TED2019
Ivonne Roman: How policewomen make communities safer
伊凡娜 · 罗曼: 女性警察如何让社区更安全
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美国警察中女性占比只有不到 13％ —— 尽管事实证明她们在化解暴力局面和减少使用武力方面卓有成效。 凭借二十多年作为警官和警察局长的经验，TED 成员 伊凡娜 · 罗曼（Ivonne Roman）分享了如何凭借对警察学院体能测试的简单改变，就能帮助建立更加平衡的警察力量，使社区和警员们都受益。
Ivonne Roman - Police captain
Ivonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing. Full bio
Ivonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I've been a police officer
in an urban city
in an urban city
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我在一个城市
当了将近25年的警察，
00:16
for nearly 25 years.
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00:18
That's crazy, right?
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很疯狂吧？
00:21
And in that time,
I've served in every rank,
I've served in every rank,
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在这段时间里，
我从事了每个级别的工作，
我从事了每个级别的工作，
00:24
from police officer to police chief.
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从警员到警察局长。
00:28
A few years ago,
I noticed something alarming.
I noticed something alarming.
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几年前，我注意到了令人担忧的事情。
00:32
Starting in 2014,
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从 2014 年起，
我开始观察新泽西州警察学院
00:34
I started monitoring recruits
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00:35
as they cycled through police academies
in the state of New Jersey,
in the state of New Jersey,
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一轮轮新兵们的测试培训，
我发现，在基于身体
不同方面的体能测试中，
不同方面的体能测试中，
00:39
and I found that women were failing
at rates between 65 and 80 percent,
at rates between 65 and 80 percent,
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女性的失败率高达 65％ 到 80％ 。
00:45
due to varying aspects
of the physical fitness test.
of the physical fitness test.
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00:49
I learned that a change in policy
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我了解到，现在政策变化后，
00:51
now required recruits
to pass the fitness exam
to pass the fitness exam
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要求新兵在10个短期锻炼课程中
00:54
within 10 short workout sessions.
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通过体能考试。
00:57
This had the greatest impact on women.
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这对女性新兵的影响最大。
01:00
The change meant that recruits
had about three weeks
had about three weeks
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这一变化意味着
01:03
out of a five-month-long academy
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新兵们在为期五个月的培训中，
01:05
to pass the fitness exam.
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只有三周时间通过体能考试，
01:07
This just didn't make sense, though.
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这很不合理。
01:10
Police agencies and police recruits
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为使那些新兵进入警察学院，
警察机构和新兵都投资巨大。
01:13
had made huge investments
to get those recruits into the academy.
to get those recruits into the academy.
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01:17
Police recruits had passed
lengthy background checks,
lengthy background checks,
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警察新兵们已通过
长时间的背景调查、
长时间的背景调查、
通过了医学和心理检查，
01:21
they had passed medical
and psychological exams,
and psychological exams,
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并辞去了原来的工作。
01:24
they had quit their jobs.
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01:26
And many had spent more
than 2,000 dollars in fees and equipment
than 2,000 dollars in fees and equipment
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许多人在设备和各种费用上
花了超过 2000 美元，
花了超过 2000 美元，
就为了在前三周被赶出警察学院吗？
01:30
just to get kicked out
within the first three weeks?
within the first three weeks?
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01:34
The dire situation in New Jersey
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新泽西州女警察的严峻形势，
01:36
led me to examine the status
of women in policing
of women in policing
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促使我研究了全美警察中
01:38
across the United States.
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女性的地位。
01:40
I found that women make up
less than 13 percent of police officers.
less than 13 percent of police officers.
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我发现女警占比不到 13％，
01:45
A number that hasn't changed much
in the past 20 years.
in the past 20 years.
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该数字在过去 20 年并无太大变化。
01:50
And they make up just three percent
of police chiefs as of 2013,
of police chiefs as of 2013,
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在2013年最后一次的统计中，
警察局长里仅有 3% 是女性，
01:54
the last time the data was collected.
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01:58
We know that we can improve those rates.
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我们知道我们本可以提高这些比例。
02:01
Other countries like Canada,
Australia and the UK
Australia and the UK
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其它国家如加拿大、澳大利亚和英国，
女警比例几乎是上述数字的两倍。
02:04
have nearly twice the amount
of policewomen.
of policewomen.
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新西兰正在稳步迈向到2021年实现
02:07
And New Zealand is steadily marching
towards their goal
towards their goal
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02:12
of recruit gender parity by 2021.
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警察男女数量均等的目标。
02:15
Other countries are actively working
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其他国家也正积极努力
02:18
to increase the number
of women in policing,
of women in policing,
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增加女警数量，
因为他们知道大量的，
02:20
because they know of a vast body
of research evidence,
of research evidence,
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跨度 50 多年的研究证据，
02:23
spanning more than 50 years,
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02:25
detailing the advantages
to women in policing.
to women in policing.
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详列了女警的优势。
02:29
From that research,
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根据这项研究，我们知道，
女警察可能较少使用武力，
02:31
we know that policewomen
are less likely to use force
are less likely to use force
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或较少被指责过度使用武力。
02:34
or to be accused of excessive force.
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02:37
We know that policewomen
are less likely to be named in a lawsuit
are less likely to be named in a lawsuit
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我们也得知，女警较少被提起诉讼
或被公民投诉。
02:41
or a citizen complaint.
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02:43
We know that the mere presence
of a policewoman
of a policewoman
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我们还知道，现场即使仅有一名女警
02:46
reduces the use of force
among other officers.
among other officers.
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也会减少其他警员使用武力的可能性。
02:49
And we know that policewomen
are met with the same rates of force
are met with the same rates of force
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而且我们知道，女警与男同行
面临同样概率的武力状况，
面临同样概率的武力状况，
02:53
as their male counterparts,
and sometimes more,
and sometimes more,
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有时甚至更多，
然而，整体来看，
02:56
and yet they're more successful
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她们在消除暴力
或攻击性行为方面更成功。
或攻击性行为方面更成功。
02:57
in defusing violent
or aggressive behavior overall.
or aggressive behavior overall.
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03:01
So there are vast advantages
to women in policing,
to women in policing,
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因此，女性在警务方面有很大优势，
03:04
and we're losing them
to arbitrary fitness standards.
to arbitrary fitness standards.
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而我们正因为武断的
体能标准而失去她们。
体能标准而失去她们。
03:08
The problem is,
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问题就在于，
美国有近 18000 个警察机构——
03:10
the United States has nearly
18,000 police agencies --
18,000 police agencies --
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03:13
18,000 agencies with wildly varying
fitness standards.
fitness standards.
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这些机构之间的
体能标准差异很大。
体能标准差异很大。
03:19
We know that a majority of academies
rely on a masculine ideal of policing
rely on a masculine ideal of policing
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我们知道，多数警察学院
崇尚男性化的治安理想，
崇尚男性化的治安理想，
这导致了警察中女性人数的减少。
03:23
that works to decrease
the number of women in policing.
the number of women in policing.
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03:27
These types of academies
overemphasize physical strength,
overemphasize physical strength,
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这些类型的警院过分强调体力，
而对以下科目的关注要低很多，
03:30
with much less attention spent
to subjects like community policing,
to subjects like community policing,
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如社区警务、问题解决、
03:35
problem-solving
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以及人际交往技能等。
03:36
and interpersonal communication skills.
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03:39
This results in training that does not
mirror the realities of policing.
mirror the realities of policing.
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这导致了警院培训内容
不符合警务实际状况的问题。
不符合警务实际状况的问题。
03:44
Physical agility is but a small
component of police work.
component of police work.
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身体敏捷只是警务工作的一小部分，
03:48
Much of an officer's day is spent
mediating interpersonal conflicts.
mediating interpersonal conflicts.
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警员的大部分日常工作
是调解人际冲突，
是调解人际冲突，
这就是警务工作的现况。
03:52
That's the reality of policing.
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03:57
These are my babies.
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这是我的宝宝们。
03:59
And we can reduce
the disparity in policing
the disparity in policing
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通过改变产生迥异结果的体能考试，
我们可减少警察中男女不公平差异。
04:03
by changing exams
that produce disparate outcomes.
that produce disparate outcomes.
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04:08
The federal courts have stated
that men and women
that men and women
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联邦法院指出，
04:10
simply are not physiologically the same
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就身体体能项目用途来说，
男女在生理上完全不同，
04:12
for the purposes
of physical fitness programs.
of physical fitness programs.
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04:15
And that's based on science.
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而且这些都有科学依据。
04:17
Respected institutions
that law enforcement deeply respects,
that law enforcement deeply respects,
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深受执法部门尊敬的机构，
04:22
like the FBI, the US Marshals Service,
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如美国联邦调查局、美国法警局、
04:24
the DEA and even the US military --
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美国缉毒局，甚至美国军方 ——
他们严格测试这些体能项目，
04:28
they rigorously test fitness programs
to ensure they measure fitness
to ensure they measure fitness
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以确保衡量体能状况时
不会产生性别差异。
不会产生性别差异。
04:32
without gender-disparate outcomes.
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这是为什么？
04:35
Why is that?
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04:37
Because recruiting is expensive.
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因为招聘费用很高，
他们希望招募和留住合格的候选人。
04:39
They want to recruit and retain
qualified candidates.
qualified candidates.
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04:43
You know what else the research finds?
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你知道研究还发现了什么吗？
从整体体能来看，训练有素的女性
04:46
Well-trained women are as capable
as their male counterparts
as their male counterparts
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与男性能力一样强，
04:50
in overall fitness,
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但更重要的是，在如何
执行任务方面同样出色。
执行任务方面同样出色。
04:51
but more importantly, in how they police.
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04:56
The law-enforcement community
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不可否认的是，
执法界正在面临招募危机。
04:57
is admittedly experiencing
a recruitment crisis.
a recruitment crisis.
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然而，若他们真想增加
申请者人数，也可以做到。
申请者人数，也可以做到。
05:00
Yet, if they truly want to increase
the number of applicants, they can.
the number of applicants, they can.
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05:07
We can easily recruit more women
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我们可以轻松的招募到更多女性，
并获得所有这些研究的福利，
05:10
and reap all those research benefits
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只需根据《民权法案》第七章的要求，
05:13
by training well-qualified candidates
to pass validated, work-related,
to pass validated, work-related,
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培训完全合格的候选人，
05:18
physiologically-based fitness exams,
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来通过已验证的、工作相关
和基于生理条件的体能测试。
和基于生理条件的体能测试。
05:21
as required by Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act.
of the Civil Rights Act.
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05:26
We can increase the number of women,
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我们可以增加女性的数量，
05:28
we can reduce that gender disparity,
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我们可以减少性别差异，
05:31
by simply changing exams
that produce disparate outcomes.
that produce disparate outcomes.
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只需改变产生迥异结果的考试即可。
05:35
We have the tools.
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我们有工具，
05:36
We have the research,
we have the science, we have the law.
we have the science, we have the law.
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我们有研究、有科学、有法律，
05:40
This, my friends,
should be a very easy fix.
should be a very easy fix.
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朋友们，这应该是很容易解决的问题。
05:45
Thank you.
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谢谢大家！
05:46
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ivonne Roman - Police captainIvonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing.
Why you should listen
Ivonne Roman's work includes highlighting discriminatory fitness standards that screen women out of police academies, identifying factors that contribute to high attrition rates of women and convening a summit on women in policing to identify research gaps on the topic. She's currently working with the National Institute of Justice to spur policy changes that increase the representation of women in policing.
More profile about the speakerIvonne Roman | Speaker | TED.com