TED2016
John McWhorter: 4 reasons to learn a new language
John McWhorter: 4 alasan mempelajari bahasa baru
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Bahasa Inggris dengan cepat menjadi bahasa dunia, dan teknologi terjemahan langsung meningkat setiap tahun. Jadi mengapa tidak mempelajari bahasa asing baru? Ahli bahasa dan Profesor dari Columbia, John McWhorter memaparkan empat keuntungan yang menarik dari mempelajari bahasa lain.
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The language I'm speaking right now
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Bahasa yang saya gunakan sekarang
00:15
is on its way to becoming
the world's universal language,
the world's universal language,
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akan menjadi bahasa umum di dunia,
00:19
for better or for worse.
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disadari atau pun tidak.
00:22
Let's face it,
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Mari kita terima,
00:23
it's the language of the internet,
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inilah bahasa internet,
00:25
it's the language of finance,
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inilah bahasa keuangan,
00:27
it's the language of air traffic control,
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inilah bahasa pengontrol
lalu lintas udara,
lalu lintas udara,
00:29
of popular music,
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atau musik populer,
00:31
diplomacy --
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diplomasi --
bahasa Inggris ada di mana-mana.
00:32
English is everywhere.
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00:34
Now, Mandarin Chinese
is spoken by more people,
is spoken by more people,
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Saat ini lebih banyak orang
berbicara bahasa Mandarin,
berbicara bahasa Mandarin,
tapi lebih banyak orang Cina
yang belajar Bahasa Inggris
yang belajar Bahasa Inggris
00:38
but more Chinese people
are learning English
are learning English
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00:40
than English speakers
are learning Chinese.
are learning Chinese.
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daripada orang berbahasa Inggris
yang belajar bahasa Cina.
yang belajar bahasa Cina.
00:43
Last I heard,
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Terakhir saya dengar,
00:45
there are two dozen universities
in China right now
in China right now
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ada dua lusin universitas di China
yang mengajar dalam bahasa Inggris.
00:48
teaching all in English.
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00:51
English is taking over.
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Bahasa Inggris telah mengambil alih.
00:53
And in addition to that,
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Dan selain itu,
00:55
it's been predicted
that at the end of the century
that at the end of the century
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diprediksikan bahwa akhir abad ini,
sekitar 6000 bahasa yang ada sekarang
00:58
almost all of the languages
that exist now --
that exist now --
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01:01
there are about 6,000 --
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tidak akan digunakan lagi.
01:02
will no longer be spoken.
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01:04
There will only be some hundreds left.
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Hanya akan ada
beberapa ratus yang tersisa.
beberapa ratus yang tersisa.
Tak hanya itu,
01:07
And on top of that,
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nantinya terjemahan pidato langsung,
01:09
it's at the point where
instant translation of live speech
instant translation of live speech
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01:13
is not only possible,
but it gets better every year.
but it gets better every year.
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bukan hanya mungkin,
tapi menjadi makin baik.
tapi menjadi makin baik.
01:17
The reason I'm reciting
those things to you
those things to you
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Saya menyampaikan ini,
01:20
is because I can tell
that we're getting to the point
that we're getting to the point
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karena kita mendekati saat,
01:23
where a question
is going to start being asked,
is going to start being asked,
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di mana sebuah pertanyaan akan muncul,
01:25
which is: Why should we
learn foreign languages --
learn foreign languages --
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yaitu: Mengapa kita mempelajari
bahasa asing --
bahasa asing --
01:29
other than if English
happens to be foreign to one?
happens to be foreign to one?
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selain bahasa Inggris?
01:33
Why bother to learn another one
when it's getting to the point
when it's getting to the point
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Kenapa kita harus mempelajari bahasa lain,
01:36
where almost everybody in the world
will be able to communicate in one?
will be able to communicate in one?
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jika hampir semua orang di dunia
akan bisa berkomunikasi dalam satu bahasa?
akan bisa berkomunikasi dalam satu bahasa?
01:42
I think there are a lot of reasons,
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Saya rasa ada banyak alasan,
01:44
but I first want to address
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tapi pertama saya mau menyampaikan
01:46
the one that you're probably
most likely to have heard of,
most likely to have heard of,
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sesuatu yang mungkin sudah lazim,
01:49
because actually it's more
dangerous than you might think.
dangerous than you might think.
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karena kemungkinan,
itu lebih berbahaya dari perkiraan.
itu lebih berbahaya dari perkiraan.
01:54
And that is the idea
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Dan itu adalah ide,
01:55
that a language channels your thoughts,
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bahwa bahasa menyalurkan pikiranmu,
01:58
that the vocabulary
and the grammar of different languages
and the grammar of different languages
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bahwa kata dan tata bahasa
masing-masing bahasa
masing-masing bahasa
02:02
gives everybody
a different kind of acid trip,
a different kind of acid trip,
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memberi pengalaman bahasa
yang berbeda bagi setiap orang.
yang berbeda bagi setiap orang.
02:06
so to speak.
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02:08
That is a marvelously enticing idea,
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Itu adalah penyampaian ide yang indah,
02:12
but it's kind of fraught.
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tapi berlebihan.
02:13
So it's not that it's untrue completely.
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Bukan sepenuhnya salah.
02:17
So for example, in French and Spanish
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Sebagai contoh
dalam bahasa Prancis dan Spanyol,
dalam bahasa Prancis dan Spanyol,
02:20
the word for table is,
for some reason, marked as feminine.
for some reason, marked as feminine.
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kata meja, dianggap sebagai feminim.
02:25
So, "la table," "la mesa,"
you just have to deal with it.
you just have to deal with it.
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Jadi "la table", "la mesa", memang begitu.
02:29
It has been shown
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Itu menunjukkan,
02:30
that if you are a speaker
of one of those languages
of one of those languages
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jika Anda berbicara
dalam salah satu bahasa itu,
dalam salah satu bahasa itu,
02:33
and you happen to be asked
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dan Anda ditanyai,
02:35
how you would imagine a table talking,
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bagaimana mungkin
membayangkan sebuah meja berbicara,
membayangkan sebuah meja berbicara,
02:39
then much more often
than could possibly be an accident,
than could possibly be an accident,
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maka biasanya,
penutur Bahasa Prancis atau Spanyol
02:43
a French or a Spanish speaker
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02:45
says that the table would talk
with a high and feminine voice.
with a high and feminine voice.
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mengatakan bahwa meja akan berbicara
dengan suara tinggi dan feminim.
dengan suara tinggi dan feminim.
02:50
So if you're French or Spanish,
to you, a table is kind of a girl,
to you, a table is kind of a girl,
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Jika Anda orang Prancis atau Spanyol,
sebuah meja adalah sebuah anak perempuan,
sebuah meja adalah sebuah anak perempuan,
02:54
as opposed to if you
are an English speaker.
are an English speaker.
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yang berbeda dengan penutur Inggris.
02:57
It's hard not to love data like that,
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Data seperti itu sangat menarik,
02:59
and many people
will tell you that that means
will tell you that that means
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dan banyak orang akan mengatakan,
03:01
that there's a worldview that you have
if you speak one of those languages.
if you speak one of those languages.
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bahwa jika berbicara dalam salah satu
bahasa itu, gambaran dunia muncul.
bahasa itu, gambaran dunia muncul.
03:06
But you have to watch out,
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Tapi harus hati hati,
03:07
because imagine if somebody
put us under the microscope,
put us under the microscope,
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karena bayangkan jika seseorang
meletakkan kita di bawah mikroskop,
meletakkan kita di bawah mikroskop,
03:12
the us being those of us
who speak English natively.
who speak English natively.
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mereka yang bahasa ibunya bahasa Inggris.
03:14
What is the worldview from English?
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Bagaimana gambaran dunia
dari bahasa Inggris?
dari bahasa Inggris?
03:18
So for example,
let's take an English speaker.
let's take an English speaker.
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Contohnya, penutur bahasa Inggris.
03:21
Up on the screen, that is Bono.
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Gambar di atas, dia adalah Bono.
03:24
He speaks English.
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Dia berbicara bahasa Inggris.
03:26
I presume he has a worldview.
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Saya anggap dia mempunyai gambaran dunia.
03:29
Now, that is Donald Trump.
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Dia adalah Donald Trump.
03:33
In his way,
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Dengan gayanya,
03:34
he speaks English as well.
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dia berbicara bahasa Inggris juga.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
03:39
And here is Ms. Kardashian,
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Ini Nona Kardashian,
03:42
and she is an English speaker, too.
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dan dia juga berbicara Inggris.
03:44
So here are three speakers
of the English language.
of the English language.
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Sekarang ada tiga penutur bahasa Inggris.
03:47
What worldview do those
three people have in common?
three people have in common?
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Apakah gambaran dunia mereka sama?
03:51
What worldview is shaped through
the English language that unites them?
the English language that unites them?
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Kesamaan gambaran apa
yang dimiliki ketiganya?
yang dimiliki ketiganya?
03:56
It's a highly fraught concept.
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Ini adalah konsep yang merepotkan.
03:58
And so gradual consensus is becoming
that language can shape thought,
that language can shape thought,
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Secara umum bahasa bisa membentuk pikiran,
04:03
but it tends to be in rather darling,
obscure psychological flutters.
obscure psychological flutters.
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tapi ini cenderung faktor psikologi.
04:09
It's not a matter of giving you
a different pair of glasses on the world.
a different pair of glasses on the world.
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Bukan faktor sudut pandang yang berbeda.
04:14
Now, if that's the case,
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Jika itu masalahnya,
04:17
then why learn languages?
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mengapa belajar bahasa?
04:19
If it isn't going to change
the way you think,
the way you think,
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Jika tidak akan mengubah cara pikir,
04:21
what would the other reasons be?
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apa yang menjadi alasannya?
04:23
There are some.
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Ada beberapa alasan.
04:25
One of them is that if you
want to imbibe a culture,
want to imbibe a culture,
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Salah satunya, jika belajar budaya,
04:31
if you want to drink it in,
if you want to become part of it,
if you want to become part of it,
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jika ingin mendalaminya,
jika ingin menjadi bagiannya,
jika ingin menjadi bagiannya,
04:34
then whether or not
the language channels the culture --
the language channels the culture --
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apakah bahasa adalah bagian dari budaya --
04:38
and that seems doubtful --
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itu tidak dapat dipungkiri --
04:40
if you want to imbibe the culture,
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jika ingin mempelajari budaya,
04:41
you have to control to some degree
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Anda harus mengendalikan
04:44
the language that the culture
happens to be conducted in.
happens to be conducted in.
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bahasa yang membentuk budaya.
04:47
There's no other way.
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Tidak ada cara lain.
04:49
There's an interesting
illustration of this.
illustration of this.
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Ada ilustrasi yang menarik.
04:51
I have to go slightly obscure,
but really you should seek it out.
but really you should seek it out.
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Agak tidak biasa,
tapi Anda akan memahaminya.
tapi Anda akan memahaminya.
04:55
There's a movie by the Canadian
film director Denys Arcand --
film director Denys Arcand --
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Ada sebuah film Canada,
sutradaranya: Denys Arcand --
sutradaranya: Denys Arcand --
05:00
read out in English on the page,
"Dennis Ar-cand,"
"Dennis Ar-cand,"
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dalam bahasa Inggris, "Dennis Ar-cand",
05:02
if you want to look him up.
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jika Anda ingin melihatnya.
05:04
He did a film called "Jesus of Montreal."
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Dia membuat film "Jesus of Montreal".
05:07
And many of the characters
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Dan banyak tokohnya
05:09
are vibrant, funny, passionate,
interesting French-Canadian,
interesting French-Canadian,
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bersemangat, lucu, ekspresif,
campuran Kanada-Prancis yang menarik,
campuran Kanada-Prancis yang menarik,
05:14
French-speaking women.
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wanita berbahasa Prancis.
05:15
There's one scene closest to the end,
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Di akhir film ada satu adegan,
05:18
where they have to take a friend
to an Anglophone hospital.
to an Anglophone hospital.
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mereka membawa teman mereka
ke rumah sakit Anglophone.
ke rumah sakit Anglophone.
05:21
In the hospital,
they have to speak English.
they have to speak English.
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Mereka harus bicara bahasa Inggris.
05:23
Now, they speak English
but it's not their native language,
but it's not their native language,
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Mereka bisa bahasa Inggris,
tapi itu bukan bahasa ibunya,
tapi itu bukan bahasa ibunya,
05:26
they'd rather not speak English.
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mereka enggan berbahasa Inggris.
05:28
And they speak it more slowly,
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Perkataannya makin melambat,
mereka punya aksen,
ungkapannya tidak sama.
ungkapannya tidak sama.
05:30
they have accents, they're not idiomatic.
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05:32
Suddenly these characters
that you've fallen in love with
that you've fallen in love with
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Tiba tiba tokoh yang membuat
orang jatuh cinta ini,
orang jatuh cinta ini,
05:35
become husks of themselves,
they're shadows of themselves.
they're shadows of themselves.
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menjadi lemah, mereka menjadi tak berdaya.
05:39
To go into a culture
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Saat masuk dalam sebuah budaya,
05:41
and to only ever process people
through that kind of skrim curtain
through that kind of skrim curtain
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dan memproses orang
melalui pertunjukan sederhana itu,
melalui pertunjukan sederhana itu,
05:45
is to never truly get the culture.
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maka pengalaman budaya tak akan optimal.
05:47
And so the extent that hundreds
of languages will be left,
of languages will be left,
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Jika hanya akan tersisa ratusan bahasa,
maka satu alasan mempelajari bahasa,
05:50
one reason to learn them
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05:52
is because they are tickets
to being able to participate
to being able to participate
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karena bahasa
adalah tiket untuk berpartisipasi
adalah tiket untuk berpartisipasi
05:55
in the culture of the people
who speak them,
who speak them,
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dalam budaya orang yang diajak bicara,
05:58
just by virtue of the fact
that it is their code.
that it is their code.
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semata-mata karena itu adalah kode mereka.
06:01
So that's one reason.
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Jadi itu alasan pertama.
06:03
Second reason:
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Alasan kedua:
06:04
it's been shown
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riset menunjukkan,
06:06
that if you speak two languages,
dementia is less likely to set in,
dementia is less likely to set in,
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bahwa jika berbicara dua bahasa,
kemungkinan penyakit demensia berkurang,
kemungkinan penyakit demensia berkurang,
06:11
and that you are probably
a better multitasker.
a better multitasker.
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dan cekatan melakukan
beberapa aktivitas secara bersamaan.
beberapa aktivitas secara bersamaan.
06:14
And these are factors that set in early,
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Inilah faktor yang sudah banyak diketahui,
06:17
and so that ought to give you some sense
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dan mungkin mudah diterima,
06:19
of when to give junior or juniorette
lessons in another language.
lessons in another language.
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jika belajar bahasa lain sejak kecil.
06:24
Bilingualism is healthy.
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Bilingual itu sehat.
06:26
And then, third --
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Dan yang ketiga --
06:28
languages are just an awful lot of fun.
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Bahasa adalah sesuatu yang seru.
Jauh lebih menyenangkan dari kata orang.
06:32
Much more fun than we're often told.
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06:34
So for example,
Arabic: "kataba," he wrote,
Arabic: "kataba," he wrote,
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Contohnya, dalam bahasa Arab
"kataba" = dia menulis,
"kataba" = dia menulis,
06:37
"yaktubu," he writes, she writes.
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"yaktubu" = dia menulis.
06:41
"Uktub," write, in the imperative.
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"Uktub" = menulis, bentuk kata perintah.
06:44
What do those things have in common?
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Apa kesamaan ketiga hal tersebut?
06:46
All those things have in common
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Ketiganya mempunyai kesamaan.
06:48
the consonants sitting
in the middle like pillars.
in the middle like pillars.
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Konsonannya ada di tengah seperti pilar.
06:51
They stay still,
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Tidak berubah,
06:53
and the vowels
dance around the consonants.
dance around the consonants.
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dan huruf vokal ada di antara konsonan.
06:56
Who wouldn't want to roll
that around in their mouths?
that around in their mouths?
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Siapa yang tak ingin mengucapkannya?
Hal itu ada dalam bahasa Ibrani,
06:59
You can get that from Hebrew,
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07:01
you can get that from Ethiopia's
main language, Amharic.
main language, Amharic.
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dalam bahasa utama Etopia, bahasa Amharic.
07:04
That's fun.
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Itu seru.
07:06
Or languages have different word orders.
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Masing-masing bahasa
memiliki susunan kata yang berbeda.
memiliki susunan kata yang berbeda.
Belajar mengucapkannya
dengan susunan kata yang berbeda
dengan susunan kata yang berbeda
07:09
Learning how to speak
with different word order
with different word order
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07:11
is like driving on the different side
of a street if you go to certain country,
of a street if you go to certain country,
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bagai menyetir di sisi jalan yang berbeda,
saat mengunjungi negara lain,
saat mengunjungi negara lain,
07:16
or the feeling that you get when you
put Witch Hazel around your eyes
put Witch Hazel around your eyes
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atau perasaan saat meletakkan
daun Witch Hazel di mata,
daun Witch Hazel di mata,
07:21
and you feel the tingle.
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terasa adanya sensasi.
07:22
A language can do that to you.
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Suatu bahasa juga bisa terasa seperti itu.
07:25
So for example,
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Contohnya,
07:26
"The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,"
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"The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,"
07:28
a book that I'm sure
we all often return to,
we all often return to,
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sebuah buku yang pasti Anda tahu,
seperti halnya "Moby Dick."
07:31
like "Moby Dick."
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07:32
One phrase in it is,
"Do you know where I found him?
"Do you know where I found him?
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Satu kalimat, "Di mana mencari dia?
07:37
Do you know where he was?
He was eating cake in the tub,
He was eating cake in the tub,
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Di mana dia?
Dia sedang makan kue di bak mandi.
Dia sedang makan kue di bak mandi.
Ya, betul!"
07:40
Yes he was!"
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07:41
Fine. Now, if you learn that
in Mandarin Chinese,
in Mandarin Chinese,
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Jika dipelajari dalam bahasa Mandarin,
maka Anda harus menguasai,
07:43
then you have to master,
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07:45
"You can know, I did where him find?
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"Kau bisa tahu, aku di mana mencarinya?
07:47
He was tub inside gorging cake,
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Dia di bak mandi mengunyah kue.
07:49
No mistake gorging chewing!"
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Tak salah, mengunyah-ngunyah!"
07:51
That just feels good.
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Itu sudah bagus.
07:52
Imagine being able to do that
for years and years at a time.
for years and years at a time.
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Bayangkan jika
bisa dilakukan bertahun tahun.
bisa dilakukan bertahun tahun.
07:56
Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian?
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Pernahkah belajar bahasa Kamboja?
08:00
Me either, but if I did,
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Saya juga belum, tapi jika sudah,
08:04
I would get to roll around in my mouth
not some baker's dozen of vowels
not some baker's dozen of vowels
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saya akan memutar lidah,
bukan dengan puluhan huruf vokal,
bukan dengan puluhan huruf vokal,
seperti dalam bahasa Inggris,
08:08
like English has,
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08:09
but a good 30 different vowels
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tapi ada 30 huruf vokal,
08:12
scooching and oozing around
in the Cambodian mouth
in the Cambodian mouth
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yang berputar-putar
dalam mulut orang Kamboja,
dalam mulut orang Kamboja,
08:16
like bees in a hive.
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bagai kumpulan lebah.
08:19
That is what a language can get you.
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Itulah manfaat bahasa bagi Anda.
08:22
And more to the point,
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Hal lain lagi,
08:23
we live in an era when it's never been
easier to teach yourself another language.
easier to teach yourself another language.
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kita tinggal di masa
saat mempelajari bahasa lain lebih mudah.
saat mempelajari bahasa lain lebih mudah.
Dulu harus pergi ke sekolah
untuk mempelajarinya,
untuk mempelajarinya,
08:27
It used to be that you had
to go to a classroom,
to go to a classroom,
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08:29
and there would be
some diligent teacher --
some diligent teacher --
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di sana ada guru yang rajin --
08:32
some genius teacher in there --
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ada guru yang genius --
08:33
but that person was only
in there at certain times
in there at certain times
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tapi cuma ada di sana pada jam tertentu,
kemudian Anda harus pulang,
08:36
and you had to go then,
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08:37
and then was not most times.
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kelas itu juga jarang.
08:39
You had to go to class.
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Anda harus hadir di kelas.
08:40
If you didn't have that,
you had something called a record.
you had something called a record.
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Jika tidak, Anda bisa menggunakan rekaman,
08:43
I cut my teeth on those.
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seperti saya.
08:45
There was only so much data on a record,
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Ada banyak data dalam rekaman,
atau sebuah kaset,
08:48
or a cassette,
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08:49
or even that antique object known as a CD.
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atau barang antik bernama CD.
08:51
Other than that you had books
that didn't work,
that didn't work,
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Atau buku-buku yang tidak berguna,
08:54
that's just the way it was.
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itulah cara masa lalu.
08:55
Today you can lay down --
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Sekarang Anda bisa santai,
08:58
lie on your living room floor,
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rebahan di lantai ruang keluarga,
09:01
sipping bourbon,
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minum coklat,
09:02
and teach yourself
any language that you want to
any language that you want to
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dan belajar bahasa apa pun yang Anda mau
dengan materi belajar bahasa
dalam aplikasi Rosetta Stone.
dalam aplikasi Rosetta Stone.
09:05
with wonderful sets
such as Rosetta Stone.
such as Rosetta Stone.
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09:07
I highly recommend
the lesser known Glossika as well.
the lesser known Glossika as well.
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Saya juga merekomendasikan Glossika.
Bisa dilakukan kapan saja,
09:11
You can do it any time,
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09:12
therefore you can do it more and better.
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bisa sesering mungkin,
sehingga cepat bisa.
sehingga cepat bisa.
09:15
You can give yourself your morning
pleasures in various languages.
pleasures in various languages.
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Setiap pagi, Anda bisa membiasakan diri
dalam banyak bahasa.
dalam banyak bahasa.
09:19
I take some "Dilbert" in various
languages every single morning;
languages every single morning;
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Saya membaca komik " Dilbert"
dalam berbagai bahasa setiap pagi.
dalam berbagai bahasa setiap pagi.
09:23
it can increase your skills.
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Kemampuan kita bisa meningkat.
Andai bisa dilakukan 20 tahun yang lalu,
09:24
Couldn't have done it 20 years ago
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09:26
when the idea of having
any language you wanted
any language you wanted
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saat ide mempunyai banyak bahasa
09:30
in your pocket,
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dari dalam saku Anda,
09:31
coming from your phone,
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dari telepon genggam Anda,
09:33
would have sounded like science fiction
to very sophisticated people.
to very sophisticated people.
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pasti terdengar bagai fiksi sains
bagi kaum jetset.
bagi kaum jetset.
09:37
So I highly recommend
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Jadi, sangat saya sarankan
09:40
that you teach yourself languages
other than the one that I'm speaking,
other than the one that I'm speaking,
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untuk mempelajari bahasa
selain bahasa Inggris.
selain bahasa Inggris.
09:44
because there's never been
a better time to do it.
a better time to do it.
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Tidak ada kata terlambat.
09:47
It's an awful lot of fun.
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Itu sangat seru.
09:49
It won't change your mind,
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Itu tidak akan mengubah pikiran Anda,
09:50
but it will most certainly blow your mind.
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tapi pasti akan memperkaya pikiran Anda.
09:54
Thank you very much.
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Terima kasih banyak.
09:55
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - LinguistLinguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.
Why you should listen
John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.
McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of Babel, Doing Our Own Thing, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue, The Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.
Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com