TED2018
Luhan Yang: How to create a world where no one dies waiting for a transplant
楊璐菡: 如何創造一個沒有人會因爲等待器官移植而死亡的世界
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Readability: 4.7
1,582,978 views
近半世紀以來，科學家一直試著要創造一個將動物器官移植到人類身上的過程，這個理論性的夢想能夠協助數十萬名需要移植來救命的人。但，風險一直都太大，特別是PERV 病毒會從豬傳給人類，—直到現在。在這場讓人開眼界的演說中，遺傳學家楊璐菡解釋一項突破：她和她的同事用 CRISPR，一項編輯基因的技術，已經創造出不帶有該病毒的豬，開啟了在豬身上培養器官，以移植給人類的新可能性。來進一步了解這項尖端的科學，以及它如何能協助解決器官短缺的危機。
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticist
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi everyone.
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嗨，大家好。
00:14
I would like to introduce you to Laika.
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讓我向各位介紹萊卡。
00:17
To most of us, Laika is simply
a very cute pig.
a very cute pig.
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對大部分的人來說，
萊卡只是一隻非常可愛的豬。
萊卡只是一隻非常可愛的豬。
00:22
However, to hundreds of thousands
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
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然而，
對於數十萬名需要器官
來救命的病人來說，
來救命的病人來說，
00:29
Laika is a symbol of hope.
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萊卡是希望的象徵。
00:32
You see, ever since the 1970s,
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在七十年代，
00:36
when organ transplants
became a real option
became a real option
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器官移植這個選項成真了，
00:39
for patients with kidney failure
and other organ diseases,
and other organ diseases,
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腎臟衰竭和其他器官疾病的
病人都可以選擇它，
病人都可以選擇它，
00:43
organ supply has been an issue.
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此後，器官供應便成了一個議題。
00:46
Over the last few decades,
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在過去幾十年間，
00:48
the issue only worsened as organ demand
has exponentially increased.
has exponentially increased.
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器官需求以指數增加，
使這個議題變得更糟。
使這個議題變得更糟。
00:55
Currently in the US,
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目前，在美國，
00:57
there are close to 115,000 patients
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有接近 11 萬 5 千名病人
01:01
in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
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需要組織移植來拯救他們的性命。
01:05
By the end of my talk,
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在我的演說結束時，
01:07
one more patient
will be added to this list.
will be added to this list.
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就會再有一位病人加入名單中。
01:12
Today, about 100 people
will get a new organ,
will get a new organ,
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今天，大約有 100 人
可以得到一個新器官，
可以得到一個新器官，
01:16
a chance to start their life anew,
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一個重新開始新生活的機會，
01:19
and yet by the end of today,
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但，在今天結束時，
01:22
20 others will die waiting.
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會有另外 20 個人
等不到器官而死。
等不到器官而死。
01:26
The situation is heartbreaking
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這個情況讓人心碎，
01:28
for patients, for their families
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對病人、對他們的家人，
01:31
and for the doctors who want to do more.
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及對想要做更多的醫生
來說都是如此。
來說都是如此。
01:36
In some parts of the world,
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在世界上的某些地方，
01:37
the situation also becomes
a disturbing social issue.
a disturbing social issue.
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這個情況也變成了
令人不安的社會議題。
令人不安的社會議題。
01:42
In Asia, for example,
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比如，在亞洲，
01:44
media outlets reported
that desperate patients
that desperate patients
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媒體管道報導指出，
走投無路的病人
走投無路的病人
01:48
are obtaining organs
from the cruel black market.
from the cruel black market.
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會從殘酷的黑市取得器官。
01:53
It is clear that a solution
is needed to this crisis.
is needed to this crisis.
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很明顯，這個危機
需要一個解決方案。
需要一個解決方案。
01:59
Human lives are at stake.
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人命關天。
02:03
As a biologist and a geneticist,
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身為生物學家和遺傳學家，
02:06
it has become my mission
to help solve this problem.
to help solve this problem.
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協助解決這個問題成了我的使命。
02:10
Today, I am optimistic to say
that we are on our way there,
that we are on our way there,
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今天，我能很樂觀地說，
我們正在朝那個目標邁進，
我們正在朝那個目標邁進，
02:15
thanks to Laika.
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這要感謝萊卡。
02:17
Using gene editing technology,
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用基因編輯技術，
02:19
it's now possible to exquisitely create
a human-transplantable organ
a human-transplantable organ
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現在已經有可能精緻地創造出
可以移植給人類的器官，
可以移植給人類的器官，
02:25
that can be safely grown in pigs.
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並讓它在安全地長在豬身上。
02:29
Before we jump into the incredible
science that makes it happen,
science that makes it happen,
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在我們跳進去談
讓它成真的偉大科學之前，
讓它成真的偉大科學之前，
02:34
let's have a better understanding
what xenotransplantation is.
what xenotransplantation is.
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咱們先多了解一下
「異種器官移植」是什麼。
「異種器官移植」是什麼。
02:39
It's a process of transplanting
animal organs into humans.
animal organs into humans.
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它是把動物組織移植到
人類身上的過程。
人類身上的過程。
02:44
You may want to ask, why pig organs?
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你們可能會想問，
為什麼用豬的器官？
為什麼用豬的器官？
02:47
Because some pigs carry organs
with similar size and physiology
with similar size and physiology
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因為有些豬本身的器官
和人類器官的大小
及生理機能都很類似。
及生理機能都很類似。
02:52
to human organs.
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02:54
Over the last half a century,
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在過去半個世紀，
02:56
pioneers of transplantation
have tried hard to make it happen,
have tried hard to make it happen,
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移植領域的先鋒
非常努力地實現這個想法，
非常努力地實現這個想法，
03:01
but with limited to no success.
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但成功有限，或甚至根本沒能成功。
03:05
Why is that?
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為什麼會這樣？
03:06
Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
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有兩個基本的阻礙。
03:10
First is a problem of rejection.
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第一，是排斥的問題。
03:13
When our immune system
sees a new organ as foreign,
sees a new organ as foreign,
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當我們的免疫系統
把新器官視為是外來物，
把新器官視為是外來物，
03:17
it will reject it.
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就會排斥它。
03:19
Second, and this one is specific
to the organs from the pig,
to the organs from the pig,
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第二，這是只有豬的器官
才會遇到的狀況，
才會遇到的狀況，
03:24
every pig carries a virus
that is benign to the pig,
that is benign to the pig,
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每隻豬都帶有一種病毒，
這病毒對牠的健康有益，
這病毒對牠的健康有益，
03:29
but can be transmitted into humans.
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但可能會被傳給人類。
03:31
It is called the porcine
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
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這種病毒叫豬內源性
反轉錄病毒（PERV），
反轉錄病毒（PERV），
03:37
and this virus has the potential
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
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這種病毒有可能會造成
類似愛滋病的病毒大流行。
類似愛滋病的病毒大流行。
03:44
Without an effective way
to address these issues,
to address these issues,
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因為沒有有效的方式
來處理這些議題，
來處理這些議題，
03:49
the field of xenotransplantation
has been on hold for more than one decade.
has been on hold for more than one decade.
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異種器官移植的領域
停滯了超過十年的時間。
停滯了超過十年的時間。
03:55
Little progress has been made, until now.
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到目前為止，進展都相當少。
讓我分享一下，我和萊卡的故事
是怎麼今天來到這裡的。
是怎麼今天來到這裡的。
04:01
Let me share with you
how I got here today with Laika.
how I got here today with Laika.
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04:06
My journey started
from Emei Mountain in China.
from Emei Mountain in China.
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我的旅程始於中國的峨眉山。
04:10
That is the place well described
in a lot of legendary stories,
in a lot of legendary stories,
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許多傳奇故事都對這座山
做了很好的描述，
做了很好的描述，
04:14
like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
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比如《臥虎藏龍》。
04:17
That is the place I call home.
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那是我稱為家的地方。
04:20
Growing up in the mountain,
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我在山中長大，
04:22
I started to have
a strong connection with nature.
a strong connection with nature.
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我開始和大自然有強烈的連結。
04:26
This is me when I was seven years old
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這是我七歲的時候，
04:29
standing in front
of an ancient Buddhist temple
of an ancient Buddhist temple
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站在一座古老的佛教寺廟前，
04:33
with a monkey on my shoulder.
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肩上有一隻猴子。
04:35
I still vividly remember
how my friends and I
how my friends and I
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我仍然能很鮮明地記得
我和我的朋友
我和我的朋友
04:38
would toss peanuts around
to distract the monkeys
to distract the monkeys
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如何向周圍丟花生，
來引開猴子的注意力，
來引開猴子的注意力，
04:42
so that we could cross
to hike through the valley.
to hike through the valley.
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這樣我們才能通過，去山谷中健行。
04:45
I love nature.
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我愛大自然。
04:47
When it was time
to choose a field of study,
to choose a field of study,
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在要選擇研讀領域的時候，
04:50
I chose to study biology
at Peking University in Beijing.
at Peking University in Beijing.
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我選擇在北京大學研讀生物。
04:55
However, the more I learned,
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然而我學得越多，就有越多的問題。
04:58
the more questions I had.
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05:00
How could our genetic makeup
be so similar to animals
be so similar to animals
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怎麼可能我們的基因構造
和動物如此相似，
和動物如此相似，
05:05
and yet we look so different?
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外表上卻差這麼多？
05:07
How is our immune system capable
of fighting off so many pathogens
of fighting off so many pathogens
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為什麼我們的免疫系統
能夠抵抗這麼多病原體，
能夠抵抗這麼多病原體，
05:12
but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
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卻聰明到不會攻擊我們自身？
05:16
Questions like this tormented me.
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像這樣的問題讓我很煩擾。
05:19
I know it sounds nerdy,
but you know I'm a scientist.
but you know I'm a scientist.
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我知道這樣聽起來很宅，
但你們知道我是個科學家。
但你們知道我是個科學家。
05:24
After college, I decided
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
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大學之後，我決定
我不想要只是問問題，
我不想要只是問問題，
05:29
I wanted to answer them, so I did.
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我想要回答問題，
我也的確就這麼做了。
我也的確就這麼做了。
05:33
In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
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2008 年，我很幸運，
被哈佛大學的博士班接受，
05:37
into the PhD program at Harvard University
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05:41
and worked with Dr. George Church.
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跟著喬治丘奇博士研究。
05:43
While working in Church's lab,
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在丘奇的實驗室中工作時，
05:45
I started to learn and experiment
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
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我開始學習和實驗
哺乳動物的基因構造。
哺乳動物的基因構造。
05:51
Among all the experiments,
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在所有的實驗中，
05:53
one particular one
took me closer to Laika.
took me closer to Laika.
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有一項實驗特別讓我更靠近萊卡。
05:57
In 2013, my colleagues and I
made changes in a human cell
made changes in a human cell
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2013 年，我和同事
改造了人類的細胞，
改造了人類的細胞，
06:03
using a tool you may have heard about
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我們用的工具各位可能有聽過，
06:05
called CRISPR.
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叫 CRISPR。
06:07
We were one of the first two groups
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最早提出成功使用這種工具
改變人類 DNA 的兩個團隊，
其中一個就是我們。
其中一個就是我們。
06:10
to report the successful use
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
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06:16
It was an exciting moment
in scientific discovery.
in scientific discovery.
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那是科學發現的一個興奮時刻。
06:20
The gene-editing tool CRISPR
has two components.
has two components.
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CRISPR 是種基因編輯工具，
它有兩個元件。
它有兩個元件。
06:25
It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
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它有一把剪刀，
叫做酵素 CRISPR，
叫做酵素 CRISPR，
06:28
and what is called a guide RNA.
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還有所謂的嚮導 RNA。
06:31
Think about it as genetic scissors
with a microscope.
with a microscope.
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把它想成是有顯微鏡的基因剪刀。
06:36
The microscope is a guide RNA,
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顯微鏡是一個嚮導 RNA，
06:39
which brings the scissors
to the place we want to cut
to the place we want to cut
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能把剪刀帶到我們想要剪的地方，
06:43
and says, "Here it is,"
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然後說「就是這裡」，
06:45
and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
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接著酵素 CRISPR 就會剪下去，
並以我們希望的方式
來修復該 DNA。
來修復該 DNA。
06:51
Shortly after we reported our study,
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在我們提出了我們的
研究之後沒多久，
研究之後沒多久，
06:54
physicians at Mass General Hospital
were intrigued by the medical applications
were intrigued by the medical applications
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麻省總醫院的醫師對於我們的研究
在醫療上的應用很感興趣。
07:00
of our research.
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07:02
They reached out to us,
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他們跟我們聯絡，
07:04
and together, we began to see
the potential to use CRISPR
the potential to use CRISPR
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我們合作之後，開始發現
是有可能使用 CRISPR
是有可能使用 CRISPR
07:08
to solve the organ shortage crisis.
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來解決器官短缺的危機。
07:11
How do we do it?
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我們要如何做到？
07:13
It is simple, yet very complex.
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很簡單，卻也很複雜。
07:18
We started by making changes
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
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我們開始改變豬的細胞，
讓它變成沒有病毒，
且和人類免疫系統能夠相容。
且和人類免疫系統能夠相容。
07:24
and human-immune-compatible.
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07:26
The nucleus of that cell
is then implanted into a pig egg
is then implanted into a pig egg
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接著，把那細胞核
植入豬的卵細胞中，
植入豬的卵細胞中，
07:31
and allowed to divide into an embryo.
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讓它分裂成胚胎。
07:34
The resulting embryo is then placed
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
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接著把產生出的胚胎
放到代理孕母的子宮中，
放到代理孕母的子宮中，
07:39
and allowed to divide into a pig.
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讓它分裂成一隻豬。
07:42
Basically, it's a process of cloning.
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基本上，它是一個複製的過程。
07:45
The piglet then carries organs
whose genetic makeup
whose genetic makeup
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這些器官接著就會生長在小豬身上，
07:49
hopefully wouldn't be rejected
by the human immune system.
by the human immune system.
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希望它們的基因構造不會
被人類免疫系統給排斥。
被人類免疫系統給排斥。
07:54
In 2015, our team decided to tackle
the viral transmission problem first.
the viral transmission problem first.
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2015 年，我們的團隊決定
先處理病毒傳播的問題。
08:01
We wanted to take out
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
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我們想要從豬的基因組當中取出
所有 62 個 PERV 病毒的複製品，
08:07
from the pig genome,
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08:10
but at the time,
it was nearly mission impossible.
it was nearly mission impossible.
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但在當時，那幾乎是不可能的任務。
08:14
Even with CRISPR,
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即使有 CRISPR，
08:15
we could only do one or two
modifications within a cell.
modifications within a cell.
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我們也只能在一個細胞中
做一或兩種修改。
做一或兩種修改。
08:20
The record for number of modifications
we can do in a particular cell was five.
we can do in a particular cell was five.
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在一個細胞中，我們所能達到的
最高修改數量記錄是五。
08:27
We had to increase the throughput
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
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我們得要將總處理能力
增加十倍以上才能達成目標。
增加十倍以上才能達成目標。
08:33
With very careful design
and hundreds of trials,
and hundreds of trials,
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經過非常小心的設計
和數百次的試驗，
和數百次的試驗，
08:37
we successfully took out all the virus,
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我們成功取出了全部病毒，
08:40
broke the record.
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打破了記錄。
08:41
More importantly, our studies showed
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更重要的是，我們的研究顯示，
08:44
that we could eliminate
the possibility of this dangerous virus
the possibility of this dangerous virus
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我們可以消除這種危險病毒
傳給人類的可能性。
08:49
being transmitted into humans.
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08:53
Last year, with a modified cell
and cloning technology,
and cloning technology,
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去年，用修改過的細胞
以及複製技術，
以及複製技術，
08:57
our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
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我們的新創公司
eGenesis 產出了萊卡，
eGenesis 產出了萊卡，
09:02
the first pig of its kind
born without PERV.
born without PERV.
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牠是第一隻生出來
就沒有 PERV 的豬。
就沒有 PERV 的豬。
09:07
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:11
Laika represents the first critical step
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萊卡代表的是關鍵的第一步，
09:15
in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
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朝向建立安全異種器官移植邁進。
09:19
It is also a platform
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牠也是個平台，
09:20
that we can do further
genetic modification on
genetic modification on
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我們可以在上面
做進一步的基因修改，
做進一步的基因修改，
09:23
to solve the immunology problem.
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來解決免疫學問題。
09:26
Since then, we have created
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
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從那之後，我們已經創造出了
超過 30 隻沒有 PERV 的豬，
超過 30 隻沒有 PERV 的豬，
09:31
and they may be the most advanced
geno-modified animal living on earth.
geno-modified animal living on earth.
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牠們可能是地球上
最先進的基因改造動物。
最先進的基因改造動物。
09:38
We named Laika after the Soviet dog
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萊卡這個名字是取自第一隻
進入環繞地球軌道的蘇聯太空犬。
09:41
who was the first animal
to orbit the earth.
to orbit the earth.
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09:45
We hope Laika and her siblings
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我們希望萊卡和牠的手足們
09:48
can lead us into a new frontier
of science and medicine.
of science and medicine.
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能領導我們進入
科學和醫學的新領域。
科學和醫學的新領域。
09:55
Imagine a world where patients
who suffer from liver failure
who suffer from liver failure
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想像一個世界，
在那裡，肝衰竭的病人
在那裡，肝衰竭的病人
10:00
can be saved with a new liver
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可以得到新的肝，因而得救，
10:03
without having to wait for a donation
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不需要等待捐贈，
也不用等待另一個人死亡。
也不用等待另一個人死亡。
10:06
or another human to die.
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10:09
Imagine a world where people with diabetes
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想像一個世界，
在那裡，有糖尿病的人
在那裡，有糖尿病的人
10:13
do not have to rely
on insulin after every meal
on insulin after every meal
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不需要仰賴每餐後的胰島素，
10:17
because we can provide them
with good pancreatic cells
with good pancreatic cells
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因為我們能夠提供他們
好的胰臟細胞，
好的胰臟細胞，
10:21
that can produce insulin on their own.
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那些細胞自己就可以產生胰島素。
10:24
And imagine a world
where patients with kidney failure
where patients with kidney failure
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想像一個世界，
在那裡，腎臟衰竭的病人，
在那裡，腎臟衰竭的病人，
10:29
do not have to face
the burden of dialysis.
the burden of dialysis.
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不需要面臨洗腎的沉重負擔。
10:34
We are striving to create that world,
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我們在努力創造那樣的世界，
10:38
a world without organ shortage.
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沒有器官短缺的世界。
10:41
We finally have the tool
to tackle the problem
to tackle the problem
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我們終於有了一項工具
可以處理這個問題，
可以處理這個問題，
10:45
we could never tackle before,
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這是以前完全辦不到的，
10:47
and Laika is just
the beginning of our journey.
the beginning of our journey.
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萊卡只是我們旅程的開端。
10:52
We have to be very humble
in front of nature,
in front of nature,
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在大自然面前，我們得要非常謙虛，
10:55
because there are more issues
to be addressed,
to be addressed,
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因為還有更多議題
需要處理，包括免疫學，
需要處理，包括免疫學，
10:58
including immunology
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10:59
and things we couldn't even
anticipate at this point.
anticipate at this point.
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以及我們在這個時點，
我們甚至還無法預期的議題。
我們甚至還無法預期的議題。
11:04
However, it is our responsibility
to translate the cutting-edge science
to translate the cutting-edge science
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然而，我們有責任
要將這尖端科學轉變為醫學，
11:10
into medicine to save the lives
of all the patients who are waiting.
of all the patients who are waiting.
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來拯救所有在等待的病人的性命。
11:17
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
11:18
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
11:29
Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan,
this is extraordinary work here.
this is extraordinary work here.
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克里斯安德森：璐菡，
這是非常了不起的研究。
這是非常了不起的研究。
11:33
Come forward.
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請上前來。
11:35
So what's the next steps here?
You've got rid of the virus.
You've got rid of the virus.
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接下來要做的是什麼？
你已經解決了病毒問題。
你已經解決了病毒問題。
11:40
The next steps involve
trying to get to the point
trying to get to the point
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接下來要做的是
要試著讓人體不排斥移植。
11:42
where a human body
won't reject a transplant.
won't reject a transplant.
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11:46
What's involved in solving that?
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要解決這問題，會牽涉到什麼？
11:49
Luhan Yang: It's a very
complicated process.
complicated process.
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楊：這是個非常複雜的過程。
11:51
So we need to take out
the antigen of the pigs.
the antigen of the pigs.
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所以我們得要從豬身上取出抗原。
11:55
In addition, we can learn
a lot from cancer.
a lot from cancer.
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此外，我們也從癌症學到很多。
11:59
How can cancer invade
or circumvent our immune system
or circumvent our immune system
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癌症如何能侵入或規避
我們的免疫系統？
我們的免疫系統？
12:03
so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
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我們可能學癌症的技巧，
12:08
and implement that on the pig organ
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把它用在豬的器官上，
12:10
to fool our immune system
to not attack the organ.
to not attack the organ.
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來愚弄我們的免疫系統，
讓它不去攻擊移植的器官。
讓它不去攻擊移植的器官。
12:15
CA: When would you estimate,
when do you hope
when do you hope
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克：依你估計，你希望
12:19
that the first successful
transplant would happen?
transplant would happen?
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第一次成功移值會在何時發生？
12:23
LY: It would be irresponsible for me
to give you any number.
to give you any number.
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楊：我無法給你任何數字，
那是不負責任的行為。
那是不負責任的行為。
12:28
CA: We're at TED.
We're always irresponsible.
We're always irresponsible.
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克：我們在 TED。
我們總是不負責任。
我們總是不負責任。
12:30
LY: But we are working day and night
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楊：但我們日以繼夜地在努力，
試著為病人實現這個夢。
試著為病人實現這個夢。
12:32
trying to make this happen
for the patients.
for the patients.
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12:35
CA: So not even, you won't say
that you think it could happen
that you think it could happen
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克：所以，你甚至
不能說你認為可能會在
不能說你認為可能會在
12:38
within a decade or within
five years or something?
five years or something?
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十年或是五年之類的期間發生嗎？
12:40
LY: For sure we hope it happens
within one decade.
within one decade.
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楊：當然我們會希望
能在十年內實現。
能在十年內實現。
12:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
12:46
CA: So there's a lot of people here
who would be very, very excited at that,
who would be very, very excited at that,
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克：這裡有很多人
對此會感到非常興奮，
對此會感到非常興奮，
12:49
the potential is extraordinary.
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這潛力是非常不凡的。
12:51
There will be some other
people here who are going,
people here who are going,
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這裡也會有一些其他的人說：
「那隻豬太可愛了。
「那隻豬太可愛了。
12:53
"That pig is too cute.
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12:54
Humans shouldn't be exploiting
something so cute for our benefit."
something so cute for our benefit."
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人類不應該利用那麼可愛的生物
來謀求自己的利益。」
來謀求自己的利益。」
12:59
Do you have any response to that?
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你對這個問題有什麼要回應的嗎？
13:03
LY: Yeah, sure.
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楊：有，當然。
13:04
So imagine one pig
can save eight people's lives.
can save eight people's lives.
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想像一下，一隻豬能夠
拯救八個人的性命。
拯救八個人的性命。
13:09
In addition, similar to human donation,
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此外，和人類捐贈很類似，
13:12
if we only harvest
one kidney from the pig,
one kidney from the pig,
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如果我們只從豬身上
取得一個腎臟，
取得一個腎臟，
13:15
the pig can still be alive,
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牠仍然能存活，
13:17
so we are very mindful about the issues,
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我們對於這些議題非常小心謹慎，
13:21
but I think our goal is just to address
the unmet medical need
the unmet medical need
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但我認為我們的目標只是
要處理尚未滿足的醫療需求，
要處理尚未滿足的醫療需求，
13:25
for those patients and their families.
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為了那些病人和他們的家人。
13:28
CA: Plus, no one can say that to you
if they eat bacon, right?
if they eat bacon, right?
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克：此外，吃培根的人
也不能對你說那種話，對吧？
也不能對你說那種話，對吧？
13:32
LY: That's a good point.
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楊：說得有理。
13:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
13:35
CA: Luhan, thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
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克：璐菡，非常感謝。
楊：非常感謝。
楊：非常感謝。
13:37
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticistDr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs.
Why you should listen
With the mission to translate scientific innovation into a life-saving medical procedure, Dr. Luhan Yang is leading a team of world-renowned scientists to leverage CRISPR technology and its potential to deliver safe and effective human transplantable organs to the hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide who are in dire need.
In the US alone, more than 116,000 people annually are in need of a lifesaving organ transplant, and 20 people die every day waiting for a transplant. To address this issue, scientists have been trying to engineer animal organs for human transplantation for more than 100 years. However, concern for issues such as pig-to-human immunological compatibility and cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) have proven to be two insurmountable obstacles -- until now.
In a breakthrough paper published in Science, Yang and her team demonstrated for the first time the inactivation of PERV to prevent cross-species viral transmission, an important milestone for xenotransplantation. As co-founder and chief scientific officer, Yang has been at the center of eGenesis' success. In addition to recruiting and leading a high-caliber scientific team, she has played an integral role in daily management of the company, business strategy and planning, as well as negotiating with investors for early round funding.
Yang holds BS degrees in biology and psychology from Peking University and a PhD in human biology and translational medicine from Harvard Medical School.
Luhan Yang | Speaker | TED.com