ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com
TED2016

John McWhorter: 4 reasons to learn a new language

John McWhorter: 學習新語言嘅四大原因

Filmed:
4,156,451 views

今時今日,英文迅速發展成世界通用語言,而即時翻譯技術亦都有顯著提高。點解要學習新語言呢?語言學家、哥倫比亞教授 John McWhorter 特爲我哋介紹咗四個學習新語言嘅原因。
- Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The language語言 I'm speaking right now
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我宜家用嘅語言
00:15
is on its way to becoming成為
the world's世界嘅 universal普遍 language語言,
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就來成爲世界通用語言
00:19
for better or for worse更糟.
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無論係好定壞
00:22
Let's face塊面 it,
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我哋要面對呢個事實
00:23
it's the language語言 of the internet互聯網,
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互聯網用英文
00:25
it's the language語言 of finance金融,
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金融交易用英文
00:27
it's the language語言 of air空氣 traffic交通 control控制,
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空中交通管制用英文
00:29
of popular流行 music音樂,
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流行音樂用英文
00:31
diplomacy外交 --
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外交亦係用英文
00:32
English英文 is everywhere周圍.
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英文無處不在
00:34
Now, Mandarin煲冬瓜 Chinese中文
is spoken發言 by more people,
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宜家,愈來愈多人用普通話交流
00:38
but more Chinese中文 people
are learning學習 English英文
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但係同時,學英文嘅華人
00:40
than English英文 speakers揚聲器
are learning學習 Chinese中文.
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多過於學中文嘅外籍人士
00:43
Last I heard聽到,
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我聽講過
00:45
there are two dozen universities大學
in China中國 right now
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喺中國有 24 間大學
00:48
teaching教學 all in English英文.
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用英文教學
00:51
English英文 is taking採取 over.
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英文正在成爲主流
00:53
And in addition除咗 to that,
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仲有
00:55
it's been predicted預測
that at the end結束 of the century世紀
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有人預測喺呢個世紀尾
00:58
almost爭 D all of the languages語言
that exist存在 now --
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幾乎所有現存嘅語言
01:01
there are about 6,000 --
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大概 6000 種
01:02
will no longer be spoken發言.
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唔會俾用來做語言交流
01:04
There will only be some hundreds數以百計 left.
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通用嘅語言會剩番幾百種
01:07
And on top返回頁首 of that,
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仲有
01:09
it's at the pointD where
instant即時 translation翻譯 of live speech演講
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直播演講嘅即時翻譯唔只會成爲現實
01:13
is not only possible可能,
but it gets得到 better every year.
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仲會越來越好
01:17
The reason原因 I'm reciting背誦
those things to you
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我背咗咁多書
01:20
is because I can tell
that we're getting得到 to the pointD
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係因爲我知道,我哋已經到咗
01:23
where a question個問題
is going to start初時 being asked問吓,
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一個要問問題嘅點
01:25
which is: Why should we
learn學習 foreign外國 languages語言 --
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問題就係,母語係英文嘅人
01:29
other than if English英文
happens發生 to be foreign外國 to one?
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點解仲要學其他語言?
01:33
Why bother騷擾 to learn學習 another另一個 one
when it's getting得到 to the pointD
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全世界都可以用 同一種語言交流
01:36
where almost爭 D everybody大家 in the world世界
will be able to communicate溝通 in one?
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點解仲要再學一種語言?
01:42
I think there are a lot of reasons原因,
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我相信有好多種原因
01:44
but I first want to address地址
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第一個原因
01:46
the one that you're probably可能
most likely可能 to have heard聽到 of,
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可能亦係大家最經常聽到嗰个
01:49
because actually講真 it's more
dangerous危險 than you might可能 think.
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因為事實危險過想象好多
01:54
And that is the idea想法
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換句話講
01:55
that a language語言 channels渠道 your thoughts思想,
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語言影響人嘅思維方式
01:58
that the vocabulary詞彙
and the grammar語法 of different不同 languages語言
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唔同語言有唔同嘅詞彙同文法
02:02
gives everybody大家
a different不同 kind一種 of acid trip旅行,
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令到人類擁有唔同嘅思維過程
02:06
so to speak.
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就係咁
02:08
That is a marvelously奇妙 enticing誘人 idea想法,
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呢係個好有趣嘅觀點
02:12
but it's kind一種 of fraught充滿.
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雖然有些小誤導人
02:13
So it's not that it's untrue真實 completely完全.
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呢個觀點唔係全錯
02:17
So for example例子, in French法文 and Spanish西班牙文
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譬如喺法文同西班牙文
02:20
the word for table is,
for some reason原因, marked標記 as feminine女性.
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個「枱」字係陰性
02:25
So, "la洛杉磯 table," "la洛杉磯 mesa檯面,"
you just have to deal交易 with it.
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「la table,la mesa」
(法,西)我哋唯有記住
02:29
It has been shown顯示
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有實驗表明
02:30
that if you are a speaker揚聲器
of one of those languages語言
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如果你嘅母語係法文或者西班牙文
02:33
and you happen發生 to be asked問吓
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如果有人叫你
02:35
how you would imagine想象 a table talking講嘢,
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想象下張枱識講嘢會點講
02:39
then much more often經常
than could possibly可能 be an accident事故,
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好多時
02:43
a French法文 or a Spanish西班牙文 speaker揚聲器
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講法文或者西班牙文嘅人
02:45
says that the table would talk
with a high and feminine女性 voice聲音.
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會話張枱用女聲
02:50
So if you're French法文 or Spanish西班牙文,
to you, a table is kind一種 of a girl女孩,
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既係,法國或西班牙人會當張枱係女仔
02:54
as opposed反對 to if you
are an English英文 speaker揚聲器.
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如果你講英文,你會當枱係男仔
02:57
It's hard努力 not to love data數據 like that,
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呢啲數據真係好好玩
02:59
and many好多 people
will tell you that that means意味着
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可能會有人話
03:01
that there's a worldview世界觀 that you have
if you speak one of those languages語言.
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如果你識外語,你就會有一種國際視角
03:06
But you have to watch out,
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不過一定要注意
03:07
because imagine想象 if somebody有人
put us under the microscope顯微鏡,
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如果將母語係英語嘅人
03:12
the us being those of us
who speak English英文 natively本地.
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作爲樣品觀察嘅話
03:14
What is the worldview世界觀 from English英文?
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英文包括嘅國際視角又係乜
03:18
So for example例子,
let's take an English英文 speaker揚聲器.
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講幾個例子
03:21
Up on the screen屏幕, that is Bono波诺.
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屏幕上嘅人叫 Bono
03:24
He speaks English英文.
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佢用慣英文
03:26
I presume相信 he has a worldview世界觀.
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我假設佢有國際視角
03:29
Now, that is Donald唐纳德 Trump王牌.
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而呢個人係 Donald Trump
03:33
In his way,
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佢喺度用佢嘅方式
03:34
he speaks English英文 as well.
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講英文
03:35
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:39
And here is Ms女士. Kardashian金·卡戴珊,
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呢個係 Kardashian 女士
03:42
and she is an English英文 speaker揚聲器, too.
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佢都講英文
03:44
So here are three speakers揚聲器
of the English英文 language語言.
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所以我哋有三個講英文嘅樣本
03:47
What worldview世界觀 do those
three people have in common常見?
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佢哋嘅國際視野有咩相似
03:51
What worldview世界觀 is shaped形狀 through透過
the English英文 language語言 that unites團結 them?
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英文又點樣影響佢哋嘅國際觀念
03:56
It's a highly高度 fraught充滿 concept概念.
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呢係講法好誤導人
03:58
And so gradual逐漸 consensus共識 is becoming成為
that language語言 can shape形狀 thought,
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慢慢形成嘅共識係語言影響思維方式
04:03
but it tends往往 to be in rather darling親愛的,
obscure模糊 psychological心理 flutters飄揚.
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呢個係一個好模糊嘅共識
04:09
It's not a matter個問題 of giving you
a different不同 pair of glasses眼鏡 on the world世界.
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唔係俾你多副眼鏡睇世界咁簡單
04:14
Now, if that's the case情況下,
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所以喺呢種情況下
04:17
then why learn學習 languages語言?
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點解要學語言
04:19
If it isn't going to change
the way you think,
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如果學習言唔會改變思維方式
04:21
what would the other reasons原因 be?
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又有乜其他原因呢
04:23
There are some.
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原因有以下幾個
04:25
One of them is that if you
want to imbibe吸收 a culture文化,
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一、你想要瞭解一個新文化
04:31
if you want to drink it in,
if you want to become成為 part部分 of it,
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要瞭解通透,就要成爲佢嘅一部分
04:34
then whether係唔係 or not
the language語言 channels渠道 the culture文化 --
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語言對文化有冇影響
04:38
and that seems好似 doubtful懷疑 --
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亦冇一個明確嘅答案
04:40
if you want to imbibe吸收 the culture文化,
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如果你想瞭解一個文化
04:41
you have to control控制 to some degree程度
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你就要喺某種程度上
04:44
the language語言 that the culture文化
happens發生 to be conducted進行 in.
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瞭解呢種文化形成嘅語言因素
04:47
There's no other way.
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除此之外,冇他法
04:49
There's an interesting有趣
illustration插圖 of this.
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有一個好有趣嘅實例
04:51
I have to go slightly obscure模糊,
but really you should seek尋求 it out.
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有啲偏門,但你真係要睇下
04:55
There's a movie電影 by the Canadian加拿大
film電影 director導演 Denys丹尼斯 ArcandArcand --
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加拿大導演 Denys Arcand 嘅一部電影
05:00
read out in English英文 on the page網頁,
"Dennis丹尼斯 Ar-candar-糖果紙,"
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英文係「Dennis Ar-cand」
05:02
if you want to look him up.
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如果你想上網搜索
05:04
He did a film電影 called "Jesus耶穌 of Montreal懞特利爾."
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佢有部作品叫「蒙特利爾嘅耶穌」
05:07
And many好多 of the characters字符
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其中有好多角色
05:09
are vibrant充滿活力, funny有趣, passionate熱情,
interesting有趣 French-Canadian法語-加拿大語,
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都係好有趣嘅法裔加拿大人
05:14
French-speaking講法語 women婦女.
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同講法文嘅女人
05:15
There's one scene現場 closest最近 to the end結束,
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喺電影結尾之前有一幕
05:18
where they have to take a friend朋友
to an Anglophone英文 hospital醫院.
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主角要帶朋友去個英文醫院
05:21
In the hospital醫院,
they have to speak English英文.
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所以喺醫院入邊 一定要講英文
05:23
Now, they speak English英文
but it's not their佢哋 native本地 language語言,
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但係英文唔係佢哋嘅母語
05:26
they'd佢地會 rather not speak English英文.
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所以佢哋好唔想講英文
05:28
And they speak it more slowly慢慢,
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唯有好慢咁講英文
05:30
they have accents口音, they're not idiomatic慣用.
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佢哋有好重嘅口音,用詞好唔通順
05:32
Suddenly突然 these characters字符
that you've fallen下降 in love with
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突然間,
05:35
become成為 husks of themselves自己,
they're shadows陰影 of themselves自己.
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呢啲你好中意嘅人物嘅形象大打折扣
05:39
To go into a culture文化
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真係進入一個文化
05:41
and to only ever process過程 people
through透過 that kind一種 of skrimskrim curtain窗簾
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凈係只透過層厚紗去觀察
05:45
is to never truly真正 get the culture文化.
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係冇辦法真正瞭解一個文化
05:47
And so the extent程度 that hundreds數以百計
of languages語言 will be left,
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所以喺本世紀末,得番幾百種語言個時
05:50
one reason原因 to learn學習 them
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其中一個去學習語言嘅原因係
05:52
is because they are tickets
to being able to participate參與
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學語言提供咗 一個
05:55
in the culture文化 of the people
who speak them,
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參與到原生語言環境中嘅機會
05:58
just by virtue美德 of the fact事實
that it is their佢哋 code代碼.
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畢竟語言係一個羣體嘅符號
06:01
So that's one reason原因.
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呢個係第一個原因
06:03
Second第二 reason原因:
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第二個原因
06:04
it's been shown顯示
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研究表明
06:06
that if you speak two languages語言,
dementia性痴呆 is less likely可能 to set設置 in,
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如果可以講兩種語言嘅人
唔容易得老年癡呆
06:11
and that you are probably可能
a better multitasker能手.
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而且項目管理能力會好叻
06:14
And these are factors因素 that set設置 in early早期,
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呢類早期嘅影響因素
06:17
and so that ought應該 to give you some sense
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令我哋可以
06:19
of when to give junior初級 or juniorettejuniorette
lessons in another另一個 language語言.
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畀大學生一個大致嘅概念
06:24
Bilingualism雙語 is healthy健康.
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就係熟悉兩種語言有益健康
06:26
And then, third第三 --
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第三個原因
06:28
languages語言 are just an awful可怕 lot of fun有趣.
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語言本身係十分之有趣
06:32
Much more fun有趣 than we're often經常 told.
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比我哋平時瞭解到嘅更加有趣,譬如
06:34
So for example例子,
Arabic阿拉伯文: "katabakataba," he wrote,
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阿拉伯文嘅「kataba」係「他寫」
06:37
"yaktubuyaktubu," he writes, she writes.
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「yaktubu」係「他寫」、「她寫」
06:41
"UktubUktub," write, in the imperative必須.
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「Uktub」係「寫,命令式」
06:44
What do those things have in common常見?
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佢哋有乜相同之處
06:46
All those things have in common常見
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佢哋嘅共同點
06:48
the consonants辅音 sitting
in the middle中間 like pillars支柱.
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就係作為中流砥柱嘅輔音
06:51
They stay still,
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輔音唔會變
06:53
and the vowels元音
dance舞蹈 around the consonants辅音.
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元音就圍住輔音跳舞
06:56
Who wouldn't唔會 want to roll
that around in their佢哋 mouths嘴巴?
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咁好玩,係人都想練習下啲發音啦
06:59
You can get that from Hebrew希伯來文,
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希伯來文,同衣索比亞嘅主要語言
07:01
you can get that from Ethiopia's埃塞俄比亞嘅
main主要 language語言, Amharic阿姆哈拉文.
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阿姆哈拉文,都有相似嘅例子
07:04
That's fun有趣.
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真係好有趣
07:06
Or languages語言 have different不同 word orders訂單.
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唔同語言有唔同嘅文字順序
07:09
Learning學習 how to speak
with different不同 word order
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學識唔同嘅文字順序
07:11
is like driving on the different不同 side一邊
of a street if you go to certain一定 country國家,
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就好似喺唔同國家開車用左右舵咁
07:16
or the feeling感覺 that you get when you
put Witch女巫 Hazel榛子 around your eyes眼睛
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好似金缕梅入眼一樣
07:21
and you feel the tingle刺痛.
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你會感受到微震
07:22
A language語言 can do that to you.
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語言有相似嘅效果
07:25
So for example例子,
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譬如話
07:26
"The Cat in the Hat帽子 Comes Back,"
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《戴高帽子的猫又來了》
07:28
a book that I'm sure
we all often經常 return返回 to,
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我相信大家都經常回顧呢本書
07:31
like "Moby白鯨 Dick迪克."
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又譬如話《白鯨記》
07:32
One phrase短語 in it is,
"Do you know where I found發現 him?
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有句話:
「你知唔知我喺邊度搵到佢?」
07:37
Do you know where he was?
He was eating cake蛋糕 in the tub浴缸,
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「你知唔知佢喺邊度?」
「佢食緊蛋糕係水缸入邊啊」
07:40
Yes he was!"
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「真係啊!」
07:41
Fine. Now, if you learn學習 that
in Mandarin煲冬瓜 Chinese中文,
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如果你用普通話講
07:43
then you have to master主人,
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嘅順序就會係
07:45
"You can know, I did where him find?
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「你能想到我在哪裏把他找到的嗎?」
07:47
He was tub浴缸 inside gorging狼吞虎嚥 cake蛋糕,
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「他在水缸裏面吃蛋糕」
07:49
No mistake錯誤 gorging狼吞虎嚥 chewing咀嚼!"
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「沒有錯,真是在吃蛋糕!」
07:51
That just feels感覺 good.
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呢種感覺真係好好
07:52
Imagine想象 being able to do that
for years and years at a time.
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想像一下你年年月月都識做呢件事
07:56
Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian柬埔寨?
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又或者,你哋有冇人學過柬埔寨文
08:00
Me either一係, but if I did,
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我都冇學過,不過如果我學過
08:04
I would get to roll around in my mouth
not some baker's貝克的 dozen of vowels元音
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我就會學到好多元音
08:08
like English英文 has,
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唔止英文嘅十零個咁可憐
08:09
but a good 30 different不同 vowels元音
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有成 30 幾個咁多
08:12
scoochingscooching and oozing滲出 around
in the Cambodian柬埔寨 mouth
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喺你嘴裡邊
08:16
like bees蜜蜂 in a hive蜂巢.
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好似蜜蜂喺巢裡邊,橫衝直撞
08:19
That is what a language語言 can get you.
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呢個就係語言可以做乜
08:22
And more to the pointD,
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更重要嘅係
08:23
we live in an era時代 when it's never been
easier容易 to teach yourself自己 another另一個 language語言.
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我哋生喺一個
可以容易自學其他語言嘅時代
08:27
It used to be that you had
to go to a classroom課堂,
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喺以前,你要去課室
08:29
and there would be
some diligent勤奮 teacher先生 --
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課室會有勤力嘅老師
08:32
some genius天才 teacher先生 in there --
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亦都有天才老師
08:33
but that person was only
in there at certain一定 times
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但係,佢哋唔喺成日喺度
08:36
and you had to go then,
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仲去搵佢哋時
08:37
and then was not most times.
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佢哋又未必有時間畀你
08:39
You had to go to class.
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你唯有去上堂
08:40
If you didn't have that,
you had something called a record記錄.
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你如果冇機會去上堂
你就要跟住錄音碟
08:43
I cutcut my teeth牙齒 on those.
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我就係用錄音磁帶開始學嘅
08:45
There was only so much data數據 on a record記錄,
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錄音碟或者叫錄音磁帶
08:48
or a cassette磁帶,
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又或者係最經典嘅 CD
08:49
or even that antique古董 object對象 known as a CDCd.
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入邊內容有限
08:51
Other than that you had books
that didn't work,
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有時你手頭有書,但係本書唔好
08:54
that's just the way it was.
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以前就係咁嘞
08:55
Today今日 you can lay down --
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但係家下,你可以癱喺沙發度
08:58
lie謊言 on your living生活 room間房 floor地板,
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或者癱喺客廳個個地下
09:01
sipping bourbon波旁,
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飲下酒
09:02
and teach yourself自己
any language語言 that you want to
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學你想學嘅語言
09:05
with wonderful美妙 sets
such as Rosetta罗塞塔 Stone石頭.
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宜家有非常好嘅工具
譬如 Rosetta Stone
09:07
I highly高度 recommend推薦
the lesser較小 known GlossikaGlossika as well.
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我個人推介比較小衆嘅 Glossika
09:11
You can do it any time,
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幾時學都得
09:12
therefore因此 you can do it more and better.
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所以你就有機會學得更多更好
09:15
You can give yourself自己 your morning早上
pleasures樂趣 in various各種 languages語言.
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你可以朝早學語言
09:19
I take some "Dilbert迪尔伯特" in various各種
languages語言 every single morning早上;
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我會喺每個早晨用唔同語言
睇「呆伯特(Dilbert)」動畫
09:23
it can increase增加 your skills技能.
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來提高我嘅語言能力
09:24
Couldn't唔可以 have done it 20 years ago
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喺廿年前就冇咁方便
09:26
when the idea想法 of having
any language語言 you wanted
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一個人可以隨身
09:30
in your pocket個袋入面,
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譬如話,個袋入邊
09:31
coming from your phone電話,
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手機入邊有學語言嘅資料
09:33
would have sounded聽上去 like science科學 fiction小說
to very sophisticated複雜 people.
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喺以前會係天方夜譚
09:37
So I highly高度 recommend推薦
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所以,我強烈建議
09:40
that you teach yourself自己 languages語言
other than the one that I'm speaking,
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你學幾個新語言
09:44
because there's never been
a better time to do it.
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因爲宜家係個好好嘅機會
09:47
It's an awful可怕 lot of fun有趣.
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真係會好好玩
09:49
It won't唔會 change your mind介意,
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佢未必會改變你嘅諗法
09:50
but it will most certainly梗係 blow打擊 your mind介意.
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但係一定會顛覆你嘅思維
09:54
Thank you very much.
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多謝大家
09:55
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Sui He
Reviewed by Sylvia He

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com