ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com
TED2016

John McWhorter: 4 reasons to learn a new language

Jon MakVorter: Yangi tillarini o'rganish uchun 4 ta sabab

Filmed:
4,156,451 views

Ingliz tili juda tez sur'atlarda dunyo tiliga aylanmoqda, va tarjima texnologiyalari ham yildan-yilga yanada yaxshilanib boryapti. Xo'sh, shunday bir paytda nega chet tilini o'rganishimiz zarur? Jon MakVorter, lingvist va Kolumbiya universiteti o'qituvchisi, chet tillarini o'rganish foydasiga 4 sabab keltiradi.
- Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The language I'm speaking right now
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Hozir men gapirayotgan til,
00:15
is on its way to becoming
the world's universal language,
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baxtgami yoki aksincha, vaqt sayin
00:19
for better or for worse.
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asosiy dunyo tiliga aylanmoqda.
00:22
Let's face it,
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Keling buni tan olamiz:
00:23
it's the language of the internet,
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butun internet bu tilda,
00:25
it's the language of finance,
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bu tilda moliyachilar gaplashishadi,
00:27
it's the language of air traffic control,
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aviadispetcherlar,
00:29
of popular music,
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unda mashhur qo'shiqlar kuylashadi,
00:31
diplomacy --
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diplomatlar muloqot qiladi...
00:32
English is everywhere.
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Ingliz tili hamma joyda.
Hozirda ko'plab insonlar shimoliy
xitoychada gapirishadi.
00:34
Now, Mandarin Chinese
is spoken by more people,
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00:38
but more Chinese people
are learning English
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Lekin shunda ham xitoyliklar ingliz tilini
00:40
than English speakers
are learning Chinese.
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ingliz tilida gapiruvchilar xitoychani
o'rgangandan-da ko'proq o'rganishadi.
00:43
Last I heard,
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Bilishimcha,
00:45
there are two dozen universities
in China right now
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hozir Xitoyda ta'lim faqat ingliz tilida
olib boriladigan
00:48
teaching all in English.
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o'nlab universitetlar bor.
00:51
English is taking over.
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Ingliz tili dunyoni egallamoqda.
00:53
And in addition to that,
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Qo'shimcha qilib aytganda,
00:55
it's been predicted
that at the end of the century
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tahmin qilinishicha, asr so'ngigacha
00:58
almost all of the languages
that exist now --
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hozirda mavjud deyarli barcha tillar —
01:01
there are about 6,000 --
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ular hozirda 6 000 ta —
01:02
will no longer be spoken.
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foydalanilmay qo'yiladi,
01:04
There will only be some hundreds left.
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shulardan bir necha yuztasi qoladi.
01:07
And on top of that,
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So'ngida,
01:09
it's at the point where
instant translation of live speech
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biz hozir tezkor nutq tarjimasini nafaqat
amalga oshirsa bo'ladigan,
01:13
is not only possible,
but it gets better every year.
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balki, yildan-yilga yaxshilanib borayotgan
davrda yashayapmiz.
01:17
The reason I'm reciting
those things to you
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Men sizga sabablarni keltirib o'taman.
01:20
is because I can tell
that we're getting to the point
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Biz yashayotgan paytda borgan sari
01:23
where a question
is going to start being asked,
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"biz nega boshqa tillarni o'rganishimiz
kerak?
01:25
which is: Why should we
learn foreign languages --
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Agar ular qaysidir xalqniki bo'lsa, ingliz
tilidan boshqasi bizga kerakmi?"
01:29
other than if English
happens to be foreign to one?
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kabi savollar beriladigan vaqtga
yaqinlashmoqdamiz.
01:33
Why bother to learn another one
when it's getting to the point
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Borgan sari hamma bir tilda gaplasha
boshlayotgan bir vaqtda,
01:36
where almost everybody in the world
will be able to communicate in one?
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nega kuch sarflab boshqa tilni
o'rganishimiz kerak?
01:42
I think there are a lot of reasons,
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O'ylashimcha, bunga sabab ko'p.
01:44
but I first want to address
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Lekin oldin bir narsaga e'tiborimizni
qarataylik,
01:46
the one that you're probably
most likely to have heard of,
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menimcha siz buni bilsangiz ham kerak,
01:49
because actually it's more
dangerous than you might think.
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lekin bu ma'lumotda ham bir hiyla bor:
01:54
And that is the idea
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bu har xil tillarning leksikoni va
01:55
that a language channels your thoughts,
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grammatikasi insonning fikrlash
shaklini va yo'nalishini
01:58
that the vocabulary
and the grammar of different languages
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o'zgartira olishga qodirligi, va hattoki,
o'ziga xos bir
02:02
gives everybody
a different kind of acid trip,
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astral holatidan chiqishga yordam
bera olishi
02:06
so to speak.
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haqidagi ma'lumot.
02:08
That is a marvelously enticing idea,
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Bu quvonarli ma'lumot,
02:12
but it's kind of fraught.
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lekin unda bir muammo bor.
02:13
So it's not that it's untrue completely.
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Bu ma'lumotni inkor etolmaymiz.
02:17
So for example, in French and Spanish
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Masalan, fransuz va ispan tillarida
02:20
the word for table is,
for some reason, marked as feminine.
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"stol" so'zi negadir jenskoy rodda:
02:25
So, "la table," "la mesa,"
you just have to deal with it.
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"la table", "la mesa".
Buni faqat qabul qilish kerak.
02:29
It has been shown
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Aniqlanishicha,
02:30
that if you are a speaker
of one of those languages
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agar bu tillarda gapiruvchilardan
02:33
and you happen to be asked
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ularning fikricha, stol gapira olganida,
qanday ovozda
02:35
how you would imagine a table talking,
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gapirishi mumkinligi borasidagi savolga
ko'pchilikning
02:39
then much more often
than could possibly be an accident,
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javoblariga ko'ra, fransuzlar va
ispanlar aytadiki,
02:43
a French or a Spanish speaker
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stol ayol ovozida, baland tonda
02:45
says that the table would talk
with a high and feminine voice.
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gapirgan bo'lar edi. Shu sabab,
02:50
So if you're French or Spanish,
to you, a table is kind of a girl,
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agar siz fransuz yoki ispan bo'lsangiz,
qaysidir ma'noda stol siz uchun —
stol siz uchun —qiz bola, ingliz
bo'lganingizda esa aksincha bo'lar edi.
02:54
as opposed to if you
are an English speaker.
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02:57
It's hard not to love data like that,
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Kimga bu kabi ma'lumotlar yoqmaydi?
02:59
and many people
will tell you that that means
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Shunday xulosa hosil bo'ladiki, agar siz
03:01
that there's a worldview that you have
if you speak one of those languages.
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bu tillardan birida muloqot qilsangiz,
siz dunyoni boshqacha ko'rasiz.
03:06
But you have to watch out,
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Lekin ehtiyot bo'lish kerak,
03:07
because imagine if somebody
put us under the microscope,
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chunki, o'ylab ko'ring, agar kimdir bizni
o'rganishni boshlasa,
03:12
the us being those of us
who speak English natively.
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ingliz tilida go'daklikdan
gapiruvchilarni:
03:14
What is the worldview from English?
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inglizlar dunyoni qanday ko'radi?
03:18
So for example,
let's take an English speaker.
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Keling, misol uchun ingliz tili ona tilisi
bo'lgan insonni olsak.
03:21
Up on the screen, that is Bono.
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Hozir siz Bononi ko'ryapsiz.
03:24
He speaks English.
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U inglizcha gapiradi.
03:26
I presume he has a worldview.
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Uning qandaydir o'z dunyoqarashi bor.
03:29
Now, that is Donald Trump.
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Ekranda Donald Tramp.
03:33
In his way,
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Unda ham o'ziga yarasha.
03:34
he speaks English as well.
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U ham inglizcha gapiradi.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Kulgu)
03:39
And here is Ms. Kardashian,
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Mana miss Kardashyan,
03:42
and she is an English speaker, too.
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u ham shu tilda gapiradi.
03:44
So here are three speakers
of the English language.
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Xo'sh, bu yerda uchta ingliz tilida
muloqot qiluvchi inson.
03:47
What worldview do those
three people have in common?
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Ular dunyoni qanday ko'radi?
Bu ularni qanday farqlaydi?
03:51
What worldview is shaped through
the English language that unites them?
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Ingliz tilidagi qanday dunyoqarash
ularni birlashtiradi?
03:56
It's a highly fraught concept.
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Bu o'ziga xos muammoli g'oya.
03:58
And so gradual consensus is becoming
that language can shape thought,
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Ko'pchilik shunday xulosaga kelmoqdaki,
til fikrlarni shakllantiradi,
04:03
but it tends to be in rather darling,
obscure psychological flutters.
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lekin bu nozik va tushunarsiz psixologik
aspektlarda namoyon bo'ladi.
04:09
It's not a matter of giving you
a different pair of glasses on the world.
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Bu chet tili sizga boshqacha dunyoqarash
taqdim etadi degani emas.
04:14
Now, if that's the case,
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Shunday ekan,
04:17
then why learn languages?
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o'zi nega tillarni o'rganishimiz kerak?
04:19
If it isn't going to change
the way you think,
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Agar bu sizning fikrlashingizni
o'zgartirmasa,
04:21
what would the other reasons be?
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unda bunga qanday sabablar bor?
04:23
There are some.
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Ular bir nechta.
04:25
One of them is that if you
want to imbibe a culture,
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Birinchidan, siz qandaydir madaniyatni
o'rganmoqchi,
04:31
if you want to drink it in,
if you want to become part of it,
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o'zlashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, uning bir
qismi bo'lishni istasangiz,
04:34
then whether or not
the language channels the culture --
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til bunda rol o'ynaydimi yo'qmi,
04:38
and that seems doubtful --
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jamiyatni o'rganish uchun,
04:40
if you want to imbibe the culture,
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siz qaysidir bir darajada
04:41
you have to control to some degree
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o'sha tildan foydalanishingizga,
04:44
the language that the culture
happens to be conducted in.
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unda muloqot qilishingizga to'g'ri keladi.
04:47
There's no other way.
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Boshqa yo'li yo'q.
04:49
There's an interesting
illustration of this.
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Qiziq bir misol bor.
04:51
I have to go slightly obscure,
but really you should seek it out.
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Men hozir sal tushunarsiz gapiraman,
lekin siz mazmunini tushunishingiz kerak.
04:55
There's a movie by the Canadian
film director Denys Arcand --
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Kanadalik rejissyor Deni Arkan tomonidan
suratga olingan bitta film bor.
05:00
read out in English on the page,
"Dennis Ar-cand,"
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Ingliz tilida uning ismi "Dennis Arcand"
deb yoziladi,
agar qidirishni xohlasangiz.
05:02
if you want to look him up.
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05:04
He did a film called "Jesus of Montreal."
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U "Monreallik Iso" deb nomlanadigan
film suratga olgan.
05:07
And many of the characters
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Undagi ko'pchilik qahramonlar —
05:09
are vibrant, funny, passionate,
interesting French-Canadian,
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chaqqon, tez, kulgili, qizg'in,
fransuzcha gapiruvchi, qiziqarli
05:14
French-speaking women.
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franko-kanadaliklar edi.
05:15
There's one scene closest to the end,
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Yakuniga oz qolganda,
bitta sahna bor, unda ular
05:18
where they have to take a friend
to an Anglophone hospital.
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do'stini hamma inglizcha gapiradigan
shifoxonaga oborishlari kerak bo'ladi.
05:21
In the hospital,
they have to speak English.
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U yerda ular shu tilde
gapirishlari kerak bo'ladi.
05:23
Now, they speak English
but it's not their native language,
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Ular shunday qilishadi ham,
lekin bu ularning ona tili emas.
05:26
they'd rather not speak English.
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Odatda ular unda gapirmaslikni
ma'qul ko'rishadi.
05:28
And they speak it more slowly,
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Va ular sekin gapirishadi,
05:30
they have accents, they're not idiomatic.
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aksent bilan, oddiy so'zlar orqali.
05:32
Suddenly these characters
that you've fallen in love with
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Hamma yoqtiradigan qahramonlar endi birdan
05:35
become husks of themselves,
they're shadows of themselves.
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o'zlarining oddiy, kulrang soyalariga
aylanishadi.
05:39
To go into a culture
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Jamiyatga sho'ng'ish va
05:41
and to only ever process people
through that kind of skrim curtain
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insonlarni bunday xira oyna orqali
tushunishga harakat qilish —
05:45
is to never truly get the culture.
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ularni chindan tushuna olmaslikka
olib keladi.
05:47
And so the extent that hundreds
of languages will be left,
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Agar bor-yo'g'i bir necha yuzta til
qoladigan bo'lsa,
05:50
one reason to learn them
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ularni o'rganish uchun birinchi
sabab:
05:52
is because they are tickets
to being able to participate
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ularning har biri — alohida chipta,
05:55
in the culture of the people
who speak them,
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u sizga biror bir tilda gapiruvchi
jamiyatning bir qismi
05:58
just by virtue of the fact
that it is their code.
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bo'lishga yo'l ochadi, chunki u chinakam
kod vazifasini bajaradi.
06:01
So that's one reason.
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Bu birinchi sabab.
06:03
Second reason:
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Ikkinchi sabab:
06:04
it's been shown
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isbotlanganki, agar siz ikki xil tilda
gapirsangiz,
06:06
that if you speak two languages,
dementia is less likely to set in,
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demensiya kasalligiga chalinish
ehtimoli sizda ancha kam,
06:11
and that you are probably
a better multitasker.
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va menimcha, siz bir vaqtning o'zida
nechta vazifani uddalay olasiz.
06:14
And these are factors that set in early,
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Bu bolalikdan aniq bo'la boshlaydi,
06:17
and so that ought to give you some sense
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va siz endi tushunasiz,
06:19
of when to give junior or juniorette
lessons in another language.
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farzandlaringizni qachonda til o'rganishga
yuborishingizni.
06:24
Bilingualism is healthy.
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Bilingvizm sog'liq uchun foydali.
06:26
And then, third --
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Uchinchi sabab:
06:28
languages are just an awful lot of fun.
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chet tillari — judayam qiziq.
Bizga tushintirishlaridan ko'p marta
qiziqarliroq.
06:32
Much more fun than we're often told.
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06:34
So for example,
Arabic: "kataba," he wrote,
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Masalan, arab tilida "kataba" — "u yozdi",
06:37
"yaktubu," he writes, she writes.
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"yaktubu" — "u yozayapti".
06:41
"Uktub," write, in the imperative.
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"Uktub" — "yozing", buyruq so'z.
06:44
What do those things have in common?
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Bu soz'larda qanday umumiylik bor?
06:46
All those things have in common
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Hammasida bir xil undoshlar,
06:48
the consonants sitting
in the middle like pillars.
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va ular so'zning markazida, xuddi
ustundek.
06:51
They stay still,
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Ular joyida qoladi,
06:53
and the vowels
dance around the consonants.
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unlilar esa ular atrofida raqsga
tushmoqda.
06:56
Who wouldn't want to roll
that around in their mouths?
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Kimga bu so'zlar orqali til o'rganish
yoqmaydi?
06:59
You can get that from Hebrew,
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Ivritda ham shunday,
07:01
you can get that from Ethiopia's
main language, Amharic.
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Efiopiya davlat tili — amxarchada ham.
07:04
That's fun.
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Bu juda qiziqarli.
07:06
Or languages have different word orders.
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Yana har tilda har xil so'z
joylashuvi bor.
07:09
Learning how to speak
with different word order
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So'zlarni boshqa tartibda qo'yib
gapirishni
07:11
is like driving on the different side
of a street if you go to certain country,
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o'rganish, bu xuddi chap tarafga
harakatlanadigan mamlakatda mashina
haydashdek gap,
07:16
or the feeling that you get when you
put Witch Hazel around your eyes
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yoki ko'zga gamamelis ekstraktli
suyuqlikni tomizgandan keyin paydo
07:21
and you feel the tingle.
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bo'ladigan hissiyotga
o'xshaydi.
07:22
A language can do that to you.
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Chet tili sizni shunday bir boshqacha
tuyg'ularni his
qilishga majbur qila oladi.
07:25
So for example,
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Masalan,
07:26
"The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,"
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"Shlyapa kiygan mushukning qaytishi" —
07:28
a book that I'm sure
we all often return to,
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ko'pchiligimiz sevib o'qigan, va yana
takror o'qiydigan kitob,
07:31
like "Moby Dick."
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xuddi "Mobi Dik" kabi.
07:32
One phrase in it is,
"Do you know where I found him?
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U yerda shunday so'zlar bor: "Bilasanmi,
uni qayerdan topib oldim?
07:37
Do you know where he was?
He was eating cake in the tub,
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U nimagadir yuvinishga kirib ketdi.
Vannada o'tirib pirog yerdi.
07:40
Yes he was!"
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Xa. U qila oldi."
07:41
Fine. Now, if you learn that
in Mandarin Chinese,
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Agar siz buni xitoycha variantini
o'qisangiz,
07:43
then you have to master,
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quyidagini eslab qoling:
07:45
"You can know, I did where him find?
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"Uni qayerdan topganimni topa olasanmi?
07:47
He was tub inside gorging cake,
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U chala yeyilgan tortda yuvinayotgan edi.
07:49
No mistake gorging chewing!"
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Shubhasiz, tortni u ishtaha bilan
yeyayotgandi!"
07:51
That just feels good.
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Bu menga yoqadi.
07:52
Imagine being able to do that
for years and years at a time.
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Tasavvur qiling, til o'rganish bilan
yillab shug'ullana olasiz.
07:56
Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian?
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Siz qachondir kxmer tilini o'rganganmisiz?
08:00
Me either, but if I did,
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Men ham yo'q. Lekin agar o'rganganimda
edi,
08:04
I would get to roll around in my mouth
not some baker's dozen of vowels
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men og'zimda 13 ta undosh harfni emas,
08:08
like English has,
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ingliz tilida bo'lganidek,
08:09
but a good 30 different vowels
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balki kambodjaliklar tilida jaranglaydigan
08:12
scooching and oozing around
in the Cambodian mouth
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30 ta undosh harfni his qilgan bo'lardim,
08:16
like bees in a hive.
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xuddi arilarga o'xshab.
08:19
That is what a language can get you.
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Mana sizga nima bera oladi chet tillari.
08:22
And more to the point,
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Undan tashqari,
08:23
we live in an era when it's never been
easier to teach yourself another language.
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hozirda chet tillarini o'rganish har
qachongidan-da oson.
08:27
It used to be that you had
to go to a classroom,
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Oldinlari darslarga borish kerak bo'lardi,
08:29
and there would be
some diligent teacher --
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u yerda qandaydir bir o'qituvchi
o'tirardi,
08:32
some genius teacher in there --
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zo'r o'qituvchi, — lekin u yerda
08:33
but that person was only
in there at certain times
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u ma'lum bir paytda bo'lardi va uning
oldiga
08:36
and you had to go then,
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aynan shu payt borish kerak bo'lardi.
08:37
and then was not most times.
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Darslar esa unchalik tez bo'lavermasdi.
08:39
You had to go to class.
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Siz darslarga qatnashishga majbur edingiz.
Agar bunday imkoniyat bo'lmasa, sizga
plastinka asqotardi.
08:40
If you didn't have that,
you had something called a record.
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08:43
I cut my teeth on those.
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Men buning ustasi edim.
08:45
There was only so much data on a record,
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Plastinkalar, kassetalar, xattoki CD-disc
deb ataluvchi
08:48
or a cassette,
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eskicha bir uskuna,
08:49
or even that antique object known as a CD.
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unda ma'lumotlar chegaralangan edi.
08:51
Other than that you had books
that didn't work,
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Ulardan tashqari, kitoblar bor edi —
foydasiz kitoblar.
08:54
that's just the way it was.
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Hammasi shunday edi.
08:55
Today you can lay down --
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Bugun esa bir joyga o'rnashib olib,
08:58
lie on your living room floor,
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masalan, mehmonxona polida,
09:01
sipping bourbon,
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burbon ichgan holda,
09:02
and teach yourself
any language that you want to
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mustaqil ravishda xohlagan bir tilni
o'rganish mumkin,
09:05
with wonderful sets
such as Rosetta Stone.
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Rosetta Stone kabi ajoyib dasturlar
yordamida.
Yana men Glossika deb nomlanadigan bitta
kursni maslahat beraman.
09:07
I highly recommend
the lesser known Glossika as well.
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09:11
You can do it any time,
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Istalgan bir vaqtda,
09:12
therefore you can do it more and better.
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xohlaganingizcha o'rganishingiz mumkin.
Siz ertalablari chet
09:15
You can give yourself your morning
pleasures in various languages.
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tillariga bog'liq
bo'lgan nimadir bilan o'zingizni hursand
qilishingiz mumkin,
09:19
I take some "Dilbert" in various
languages every single morning;
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bu sizga qobiliyatingizni yanada
oshirishga yordam beradi.
Men har kuni ertalab "Dilbert"
komikslarini o'qiyman,
09:23
it can increase your skills.
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har xil tillarda.
09:24
Couldn't have done it 20 years ago
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20 yil oldin buning iloji yo'q edi.
09:26
when the idea of having
any language you wanted
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Til o'rganish materiallarining
09:30
in your pocket,
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hammasi cho'ntagimizga sig'ishi,
09:31
coming from your phone,
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ya'ni telefonimizga,
09:33
would have sounded like science fiction
to very sophisticated people.
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xattoki rivojlangan insonlar uchun ham
fantastikadek ko'rinardi.
09:37
So I highly recommend
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Shuning uchun ham men sizlarga
09:40
that you teach yourself languages
other than the one that I'm speaking,
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tillarni o'rganishingizni maslahat
beraman, chunki buning uchun
09:44
because there's never been
a better time to do it.
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hozirgidek imkoniyatlar hech
qachon bo'lmagan.
09:47
It's an awful lot of fun.
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Bu judayam qiziqarli.
09:49
It won't change your mind,
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Bu balki fikrlashingizni o'rgartirmas,
09:50
but it will most certainly blow your mind.
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lekin bu sizni hayratlantirishi aniq.
09:54
Thank you very much.
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Katta rahmat.
09:55
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
Translated by Nazarbek Nazarov
Reviewed by Parvina Khujaeva

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com