TED2018
Benedetta Berti: Did the global response to 9/11 make us safer?
贝内黛塔·贝迪: 我们对911的全球反应让我们更安全了吗？
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TED成员和冲突研究专家贝内黛塔·贝迪指出，如果我们想要世界可持续，长期的安全成为常态，那么是时候重新思考如何实现它的手段了。在这个令人大开眼界的演讲中，贝迪解释了构建一个更安全的世界跟在战场上击溃敌人无关，而跟保护平民更为相关——不管他们来自哪里，生活在哪里。
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Almost 20 years have passed since 9/11.
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911已过去将近20年。
00:18
It is time to take stock of where we stand
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是时候盘点一下我们的立场，
00:21
and stop and think.
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停下来思考。
00:24
It is time to ask ourselves,
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是时候问问自己，
00:26
have the assumptions and policies
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在这个悲剧发生后，
00:28
we developed in the wake
of those tragic events
of those tragic events
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我们制定的假设和政策
00:30
truly made us more secure?
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真的让我们更安全了吗？
00:33
Have they made our societies,
both in Europe and in the United States,
both in Europe and in the United States,
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它们让我们的社会，不论在欧洲还是美国，
00:38
more resilient?
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更有应对力了吗？
00:40
I've worked all my life
in the field of security and defense,
in the field of security and defense,
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我一直都在安全和防卫领域工作，
00:44
and I am convinced
that now, more than ever,
that now, more than ever,
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现在我非常确信，比任何时候都确信，
00:48
we need to radically reframe
the way we think and act about security,
the way we think and act about security,
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我们需要从根本上重塑我们
对安全的思考和行为方式。
对安全的思考和行为方式。
00:53
and especially
about international security.
about international security.
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尤其在国际安全方面。
00:57
By international security,
I actually mean what we do,
I actually mean what we do,
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说到国际安全，我其实是指我们做了什么，
01:00
how we prepare our countries
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我们如何让我们的国家做好准备去
01:02
to better respond
and prevent external threats,
and prevent external threats,
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更好应对和阻止外部威胁，
01:05
and how we protect our citizens.
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以及我们如何保护我们的公民。
01:08
The key to both
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两者的关键
01:10
is to focus on protecting civilians,
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是聚焦在保护平民，
01:13
both in our own countries
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既在我们自己的国土
01:14
and in those where we are present
in the name of security.
in the name of security.
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也在那些我们以安全的名义存在的地方。
01:19
Now, this idea goes
against the fixed narrative
against the fixed narrative
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现在这个观点与我们
01:21
that we developed over the past 20 years
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在过去20年发展起来的关于安全是什么
01:24
over what security is and how to get it,
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和如何获得安全的固定视角相悖，
01:28
but that narrative is flawed,
and worse, it is counterproductive.
and worse, it is counterproductive.
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但这种说法是有缺陷的，
更糟糕的是，它适得其反。
更糟糕的是，它适得其反。
01:34
Over the past 20 years,
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在过去20年，
01:36
both in the United States and in Europe,
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在美国和欧洲，
01:39
we've come to accept that we must
talk about security in zero sum terms,
talk about security in zero sum terms,
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我们已经接受了我们必须以
零和的方式讨论安全问题，
零和的方式讨论安全问题，
01:44
as if the only way to gain more security
is by compromising on values and rights:
is by compromising on values and rights:
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似乎获得更多安全的唯一途径
就是在价值观和权利上妥协：
就是在价值观和权利上妥协：
01:49
security versus human rights,
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安全对人权，
01:53
safety versus freedom and development.
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安全对自由和发展。
01:57
This is a false opposition.
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这种对立是错误的。
01:59
It just doesn't work like that.
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事情不是这样的。
02:01
We need to recognize
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我们需要认识到
02:03
that security and human rights
are not opposite values,
are not opposite values,
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安全和人权不是相反的价值，
02:05
they are intrinsically related.
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它们是内在联系的。
02:09
After all, the most basic human right
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毕竟，最基本的人权
02:12
is the right to live
and to be free from violence,
and to be free from violence,
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是生存权和远离暴力，
02:15
and a state's most basic responsibility
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以及一个国家最基本的责任
02:18
is to guarantee that right
for its citizens.
for its citizens.
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是保证它公民的这种权利。
02:21
Conversely, if we think
about communities all over the world
about communities all over the world
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相反地，如果我们考虑世界各地
02:26
affected by war and conflict,
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被战争和冲突影响的群体，
02:28
it is insecurity and violence
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不安全和暴力
02:31
that stops them from achieving
their full freedom and development.
their full freedom and development.
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阻止了他们的自由和发展。
02:35
Now, they need basic security
just as much as we do
just as much as we do
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现在，他们需要的基本安全跟我们一样，
02:39
and they need it
so they can live a normal life
so they can live a normal life
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他们需要安全，这样他们才能过上正常的生活，
02:43
and so that they can
enjoy their human rights.
enjoy their human rights.
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这样他们才能享受他们的人权。
02:45
This is why we need to shift.
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所以我们需要改变。
02:48
We need to acknowledge
that sustainable security
that sustainable security
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我需要承认可持续安全
02:51
builds on a foundation of human rights,
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建立在人权的基础上，
02:53
builds on promoting
and respecting human rights.
and respecting human rights.
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建立在促进和尊重人权上。
02:58
Also, over the past two decades,
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同样，在过去20年里，
03:00
we have accepted that the best way
to guarantee our own security
to guarantee our own security
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我们已经接受了维护
我们安全的最好方式
我们安全的最好方式
03:05
is by defeating our enemies,
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是打败我们的敌人，
03:07
and to do that, we need to rely
almost exclusively on the military.
almost exclusively on the military.
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为了实现这点，我们需要
几乎完全依赖军队。
几乎完全依赖军队。
03:12
Again, this clashes with my work,
with my research,
with my research,
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再一次，这点跟我的工作，我的研究，
03:15
with what I see in the field.
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我在这个领域看到的相冲突。
03:17
What I see is that building
sustainable security
sustainable security
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我看到的是建立可持续安全
03:20
has a lot less to do
with crushing enemies,
with crushing enemies,
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与毁灭敌人关系不大，
03:23
has a lot less to do
with winning on the battlefield,
with winning on the battlefield,
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与赢得战场胜利关系不大，
03:25
and has a lot more to do
with protecting victims
with protecting victims
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而与保护受害者
03:28
and building stability.
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和建立稳定有很大关系。
03:30
And to do that, well, the military alone
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要做到这点，仅依靠军队
03:33
is simply insufficient.
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是完全不够的。
03:36
This is why I believe we need to shelve
the never-ending War on Terror,
the never-ending War on Terror,
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这是为什么我认为我们需要
把无休止的战争搁置起来，
把无休止的战争搁置起来，
03:41
and we need to replace it
with a security agenda
with a security agenda
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我们需要用基于保护平民原则
03:43
that is driven by the principle
of protecting civilians,
of protecting civilians,
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的安全议程来替代它，
03:47
no matter where they are from,
what passport they hold,
what passport they hold,
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不管他们来自哪里，持有什么护照，
03:51
or where they live:
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或者他们住在哪里：
03:52
Vancouver, New York,
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温哥华、纽约、
03:55
Kabul, Mosul, Aleppo or Douma.
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喀布尔、摩苏尔、阿勒颇或杜玛。
03:59
Sustainable security tells us
that we're more likely
that we're more likely
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可持续安全告诉我们，我们更有可能
04:02
to have long-term security
at home for ourselves
at home for ourselves
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在国内拥有长期的安全保障，
04:06
if we focus our engagements abroad
on protecting civilians
on protecting civilians
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如果我们把我们的重点放在保护平民
04:10
and on ensuring their lives are lived
in dignity and free from violence.
in dignity and free from violence.
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并确保他们过上尊严和
远离暴力的生活上。
远离暴力的生活上。
04:16
For example, we all know
that defeating ISIS
that defeating ISIS
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比如，我们都知道击败ISIS
04:20
is a security achievement.
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是一项安全成就。
04:21
Absolutely.
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绝对是。
04:23
But rebuilding destroyed homes,
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但重建受损家园，
04:26
restoring order,
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恢复秩序，
04:28
ensuring a representative
political system,
political system,
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确保具有代表性的政治制度，
04:31
these are just as, if not more important,
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这些都是，如果没有更重要的话，
04:34
and not just for the security
of civilians in Iraq and in Syria,
of civilians in Iraq and in Syria,
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不仅为了伊拉克和叙利亚的平民安全，
04:38
but for our own security
and for global stability.
and for global stability.
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也是为了我们自己的安全和全球稳定。
04:43
More fundamentally,
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更重要的是，
04:45
ISIS's danger should not just be counted
in the number of weapons it holds
in the number of weapons it holds
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ISIS的危险不能只用他们
持有的武器数量来衡量，
持有的武器数量来衡量，
04:51
but also in the number of children
it has kept out of school
it has kept out of school
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也要用被其赶出学校或被他们思想灌输
04:54
or indoctrinated.
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的儿童数量来衡量。
04:57
This is from a security perspective.
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这是从安全的角度来看的。
04:59
From a security perspective,
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从安全的角度，
05:01
the long-term generational impact
of having millions of children in Syria
of having millions of children in Syria
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成长在只知道战争和辍学长期际代影响
05:07
growing up knowing only war
and out of school,
and out of school,
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的数百万叙利亚儿童，
05:11
this is a far more dangerous
threat to stability
threat to stability
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远比ISIS所有的武器
05:14
than all of ISIS's weapons combined,
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对稳定的威胁要更加危险，
05:17
and we should spend just as much time
and just as much energy to counter this
and just as much energy to counter this
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我们需要在这上面花费跟打击ISIS军事力量
05:23
as what we spend
when countering ISIS militarily.
when countering ISIS militarily.
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同样多的时间和同样多的精力。
05:29
Over the past two decades,
our security policy has been short-term.
our security policy has been short-term.
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在过去20年间，我们的安全政策非常短期。
05:33
It has focused on the here and now.
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它专注在这里和现在。
05:35
It has systematically downplayed
the link between what we do today
the link between what we do today
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它系统地淡化了我们今天以安全的名义
05:40
in the name of security
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所做的事情
05:41
and the long-term impact of those choices.
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与这些选择的长期影响之间的联系。
05:44
In the years after 9/11,
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在911之后的这些年头，
05:46
some of the choices,
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有一些选择，
05:49
some of the policies we've implemented
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我们施行的一些政策
05:51
have probably made us less,
not more secure in the long term.
not more secure in the long term.
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可能让我们的安全变得更少，
而非长期来看更多。
而非长期来看更多。
05:56
Sustainable, civilian-centered security
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可持续，以平民为中心的安全
06:00
needs to look at what happens
in the long term.
in the long term.
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需要关注长期的影响。
06:03
Again, for example,
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再一次，说个例子，
06:05
relying on drones to target enemies
in faraway countries may be a tool.
in faraway countries may be a tool.
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依靠无人机瞄准遥远国家
的敌人可能是一种工具。
的敌人可能是一种工具。
06:10
It may be a tool to make sure
or to lessen the threat
or to lessen the threat
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这个工具可以确保或减轻
06:13
of an imminent attack
on the United States.
on the United States.
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即将对美国发动袭击的威胁。
06:16
But what about the long-term impact?
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但它的长期影响呢？
06:20
If civilians are killed,
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如果平民被杀害，
06:22
if communities are targeted,
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如果群体被当作目标，
06:25
this will feed a vicious circle
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这将助长战争、
06:28
of war, conflict,
trauma and radicalization,
trauma and radicalization,
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冲突、创伤和激进化的恶性循环，
06:32
and that vicious circle is at the center
of so many of the security challenges
of so many of the security challenges
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这个恶性循环是我们今天
面临很多安全挑战
面临很多安全挑战
06:36
we face today.
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的中心。
06:38
This will not make us safer
in the long term.
in the long term.
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这不会让我们长期变得更安全。
06:41
We need civilian security,
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我们需要平民安全，
06:45
we need sustainable
civilian-centered security,
civilian-centered security,
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我们需要可持续的以平民为中心的安全，
06:48
and we need it now.
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我们现在就需要。
06:50
We need to encourage thinking
and research around this concept,
and research around this concept,
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我们需要鼓励围绕这个概念的思考和研究，
06:54
and to implement it.
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并且需要实现它。
06:56
We live in a dangerous world.
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我们生活在危险的世界。
06:59
We have many threats
to peace and conflict.
to peace and conflict.
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我们有很多和平的威胁和冲突。
07:03
Much like in the days after 9/11,
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就像911之后的日子里，
07:05
we simply cannot afford
not to think about international security.
not to think about international security.
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我们根本承受不起不去思考国际安全问题。
07:10
But we have to learn the lessons
of the past 20 years.
of the past 20 years.
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但我们需要学习过去20年的教训。
07:14
To get it right, to get security right,
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去纠正它，以正确方式获得安全，
07:17
we need to focus on the long term.
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我们需要聚焦于长期。
07:19
We need to focus on protecting civilians.
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我们需要聚焦在保护平民。
07:22
And we need to respect
and acknowledge the fact
and acknowledge the fact
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我们需要尊重和承认
07:24
that sustainable security
builds on a foundation of human rights.
builds on a foundation of human rights.
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可持续安全建立在人权的基础上这个事实。
07:30
Otherwise, in the name of security,
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否则，在安全的名义下，
07:33
we risk leaving the world
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我们在冒着把世界推向
07:35
a far more dangerous and unstable place
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一个比我们已经发现的
07:38
than what we already found it in.
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更危险和更不稳定地方的风险。
07:41
Thank you.
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谢谢。
07:43
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcherBenedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.
Why you should listen
Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas. She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi.
Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com