TED Salon Samsung
Tamas Kocsis: The case for a decentralized internet
Tamaš Kočiš (Tamas Kocsis): Argument u prilog decentralizovanog interneta
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Ko kontroliše internet? Sve češće je odgovor da su to velike korporacije i vlade - trend koji preti digitalnoj privatnosti i pristupu informacijama na internetu, kaže veb developer Tamaš Kočiš. U ovom informativnom govoru, Kočiš razlaže različite pretnje po slobodu interneta i deli svoj plan za izgradnju alternativne, decentralizovane mreže koja vraća moć običnim korisnicima.
Tamas Kocsis - Web developer
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Three years ago,
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Pre tri godine
00:14
I started building a decentralized web
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počeo sam da gradim
decentralizovani internet
decentralizovani internet
00:17
because I was worried
about the future of our internet.
about the future of our internet.
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jer sam bio zabrinut
za budućnost interneta.
za budućnost interneta.
00:21
The current internet we are using
is about gatekeepers.
is about gatekeepers.
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Sadašnji internet koji koristimo
se svodi na čuvare kapija.
se svodi na čuvare kapija.
00:24
If you want to reach something on the web,
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Ako želite da pronađete nešto na mreži,
00:26
then you need to go
through multiple middlemen.
through multiple middlemen.
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onda morate da prođete
preko nekoliko posrednika.
preko nekoliko posrednika.
00:29
First, a domain name server,
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Prvo, server internet domena,
00:31
then a server hosting company,
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potom kompaniju za hosting servera,
00:34
which usually points you to a third party,
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koja vas obično usmerava na treću stranu,
00:37
to a web hosting service.
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do hosting servisa.
00:41
And this happens every time
you want to reach a website on the web.
you want to reach a website on the web.
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A ovo se dešava svaki put
kada želite da uđete na internet sajt.
kada želite da uđete na internet sajt.
00:45
But these gatekeepers are
vulnerable to internet attacks
vulnerable to internet attacks
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Međutim, ovi čuvari kapija
su podložni napadima na internetu
su podložni napadima na internetu
00:49
and also makes the censorship
and the surveillance easier.
and the surveillance easier.
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i zbog njih su olakšani cenzura i nadzor.
00:55
And the situation is getting worse.
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A situacija postaje sve gora.
00:57
Everything is moving to the cloud,
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Sve se prebacuje na oblak,
00:59
where the data is hosted
by giant corporations.
by giant corporations.
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gde hosting podataka
obavljaju ogromne korporacije.
obavljaju ogromne korporacije.
01:03
This move creates much,
much more powerful middlemen.
much more powerful middlemen.
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Ovaj potez stvara mnogo,
mnogo moćnije posrednike.
mnogo moćnije posrednike.
01:08
Now, move to the cloud makes sense
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Sad, prelaz na oblak ima smisla
01:10
because this way it's easier and cheaper
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jer je to lakši i jeftiniji način
01:12
for the developers
and the service operators.
and the service operators.
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za developere i servisne operatere.
01:15
They don't have to worry
about maintaining the physical servers.
about maintaining the physical servers.
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Ne moraju da brinu
o održavanju fizičkih servera.
o održavanju fizičkih servera.
01:20
I can't blame them, but I found
this trend to be very dangerous,
this trend to be very dangerous,
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Ne mogu da ih krivim, ali mislim
da je ovaj trend veoma opasan
da je ovaj trend veoma opasan
01:25
because this way, these giant corporations
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jer na taj način ove ogromne korporacije
01:28
have unlimited control
over the hosting services.
over the hosting services.
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imaju neograničenu kontrolu
nad uslugama hostinga.
nad uslugama hostinga.
01:32
And it's very easy to abuse this power.
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A veoma je lako zloupotrebiti ovu moć.
01:37
For example, last year, a CEO of a company
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Na primer, prošle godine,
izvršni direktor jedne firme
izvršni direktor jedne firme
01:41
that acts as a gatekeeper
for nine million websites
for nine million websites
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koja služi kao čuvar kapija
za devet miliona sajtova
za devet miliona sajtova
01:45
decided, after some public pressure,
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je odlučio, nakon pritiska javnosti,
01:48
that one of the sites it manages,
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da jedan od sajtova kojima upravlja,
01:50
a far right page, should be blocked.
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stranicu ekstremne desnice,
treba blokirati.
treba blokirati.
01:54
He then sent an internal email
to his coworkers.
to his coworkers.
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Potom je poslao interni mejl
svojim saradnicima.
svojim saradnicima.
01:59
"This was an arbitrary decision.
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„Ovo je bila proizvoljna odluka.
02:02
I woke up this morning in a bad mood
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Probudio sam se jutros loše raspoložen
02:05
and decided to kick them
off the Internet."
off the Internet."
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i odlučio da ih izbacim s interneta.“
02:09
Even he admits,
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Čak i on priznaje:
02:11
"No one should have this power."
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„Niko ne bi trebalo da ima ovoliku moć.“
02:15
As a response, one of
the employees asked him,
the employees asked him,
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Kao odgovor, jedan
od zaposlenih ga je upitao:
od zaposlenih ga je upitao:
02:18
"Is this the day the Internet dies?"
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„Da li je ovo dan smrti interneta?“
02:23
I don't think we are actually
killing the internet,
killing the internet,
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Ne smatram da zaista ubijamo internet,
ali smatram da smo u središtu
02:26
but I do think that we are in the middle
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02:28
of a kind of irresponsible
centralization process
centralization process
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nekakvog neodgovornog
procesa centralizacije
procesa centralizacije
02:31
that makes our internet more fragile.
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zbog koga je naš internet daleko krhkiji.
02:35
The decentralized, people-to-people web
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Decentralizovana mreža „ljudi ljudima“
02:38
solves this problem
by removing the central points,
by removing the central points,
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rešava ovaj problem
tako što uklanja centralne tačke,
tako što uklanja centralne tačke,
02:41
the web-hosting services.
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servise za veb-hosting.
02:43
It empowers the users
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Ona osnažuje korisnike
02:46
to have host sites they want to preserve.
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da imaju hosting sajtove
koje žele da sačuvaju.
koje žele da sačuvaju.
02:51
On this network, the sites get downloaded
directly from other visitors.
directly from other visitors.
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Na ovoj mreži se sajtovi preuzimaju
direktno od drugih posetilaca.
direktno od drugih posetilaca.
02:57
This means, if you have a site
with 100 visitors,
with 100 visitors,
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To znači da, ako imate
sajt sa 100 posetilaca,
sajt sa 100 posetilaca,
02:59
then it's hosted
[by] 100 computers around the world.
[by] 100 computers around the world.
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onda je njegov hosting
na 100 kompjutera širom sveta.
na 100 kompjutera širom sveta.
03:04
Basically, this is a people-powered
version of the internet.
version of the internet.
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U suštini, radi se o verziji interneta
kojeg pokreću ljudi.
kojeg pokreću ljudi.
03:10
The security of the network
is provided by public-key cryptography.
is provided by public-key cryptography.
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Bezbednost mreže je obezbeđena
asimetričnom kriptografijom.
asimetričnom kriptografijom.
03:14
This makes sure that no one
can modify the sites
can modify the sites
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Ovo se stara za to da niko
ne može da menja sajtove
ne može da menja sajtove
03:18
but only the real owner.
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osim stvarnog vlasnika.
03:21
Think of it like instead of getting
electricity from big power plants,
electricity from big power plants,
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Razmišljajte o tome kao da, umesto
da dobijate struju iz velike elektrane,
da dobijate struju iz velike elektrane,
03:25
you put solar panels on top of your house,
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postavite solarne panele na vašu kuću
03:27
and if your neighbor down the street
needs some extra energy,
needs some extra energy,
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i, ako je vašem komšiji iz ulice
potrebna dodatna energija,
potrebna dodatna energija,
onda prosto može da preuzme
određenu količinu iz vaše kuće.
određenu količinu iz vaše kuće.
03:30
then they can just download
some from your house.
some from your house.
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03:36
So by using the decentralized web,
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Dakle, upotrebom decentralizovanog veba,
03:39
we can help to keep content
accessible for other visitors.
accessible for other visitors.
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možemo da pripomognemo u održavanju
sadržaja dostupnim za druge posetioce.
sadržaja dostupnim za druge posetioce.
03:44
And by that, it means
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A pod tim mislim
03:47
that we can also fight against things
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da takođe možemo
da se borimo protiv stvari
da se borimo protiv stvari
03:51
that we feel are unjust,
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koje smatramo nepravednim,
03:54
like censorship.
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poput cenzure.
03:56
In China, the internet
is tightly controlled.
is tightly controlled.
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U Kini je internet strogo kontrolisan.
04:00
They can't criticize the government,
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Ne mogu da kritikuju vladu,
04:04
organize a protest,
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organizuju protest,
04:06
and it's also forbidden to post
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a takođe je zabranjeno postavljati
04:09
a kind of emoticon to remember the victims
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
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bilo kakve emotikone u znak sećanja
na žrtve Masakra na Tjenanmenu.
na žrtve Masakra na Tjenanmenu.
04:15
With the decentralized web,
it's not the government that decides
it's not the government that decides
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Sa decentralizovanim vebom,
nije na vladama da odlučuju
nije na vladama da odlučuju
04:18
what gets seen and what doesn't.
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šta će da bude vidljivo, a šta ne.
04:21
It's the people,
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Ljudi će da odlučuju,
04:23
which makes the web more democratic.
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a zbog toga će veb da bude demokratičniji.
04:26
But at the same time,
it's hard to use this network
it's hard to use this network
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Međutim, istovremeno je teško
koristiti ovu mrežu
koristiti ovu mrežu
04:29
to do something that is clearly illegal
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za obavljanje nečega
što je očito nezakonito
što je očito nezakonito
04:31
everywhere in the world,
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svuda u svetu,
04:33
as the users probably
don't want to endanger themselves
don't want to endanger themselves
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kako korisnici verovatno
neće želeti da dovedu sebe u opasnost
neće želeti da dovedu sebe u opasnost
04:36
hosting these kinds
of problematic content.
of problematic content.
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pružajući hosting ovakvom
problematičnom sadržaju.
problematičnom sadržaju.
04:41
Another increasing threat
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Još jedna rastuća opasnost
04:44
to internet freedom
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za slobodu interneta
04:47
is overregulation.
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je prekomerna regulacija.
04:51
I have the impression
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Stekao sam utisak
04:53
that our delegates
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da naši predstavnici
04:55
who vote on the internet regulation laws
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koji glasaju o zakonima
za regulaciju interneta
za regulaciju interneta
04:57
are not fully aware of their decisions.
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nisu u potpunosti svesni svojih odluka.
05:01
For example, the European Parliament
has a new law on the table,
has a new law on the table,
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Na primer, pred Evropskim
parlamentom je novi zakon,
parlamentom je novi zakon,
05:05
a new copyright protection law,
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novi zakon o zaštiti autorskih prava
05:07
that has a part called Article 13.
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koji ima deo koji se naziva Član 13.
05:11
If it passes, it would require
every big website
every big website
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Ukoliko bude usvojen,
zahtevaće od svakog većeg sajta
zahtevaće od svakog većeg sajta
05:16
to implement a filter
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da ugradi filter
05:18
that automatically blocks content
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koji automatski blokira sadržaj
05:21
based on rules controlled
by big corporations.
by big corporations.
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zasnovan na pravilima
koja kontrolišu velike korporacije.
koja kontrolišu velike korporacije.
05:25
The original idea is
to protect copyrighted materials,
to protect copyrighted materials,
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Prvobitna zamisao je da se zaštite
autorski materijali,
autorski materijali,
05:28
but it would endanger many other things
we do on the internet:
we do on the internet:
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ali ovo bi ugrozilo razne druge stvari
koje obavljamo na internetu:
koje obavljamo na internetu:
05:32
blogging, criticizing,
discussing, linking and sharing.
discussing, linking and sharing.
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pisanje blogova, kritikovanje,
rasprave, povezivanje i deljenje.
rasprave, povezivanje i deljenje.
05:36
Google and YouTube
already have similar systems
already have similar systems
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Gugl i Jutjub već imaju slične sisteme
05:40
and they are receiving
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
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i primaju 100 000 zahteva
za ukidanje sadržaja svakog sata.
za ukidanje sadržaja svakog sata.
05:47
Of course, they can't process
this amount of data by hand,
this amount of data by hand,
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Naravno, ne mogu da obrade
ovoliku količinu podataka ručno,
ovoliku količinu podataka ručno,
05:50
so they are using machine learning
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te zato koriste mašinsko učenje
05:52
to decide if it's really
a copyright violation or not.
a copyright violation or not.
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da bi odlučili da li se zaista radi
o kršenju autorskih prava ili ne.
o kršenju autorskih prava ili ne.
05:56
But these filters do make mistakes.
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Međutim, ovi filteri greše.
06:01
They're removing everything
from documentation of human rights abuses,
from documentation of human rights abuses,
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Uklanjaju sve, od dokumentovanja
kršenja ljudskih prava,
kršenja ljudskih prava,
06:06
lectures about copyrights
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preko lekcija o autorskim pravima
06:09
and search results
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do rezultata pretrage
06:12
that point to criticism
of this new Article 13.
of this new Article 13.
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koji ukazuju na kritike
ovog novog Člana 13.
ovog novog Člana 13.
06:18
Beside of that, they are also
removing many other things.
removing many other things.
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Pored toga, uklanjaju
i mnoge druge stvari.
i mnoge druge stvari.
06:24
And sometimes, these filters
aren't just removing the specific content,
aren't just removing the specific content,
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A ponekad ovi filteri
ne uklanjaju samo specifičan sadržaj,
ne uklanjaju samo specifičan sadržaj,
06:30
but it could also lead
to loss of your linked accounts:
to loss of your linked accounts:
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već takođe mogu da uzrokuju
gubitak vaših ličnih povezanih naloga:
gubitak vaših ličnih povezanih naloga:
06:35
your email address,
your documents, your photos,
your documents, your photos,
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vaše imejl adrese, dokumenata, slika
06:39
or your unfinished book,
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ili vaše nedovršene knjige,
06:42
which happened
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
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što se desilo piscu Denisu Kuperu.
06:45
It's not hard to see
how a system like this could be abused
how a system like this could be abused
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Nije teško videti na koji način
ovakav sistem mogu da zloupotrebe
ovakav sistem mogu da zloupotrebe
06:50
by politicians and corporate competitors.
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političari i korporativni konkurenti.
06:55
This Article 13, the extension of these
automated filters to the whole internet,
automated filters to the whole internet,
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Ovom Članu 13, ekstenziji
automatizovanih filtera na čitav internet,
automatizovanih filtera na čitav internet,
07:02
got strong opposition
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oštro su se usprotivili
07:04
from Wikipedia, Github,
Mozilla, and many others,
Mozilla, and many others,
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Vikipedija, Githab, Mozila i mnogi drugi,
07:09
including the original founders
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
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uključujući prvobitne osnivače
interneta i svetske mreže,
interneta i svetske mreže,
07:15
Vint Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee.
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Vinta Serfa i Tima Berners-Lija.
07:18
But despite this strong opposition,
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Međutim, uprkos ovom oštrom protivljenju,
07:21
on the last European Parliament vote,
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na poslednjem glasanju
Evropskog parlamenta,
Evropskog parlamenta,
07:23
two thirds of the representatives
supported this law.
supported this law.
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dve trećine zastupnika
je podržalo ovaj zakon.
je podržalo ovaj zakon.
07:29
The final vote will be early 2019.
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Konačno glasanje će da bude
početkom 2019. godine.
početkom 2019. godine.
07:32
The result is important,
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Rezultat je važan,
07:34
but whatever happens,
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ali šta god da se desi,
07:37
I'm pretty sure it will be followed
by many other similar proposals
by many other similar proposals
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prilično sam siguran da će da ga prate
brojni drugi slični predlozi
brojni drugi slični predlozi
07:42
around the world.
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širom sveta.
07:45
These kinds of regulations
would be very hard to enforce
would be very hard to enforce
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Ovakve regulative bi bilo teško nametnuti
07:48
through a decentralized web,
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preko decentralizovanog veba
07:49
as there is no hosting companies.
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pošto ne postoje hosting kompanije.
07:53
The websites are served
by the visitors themselves.
by the visitors themselves.
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Sajtove dostavljaju sami posetioci.
07:58
I started to build
this network three years ago.
this network three years ago.
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Počeo sam da gradim
ovu mrežu pre tri godine.
ovu mrežu pre tri godine.
08:03
Since then, I've spent thousands,
tens of thousands of hours
tens of thousands of hours
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Otad, potrošio sam
hiljade, desetine hiljada sati
hiljade, desetine hiljada sati
08:07
on the development.
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na njegov razvoj.
08:09
Why?
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Zašto?
08:11
Why would anyone spend thousands of hours
on something anyone can freely copy,
on something anyone can freely copy,
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Zašto bi iko trošio hiljade sati na nešto
što bilo ko može slobodno da kopira,
što bilo ko može slobodno da kopira,
08:15
rename, or even sell?
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preimenuje, pa čak i proda?
08:19
Well, in my case,
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Pa, u mom slučaju,
08:21
one of the reasons was
to do something meaningful.
to do something meaningful.
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jedan od razloga je bio
da učinim nešto značajno.
da učinim nešto značajno.
08:24
During my daily regular job
as a web developer,
as a web developer,
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Tokom svog dnevnog običnog posla
kao veb-developer
kao veb-developer
08:27
I didn't have the feeling
that I'm working on something
that I'm working on something
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nisam imao osećaj da radim na nečemu
08:30
that had a chance to be a bigger than me.
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što ima naznake da bude veće od mene.
08:35
Simply, I just wanted to make
my short presence in this world
my short presence in this world
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Prosto sam želeo da učinim svoje kratko
prisustvo na ovom svetu smislenim.
prisustvo na ovom svetu smislenim.
08:38
to be meaningful.
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08:43
Last year, the Great Firewall of China
started blocking this network I created.
started blocking this network I created.
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Prošle godine, Veliki kineski fajervol
je počeo da blokira moju mrežu.
je počeo da blokira moju mrežu.
08:49
This move officially made me the enemy
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Zbog ovog poteza
sam zvanično postao neprijatelj
sam zvanično postao neprijatelj
08:52
of the government-supported
internet censorship.
internet censorship.
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internet cenzure u službi vlade.
08:57
Since then, it's been really
a game of cat and mouse.
a game of cat and mouse.
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Otad, zaista se radi o igri mačke i miša.
09:00
They make new rules in the firewall
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Naprave nova pravila unutar fajervola,
09:03
and I try to react to it as fast as I can
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a ja pokušavam da reagujem što brže mogu
09:06
so the users can keep hosting content
and create websites
and create websites
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kako bi korisnici mogli da nastave
da hostinguju sadržaj i prave sajtove
da hostinguju sadržaj i prave sajtove
09:10
that otherwise would be censored
by the centralized Chinese internet.
by the centralized Chinese internet.
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koje bi inače cenzurisao
centralizovani kineski internet.
centralizovani kineski internet.
09:17
My other motivation
to create this network was worry.
to create this network was worry.
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Moja druga motivacija za stvaranje
ove mreže je bila zabrinutost.
ove mreže je bila zabrinutost.
09:23
I fear that the future of our internet
is out of our control.
is out of our control.
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Strahujem da je budućnost
našeg interneta van naše kontrole.
našeg interneta van naše kontrole.
09:28
The increasing centralization
and the proposed laws
and the proposed laws
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Sve veća centralizacija,
kao i predloženi zakoni,
kao i predloženi zakoni,
09:31
are threatening our freedom of speech
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predstavljaju pretnju
našoj slobodi govora,
našoj slobodi govora,
09:34
and, by that, our democracy.
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a time i našoj demokratiji.
09:37
So for me, building a decentralized web
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Dakle, za mene, izgradnja
decentralizovane mreže
decentralizovane mreže
09:40
means creating a safe harbor,
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znači stvaranje sigurne luke,
09:44
a space where the rules are not written
by big corporations and political parties,
by big corporations and political parties,
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prostora gde pravila ne pišu
velike korporacije i političke partije,
velike korporacije i političke partije,
09:50
but by the people.
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već ljudi.
09:53
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
09:55
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tamas Kocsis - Web developerTamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies.
Why you should listen
Tamas Kocsis was never motivated by building a career or getting a high-paid job -- instead, he was more interested in exploring new things, doing something meaningful and solving important problems.
In 2013 Kocsis got excited about the decentralization movement started by Bitcoin cryptocurrency. A year later he started to develop a peer-to-peer, people-powered version of the web called ZeroNet to be a useful member of this community.
Kocsis became interested in programming and web design at the age of 13, then got his first paid assignment as a web developer at age 16. Besides programming, he enjoys any kind of activity that has a definite end result; he's designed and built his own tables, lamps and various objects using concrete, recycled wood, felt and paper.
Tamas Kocsis | Speaker | TED.com