TED2018
Luhan Yang: How to create a world where no one dies waiting for a transplant
Luan Jang (Luhan Yang): Kako stvoriti svet u kome niko ne umire čekajući transplantaciju
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Tokom skoro pola veka, naučnici pokušavaju da stvore proces transplantacije životinjskih organa u ljude, teorijski san koji bi mogao da pomogne stotinama hiljada ljudi kojima je potrebna transplantacija koja bi im spasila život. Međutim, rizici, konkretno prenošenje svinjskog endogenog virusa sa svinja na ljude, su oduvek bili ogromni i odmagali su istraživanju - sve do sada. U ovom impresivnom govoru, genetičarka Luan Jang objašnjava otkriće: koristeći CRISPR, tehniku izmene gena, ona i njene kolege su stvorili svinje koje ne nose virus, otvarajući mogućnost da se u svinjama bezbedno razvijaju organi koji se mogu transplantovati u ljude. Saznajte više o ovoj inovativnoj nauci i tome kako može da pomogne u rešavanju problema nedostatka organa.
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticist
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi everyone.
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Zdravo svima.
00:14
I would like to introduce you to Laika.
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Želim da vas upoznam sa Lajkom.
00:17
To most of us, Laika is simply
a very cute pig.
a very cute pig.
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Većini nas, Lajka je samo
veoma slatko prase.
veoma slatko prase.
00:22
However, to hundreds of thousands
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
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Međutim, stotinama hiljada pacijenata
koji čekaju organ
koji im može spasiti život,
koji im može spasiti život,
00:29
Laika is a symbol of hope.
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Lajka je simbol nade.
00:32
You see, ever since the 1970s,
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Vidite, još od 1970-ih,
00:36
when organ transplants
became a real option
became a real option
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kada je transplantacija organa
postala moguća
postala moguća
00:39
for patients with kidney failure
and other organ diseases,
and other organ diseases,
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pacijentima kojima su otkazali bubrezi
i koji imaju druge bolesti organa,
i koji imaju druge bolesti organa,
00:43
organ supply has been an issue.
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problem je bio nedostatak organa.
00:46
Over the last few decades,
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Tokom poslednjih nekoliko decenija,
00:48
the issue only worsened as organ demand
has exponentially increased.
has exponentially increased.
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problem se pogoršao jer se potreba
za organima znato povećala.
za organima znato povećala.
00:55
Currently in the US,
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Trenutno u SAD
00:57
there are close to 115,000 patients
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ima blizu 115 000 pacijenata
01:01
in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
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kojima je potrebna transplantacija.
01:05
By the end of my talk,
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Do kraja mog govora,
01:07
one more patient
will be added to this list.
will be added to this list.
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na ovoj listi će se naći
još jedan pacijent.
još jedan pacijent.
01:12
Today, about 100 people
will get a new organ,
will get a new organ,
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Danas će oko 100 ljudi dobiti novi organ,
01:16
a chance to start their life anew,
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šansu da počne svoj život iznova,
01:19
and yet by the end of today,
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a ipak, do kraja dana,
01:22
20 others will die waiting.
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20 drugih ljudi će umreti čekajući.
01:26
The situation is heartbreaking
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Situacija je srceparajuća
01:28
for patients, for their families
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za pacijente, za njihove porodice
01:31
and for the doctors who want to do more.
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i za lekare koji žele da učine više.
01:36
In some parts of the world,
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U nekim delovima sveta,
01:37
the situation also becomes
a disturbing social issue.
a disturbing social issue.
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ova situacija je postala
uznemirujuć društveni problem.
uznemirujuć društveni problem.
01:42
In Asia, for example,
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U Aziji, na primer,
01:44
media outlets reported
that desperate patients
that desperate patients
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mediji izveštavaju da očajni pacijenti
01:48
are obtaining organs
from the cruel black market.
from the cruel black market.
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nabavljaju organe
sa okrutnog crnog tržišta.
sa okrutnog crnog tržišta.
01:53
It is clear that a solution
is needed to this crisis.
is needed to this crisis.
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Jasno je da ova krizna situacija
zahteva rešenje.
zahteva rešenje.
01:59
Human lives are at stake.
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U pitanju su ljudski životi.
02:03
As a biologist and a geneticist,
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Kao biologa i genetičara,
02:06
it has become my mission
to help solve this problem.
to help solve this problem.
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moja misija je postala da pomognem
u rešavanju ovog problema.
u rešavanju ovog problema.
02:10
Today, I am optimistic to say
that we are on our way there,
that we are on our way there,
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Danas mogu optimistično da kažem
da smo na putu rešenja,
da smo na putu rešenja,
02:15
thanks to Laika.
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zahvaljujući Lajki.
02:17
Using gene editing technology,
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Koristeći tehnologiju izmene gena,
02:19
it's now possible to exquisitely create
a human-transplantable organ
a human-transplantable organ
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sada je moguće precizno stvoriti organ
koji je moguće presaditi u ljude,
koji je moguće presaditi u ljude,
02:25
that can be safely grown in pigs.
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a koji može bezbedno
da se razvija u svinjama.
da se razvija u svinjama.
02:29
Before we jump into the incredible
science that makes it happen,
science that makes it happen,
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Pre nego što pređemo na neverovatnu
nauku koja ovo omogućava,
nauku koja ovo omogućava,
02:34
let's have a better understanding
what xenotransplantation is.
what xenotransplantation is.
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hajde da se bliže pozabavimo
ksenotransplantacijom.
ksenotransplantacijom.
02:39
It's a process of transplanting
animal organs into humans.
animal organs into humans.
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To je proces transplantacije
životinjskih organa u ljude.
životinjskih organa u ljude.
02:44
You may want to ask, why pig organs?
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Možda ćete se zapitati
zašto svinjski organi.
zašto svinjski organi.
02:47
Because some pigs carry organs
with similar size and physiology
with similar size and physiology
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Zato što neke svinje imaju organe
slične veličine i fiziologije
slične veličine i fiziologije
02:52
to human organs.
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kao što su ljudski organi.
02:54
Over the last half a century,
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Tokom poslednjih pola veka,
02:56
pioneers of transplantation
have tried hard to make it happen,
have tried hard to make it happen,
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pioniri transplantacije
uporno pokušavaju da to ostvare,
uporno pokušavaju da to ostvare,
03:01
but with limited to no success.
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ali uz malo uspeha ili bezuspešno.
03:05
Why is that?
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Zašto?
03:06
Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
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Dve bitne prepreke su im stajale na putu.
03:10
First is a problem of rejection.
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Prva je problem odbijanja.
03:13
When our immune system
sees a new organ as foreign,
sees a new organ as foreign,
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Kada naš imuni sistem prepozna
novi organ kao strani,
novi organ kao strani,
03:17
it will reject it.
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odbiće ga.
03:19
Second, and this one is specific
to the organs from the pig,
to the organs from the pig,
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Druga, karakteristična za svinjske organe,
03:24
every pig carries a virus
that is benign to the pig,
that is benign to the pig,
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je ta što svaka svinja nosi virus
koji je bezopasan za nju,
koji je bezopasan za nju,
03:29
but can be transmitted into humans.
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ali se može preneti na ljude.
03:31
It is called the porcine
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
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On se zove svinjski
endogeni retrovirus, PERV,
endogeni retrovirus, PERV,
03:37
and this virus has the potential
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
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koji može uzrokovati virusnu
epidemiju sličnu HIV-u.
epidemiju sličnu HIV-u.
03:44
Without an effective way
to address these issues,
to address these issues,
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Bez pravog načina na koji
bismo ove probleme rešili,
bismo ove probleme rešili,
03:49
the field of xenotransplantation
has been on hold for more than one decade.
has been on hold for more than one decade.
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polje ksenotransplantacije je bilo
na čekanju više od deceniju.
na čekanju više od deceniju.
03:55
Little progress has been made, until now.
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Napravljeno je malo pomaka, sve do sada.
04:01
Let me share with you
how I got here today with Laika.
how I got here today with Laika.
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Ispričaću vam kako sam
dospela ovde sa Lajkom.
dospela ovde sa Lajkom.
04:06
My journey started
from Emei Mountain in China.
from Emei Mountain in China.
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Moje putovanje je počelo
na planini Emei u Kini.
na planini Emei u Kini.
04:10
That is the place well described
in a lot of legendary stories,
in a lot of legendary stories,
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To je mesto opisano u mnogim legendama,
04:14
like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
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kao što je „Pritajeni tigar,
skriveni zmaj.“
skriveni zmaj.“
04:17
That is the place I call home.
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To je mesto koje zovem dom.
04:20
Growing up in the mountain,
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Odrastajući na planini,
04:22
I started to have
a strong connection with nature.
a strong connection with nature.
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počela sam da razvijam
snažnu vezu sa prirodom.
snažnu vezu sa prirodom.
04:26
This is me when I was seven years old
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Ovo sam ja kad sam imala sedam godina
04:29
standing in front
of an ancient Buddhist temple
of an ancient Buddhist temple
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kako stojim ispred
drevnog budističkog hrama
drevnog budističkog hrama
04:33
with a monkey on my shoulder.
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sa majmunom na ramenu.
04:35
I still vividly remember
how my friends and I
how my friends and I
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Još se jasno sećam
kako smo moji prijatelji i ja
kako smo moji prijatelji i ja
04:38
would toss peanuts around
to distract the monkeys
to distract the monkeys
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bacali kikiriki da odvratimo
pažnju majmunima
pažnju majmunima
04:42
so that we could cross
to hike through the valley.
to hike through the valley.
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i da možemo da pešačimo kroz dolinu.
04:45
I love nature.
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Volim prirodu.
04:47
When it was time
to choose a field of study,
to choose a field of study,
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Kada je trebalo
da izaberem šta ću studirati,
da izaberem šta ću studirati,
04:50
I chose to study biology
at Peking University in Beijing.
at Peking University in Beijing.
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izabrala sam biologiju
na Univerzitetu u Pekingu.
na Univerzitetu u Pekingu.
04:55
However, the more I learned,
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Međutim, što sam više učila,
04:58
the more questions I had.
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više pitanja sam imala.
05:00
How could our genetic makeup
be so similar to animals
be so similar to animals
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Kako naš genetički sklop može
biti tako sličan životinjskom,
biti tako sličan životinjskom,
05:05
and yet we look so different?
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a ipak izgledamo skroz drugačije?
05:07
How is our immune system capable
of fighting off so many pathogens
of fighting off so many pathogens
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Kako je naš imuni sistem sposoban
da se izbori sa toliko patogena,
da se izbori sa toliko patogena,
05:12
but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
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ali opet tako pametan da nas ne napada.
05:16
Questions like this tormented me.
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Ovakva pitanja su me mučila.
05:19
I know it sounds nerdy,
but you know I'm a scientist.
but you know I'm a scientist.
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Znam da zvuči štreberski,
ali, znate, ja sam naučnica.
ali, znate, ja sam naučnica.
05:24
After college, I decided
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
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Nakon studija, odlučila sam da ne želim
samo da postavljam pitanja,
samo da postavljam pitanja,
05:29
I wanted to answer them, so I did.
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već i da na njih odgovorim, pa i jesam.
05:33
In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
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Godine 2008. sam imala sreću da me prime
05:37
into the PhD program at Harvard University
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na doktorske studije na Harvardu
05:41
and worked with Dr. George Church.
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i da radim sa dr Džordžom Čerčom.
05:43
While working in Church's lab,
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Radeći u njegovoj laboratoriji,
05:45
I started to learn and experiment
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
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počela sam da učim i eksperimentišem
sa genetskim sastavom sisara.
sa genetskim sastavom sisara.
05:51
Among all the experiments,
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Među svim eksperimentima,
05:53
one particular one
took me closer to Laika.
took me closer to Laika.
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jedan konkretno me je doveo
korak bliže Lajki.
korak bliže Lajki.
05:57
In 2013, my colleagues and I
made changes in a human cell
made changes in a human cell
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Godine 2013, moje kolege i ja
smo promenili ljudsku ćeliju,
smo promenili ljudsku ćeliju,
06:03
using a tool you may have heard about
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koristeći alat za koji ste možda čuli,
06:05
called CRISPR.
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a zove se CRISPR.
06:07
We were one of the first two groups
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Bili smo jedna od prve dve grupe
06:10
to report the successful use
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
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koja je uspešno primenila ovakav
alat za promenu našeg DNK.
alat za promenu našeg DNK.
06:16
It was an exciting moment
in scientific discovery.
in scientific discovery.
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Bio je to uzbudljiv trenutak
u naučnom otkriću.
u naučnom otkriću.
06:20
The gene-editing tool CRISPR
has two components.
has two components.
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Alat za izmenu gena CRISPR
ima dve komponente.
ima dve komponente.
06:25
It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
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Ima makaze zvane enzim CRISPR
06:28
and what is called a guide RNA.
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i nešto što se zove vodič RNK.
06:31
Think about it as genetic scissors
with a microscope.
with a microscope.
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Zamislite genetske makaze sa mikroskopom.
06:36
The microscope is a guide RNA,
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Mikroskop je vodič RNK,
06:39
which brings the scissors
to the place we want to cut
to the place we want to cut
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koji navodi makaze do mesta
gde želimo da sečemo
gde želimo da sečemo
06:43
and says, "Here it is,"
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i kaže: „Evo ga“,
06:45
and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
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a enzim CRISPR prosto seče
i popravlja DNK kako mi želimo.
i popravlja DNK kako mi želimo.
06:51
Shortly after we reported our study,
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Ubrzo nakon što smo podneli
izveštaj o našoj studiji,
izveštaj o našoj studiji,
06:54
physicians at Mass General Hospital
were intrigued by the medical applications
were intrigued by the medical applications
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lekari u Opštoj bolnici u Masačusetsu
su bili intrigirani medicinskim primenama
su bili intrigirani medicinskim primenama
07:00
of our research.
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našeg istraživanja.
07:02
They reached out to us,
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Oni su nam se obratili
07:04
and together, we began to see
the potential to use CRISPR
the potential to use CRISPR
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i zajedno smo počeli da uviđamo
potencijal korišćenja CRISPR-a
potencijal korišćenja CRISPR-a
07:08
to solve the organ shortage crisis.
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u rešavanju krize nedostatka organa.
07:11
How do we do it?
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Kako to radimo?
07:13
It is simple, yet very complex.
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Prosto je, a opet kompleksno.
07:18
We started by making changes
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
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Počeli smo praveći izmene
u svinjskoj ćeliji da je oslobodimo virusa
u svinjskoj ćeliji da je oslobodimo virusa
07:24
and human-immune-compatible.
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i učinimo kompatibilnom
za ljudski imunitet.
za ljudski imunitet.
07:26
The nucleus of that cell
is then implanted into a pig egg
is then implanted into a pig egg
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Jezgro te ćelije se zatim
usadi u jaje svinje
usadi u jaje svinje
07:31
and allowed to divide into an embryo.
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i deli u embrion.
07:34
The resulting embryo is then placed
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
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Rezultirajući embrion se zatim
postavlja u matericu surogat majke
postavlja u matericu surogat majke
07:39
and allowed to divide into a pig.
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i razvija se u svinju.
07:42
Basically, it's a process of cloning.
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U suštini, to je proces kloniranja.
07:45
The piglet then carries organs
whose genetic makeup
whose genetic makeup
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Prasence zatim nosi organe
čiji genetski sastav,
čiji genetski sastav,
07:49
hopefully wouldn't be rejected
by the human immune system.
by the human immune system.
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ljudski imuni sistem,
nadajmo se, neće odbiti.
nadajmo se, neće odbiti.
07:54
In 2015, our team decided to tackle
the viral transmission problem first.
the viral transmission problem first.
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U 2015, naš tim je odlučio da se prvo
pozabavi problemom prenošenja virusa.
pozabavi problemom prenošenja virusa.
08:01
We wanted to take out
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
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Želeli smo da izdvojimo
sve 62 kopije virusa PERV
sve 62 kopije virusa PERV
08:07
from the pig genome,
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iz genoma svinje,
08:10
but at the time,
it was nearly mission impossible.
it was nearly mission impossible.
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ali je to tada bila skoro nemoguća misija.
08:14
Even with CRISPR,
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Čak i sa alatom CRISPR,
08:15
we could only do one or two
modifications within a cell.
modifications within a cell.
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mogli smo samo da napravimo
jednu ili dve modifikacije u ćeliji.
jednu ili dve modifikacije u ćeliji.
08:20
The record for number of modifications
we can do in a particular cell was five.
we can do in a particular cell was five.
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Najveći broj modifikacija koje možemo
napraviti u određenoj ćeliji je bio pet.
napraviti u određenoj ćeliji je bio pet.
08:27
We had to increase the throughput
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
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Morali smo da povećamo protok više
od desetostruko da bismo to postigli.
od desetostruko da bismo to postigli.
08:33
With very careful design
and hundreds of trials,
and hundreds of trials,
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Pažljivim dizajnom i stotinama proba,
08:37
we successfully took out all the virus,
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uspešno smo odstranili ceo virus
08:40
broke the record.
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i oborili rekord.
08:41
More importantly, our studies showed
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Što je još važnije,
naše studije su pokazale
naše studije su pokazale
08:44
that we could eliminate
the possibility of this dangerous virus
the possibility of this dangerous virus
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da možemo ukloniti mogućnost
da se ovaj opasan virus
da se ovaj opasan virus
08:49
being transmitted into humans.
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prenese na ljude.
08:53
Last year, with a modified cell
and cloning technology,
and cloning technology,
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Prošle godine, sa modifikovanom ćelijom
i tehnologijom kloniranja,
i tehnologijom kloniranja,
08:57
our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
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naša startap kompanija,
eGenesis, je proizvela Lajku,
eGenesis, je proizvela Lajku,
09:02
the first pig of its kind
born without PERV.
born without PERV.
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prvo prase svoje vrste rođeno bez PERV-a.
09:07
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:11
Laika represents the first critical step
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Lajka predstavlja prvi presudan korak
09:15
in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
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u uspostavljanju
bezbedne ksenotransplantacije.
bezbedne ksenotransplantacije.
09:19
It is also a platform
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Takođe je platforma
09:20
that we can do further
genetic modification on
genetic modification on
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pomoću koje možemo raditi
dalju genetsku modifikaciju,
dalju genetsku modifikaciju,
09:23
to solve the immunology problem.
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kako bismo rešili problem imunologije.
09:26
Since then, we have created
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
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Od tada, stvorili smo više
od 30 svinja bez virusa PERV
od 30 svinja bez virusa PERV
09:31
and they may be the most advanced
geno-modified animal living on earth.
geno-modified animal living on earth.
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i one su možda najnaprednije
genetski modifikovane životinje na zemlji.
genetski modifikovane životinje na zemlji.
09:38
We named Laika after the Soviet dog
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Lajku smo nazvali po sovjetskom psu
09:41
who was the first animal
to orbit the earth.
to orbit the earth.
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koji je bio prva životinja
koja je kružila oko Zemlje.
koja je kružila oko Zemlje.
09:45
We hope Laika and her siblings
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Nadamo se da će nas Lajka
i njena braća i sestre
i njena braća i sestre
09:48
can lead us into a new frontier
of science and medicine.
of science and medicine.
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povesti do novih granica nauke i medicine.
09:55
Imagine a world where patients
who suffer from liver failure
who suffer from liver failure
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Zamislite svet u kome pacijenti
kojima je otkazala jetra
kojima je otkazala jetra
10:00
can be saved with a new liver
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mogu biti spašeni novom jetrom
10:03
without having to wait for a donation
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bez čekanja na donaciju
10:06
or another human to die.
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ili da drugo ljudsko biće umre.
10:09
Imagine a world where people with diabetes
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Zamislite svet u kome ljudi sa dijabetesom
10:13
do not have to rely
on insulin after every meal
on insulin after every meal
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ne moraju da se oslanjaju
na insulin posle svakog obroka
na insulin posle svakog obroka
10:17
because we can provide them
with good pancreatic cells
with good pancreatic cells
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jer im mi možemo obezbediti
dobre ćelije pankreasa
dobre ćelije pankreasa
10:21
that can produce insulin on their own.
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koje same mogu proizvoditi insulin.
10:24
And imagine a world
where patients with kidney failure
where patients with kidney failure
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I zamislite svet u kojem pacijenti
sa insuficijencijom bubrega
sa insuficijencijom bubrega
10:29
do not have to face
the burden of dialysis.
the burden of dialysis.
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ne moraju da idu na dijalizu.
10:34
We are striving to create that world,
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Stremimo da stvorimo takav svet,
10:38
a world without organ shortage.
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svet bez nedostatka organa.
10:41
We finally have the tool
to tackle the problem
to tackle the problem
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Konačno imamo sredstvo
da se suočimo sa ovim problemom
da se suočimo sa ovim problemom
10:45
we could never tackle before,
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sa kojim pre nismo mogli,
10:47
and Laika is just
the beginning of our journey.
the beginning of our journey.
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a Lajka je samo početak našeg putovanja.
10:52
We have to be very humble
in front of nature,
in front of nature,
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Moramo biti jako ponizni pred prirodom,
10:55
because there are more issues
to be addressed,
to be addressed,
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jer postoji više problema
kojima se treba pozabaviti,
kojima se treba pozabaviti,
10:58
including immunology
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uključujući imunologiju
10:59
and things we couldn't even
anticipate at this point.
anticipate at this point.
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i stvari koje ne možemo
ni zamisliti u ovom trenutku.
ni zamisliti u ovom trenutku.
11:04
However, it is our responsibility
to translate the cutting-edge science
to translate the cutting-edge science
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Međutim, naša je odgovornost
da primenimo ovu inovativnu nauku
da primenimo ovu inovativnu nauku
11:10
into medicine to save the lives
of all the patients who are waiting.
of all the patients who are waiting.
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na medicinu da bismo spasili živote
svih pacijenata koji čekaju.
svih pacijenata koji čekaju.
11:17
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
11:18
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
11:29
Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan,
this is extraordinary work here.
this is extraordinary work here.
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Kris Anderson: Mislim, Luan,
ovo je sjajan posao.
ovo je sjajan posao.
11:33
Come forward.
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Priđi.
11:35
So what's the next steps here?
You've got rid of the virus.
You've got rid of the virus.
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Koji vam je sledeći korak?
Rešili ste se virusa.
Rešili ste se virusa.
11:40
The next steps involve
trying to get to the point
trying to get to the point
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Naredni koraci podrazumevaju
da pokušamo da postignemo
da pokušamo da postignemo
11:42
where a human body
won't reject a transplant.
won't reject a transplant.
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da ljudsko telo ne odbije novi organ.
11:46
What's involved in solving that?
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Šta to podrazumeva?
11:49
Luhan Yang: It's a very
complicated process.
complicated process.
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Luan Jang: To je jako komplikovan proces.
11:51
So we need to take out
the antigen of the pigs.
the antigen of the pigs.
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Moramo da izdvojimo antigen svinja.
11:55
In addition, we can learn
a lot from cancer.
a lot from cancer.
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Takođe, možemo mnogo naučiti iz raka.
11:59
How can cancer invade
or circumvent our immune system
or circumvent our immune system
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Kako rak može da napadne
ili zaobiđe naš imuni sistem,
ili zaobiđe naš imuni sistem,
12:03
so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
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kako bismo iskoristili taj njegov trik
12:08
and implement that on the pig organ
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i primenili ga na svinjski organ
12:10
to fool our immune system
to not attack the organ.
to not attack the organ.
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da zavaramo naš imuni sistem
da ne napada organ.
da ne napada organ.
12:15
CA: When would you estimate,
when do you hope
when do you hope
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KA: Kada procenjujete, kada se nadate
12:19
that the first successful
transplant would happen?
transplant would happen?
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da će biti izvedena
prva uspešna transplantacija?
prva uspešna transplantacija?
12:23
LY: It would be irresponsible for me
to give you any number.
to give you any number.
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LJ: Bilo bi neodgovorno s moje strane
da vam dajem bilo kakve brojke.
da vam dajem bilo kakve brojke.
12:28
CA: We're at TED.
We're always irresponsible.
We're always irresponsible.
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KA: Na TED-u smo. Mi smo uvek neodgovorni.
12:30
LY: But we are working day and night
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LJ: Ali radimo danonoćno
12:32
trying to make this happen
for the patients.
for the patients.
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da to ostvarimo za pacijente.
12:35
CA: So not even, you won't say
that you think it could happen
that you think it could happen
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KA: Nećete nam čak ni reći
da mislite da bi moglo da se desi
da mislite da bi moglo da se desi
12:38
within a decade or within
five years or something?
five years or something?
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u toku naredne decenije
ili narednih pet godina ili slično?
ili narednih pet godina ili slično?
12:40
LY: For sure we hope it happens
within one decade.
within one decade.
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LJ: Definitivno se nadamo
da će se desiti u roku od decenije.
da će se desiti u roku od decenije.
12:44
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:46
CA: So there's a lot of people here
who would be very, very excited at that,
who would be very, very excited at that,
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KA: Ima mnogo ljudi ovde
koji bi se veoma obradovali tome,
koji bi se veoma obradovali tome,
12:49
the potential is extraordinary.
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potencijal je sjajan.
12:51
There will be some other
people here who are going,
people here who are going,
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Biće i drugih ljudi koji će biti u fazonu:
12:53
"That pig is too cute.
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"To prase je preslatko.
12:54
Humans shouldn't be exploiting
something so cute for our benefit."
something so cute for our benefit."
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Ljudi ne bi trebalo da iskorišćavaju
nešto tako slatko za svoju korist."
nešto tako slatko za svoju korist."
12:59
Do you have any response to that?
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Da li imate nešto da kažete na to?
13:03
LY: Yeah, sure.
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LJ: Da, naravno.
13:04
So imagine one pig
can save eight people's lives.
can save eight people's lives.
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Zamislite da jedna svinja
može spasiti osam ljudskih života.
može spasiti osam ljudskih života.
13:09
In addition, similar to human donation,
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Takođe, kao i sa ljudskom donacijom,
13:12
if we only harvest
one kidney from the pig,
one kidney from the pig,
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ako uzmemo samo jedan bubreg od svinje,
13:15
the pig can still be alive,
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ona može preživeti,
13:17
so we are very mindful about the issues,
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pa smo vrlo obazrivi sa ovim problemima,
13:21
but I think our goal is just to address
the unmet medical need
the unmet medical need
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ali mislim da je naš cilj da se pozabavimo
nezadovoljenom medicinskom potrebom
nezadovoljenom medicinskom potrebom
13:25
for those patients and their families.
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za te pacijente i njihove porodice.
13:28
CA: Plus, no one can say that to you
if they eat bacon, right?
if they eat bacon, right?
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KA: Plus, niko ko jede slaninu vam
ne može to zameriti, je l' da?
ne može to zameriti, je l' da?
13:32
LY: That's a good point.
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LJ: To je tačno.
13:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
13:35
CA: Luhan, thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
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KA: Luan, mnogo ti hvala.
LJ: Hvala vama.
LJ: Hvala vama.
13:37
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticistDr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs.
Why you should listen
With the mission to translate scientific innovation into a life-saving medical procedure, Dr. Luhan Yang is leading a team of world-renowned scientists to leverage CRISPR technology and its potential to deliver safe and effective human transplantable organs to the hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide who are in dire need.
In the US alone, more than 116,000 people annually are in need of a lifesaving organ transplant, and 20 people die every day waiting for a transplant. To address this issue, scientists have been trying to engineer animal organs for human transplantation for more than 100 years. However, concern for issues such as pig-to-human immunological compatibility and cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) have proven to be two insurmountable obstacles -- until now.
In a breakthrough paper published in Science, Yang and her team demonstrated for the first time the inactivation of PERV to prevent cross-species viral transmission, an important milestone for xenotransplantation. As co-founder and chief scientific officer, Yang has been at the center of eGenesis' success. In addition to recruiting and leading a high-caliber scientific team, she has played an integral role in daily management of the company, business strategy and planning, as well as negotiating with investors for early round funding.
Yang holds BS degrees in biology and psychology from Peking University and a PhD in human biology and translational medicine from Harvard Medical School.
Luhan Yang | Speaker | TED.com