a $7 million project aimed at understanding and encouraging meaningful public discourse funded by the John Templeton Foundation and the University of Connecticut. He's a frequent contributor to the New York Times "The Stone" blog.
Michael Patrick Lynch | Speaker | TED.com