ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com
Mission Blue II

Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling?

卡爾.薩菲納: 動物在想什麼?

Filmed:
2,341,963 views

動物的大腦裡在想什麼?我們能夠知道牠們是否在思考,有情感嗎?如果牠們能思考,那又是在想什麼?牠們能感覺什麼?卡爾.薩菲納認為我們可以做到。他分享了觸及生態學、生物學以及行為科學的發現與趣聞,編織出鯨魚、狼群、大象和信天翁的故事,並認為會思考、感覺、使用工具、表達情緒的不只有人類,跟我們共享地球的其它生物和心智也同樣可以。
- Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Have you ever wondered想知道
what animals動物 think and feel?
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你可曾想過動物在想什麼?
感受為何?
00:17
Let's start開始 with a question:
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我們從這問題講起:
00:19
Does my dog really love me,
or does she just want a treat對待?
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我的狗真的愛我?
還是她只想吃零食?
00:24
Well, it's easy簡單 to see
that our dog really loves us,
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當然我們都知道
我們的狗是真的愛我們。
00:29
easy簡單 to see, right,
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簡單就看得出來,對吧?
00:32
what's going on in that fuzzy模糊 little head.
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可以想像這些毛絨絨的
小腦袋裡想著什麼嗎?
00:36
What is going on?
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所以牠們到底在想什麼?
00:39
Something's出了點 going on.
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一定有些事。
00:41
But why is the question always
do they love us?
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但是為什麼我們總是
問牠們是否愛我們?
00:46
Why is it always about us?
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為什麼問題總是關於我們?
00:48
Why are we such這樣 narcissists自戀者?
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為何我們如此自戀?
00:52
I found發現 a different不同 question
to ask animals動物.
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我想問動物另一個問題:
00:57
Who are you?
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你是誰?
01:01
There are capacities能力 of the human人的 mind心神
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人類的智力具有數種能力,
01:04
that we tend趨向 to think are capacities能力
only of the human人的 mind心神.
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我們一向認為是只有人類才擁有的能力。
01:10
But is that true真正?
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但是事實真是如此嗎?
01:12
What are other beings眾生
doing with those brains大腦?
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其他生物跟腦有何關係?
01:16
What are they thinking思維 and feeling感覺?
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牠們思考和感受到什麼?
01:19
Is there a way to know?
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能有辦法知道嗎?
01:21
I think there is a way in.
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我認為可以,
01:22
I think there are several一些 ways方法 in.
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我認為有一些方法可以。
01:24
We can look at evolution演化,
we can look at their brains大腦
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我們可以看看演化過程,
我們可以看看牠們的大腦,
01:29
and we can watch what they do.
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我們也可以觀察牠們的習性。
01:33
The first thing to remember記得 is:
our brain is inherited遺傳.
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首先要記得:
我們的頭腦是演化繼承而來的。
01:38
The first neurons神經元 came來了 from jellyfish海蜇.
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最古老的神經元來自水母。
01:42
Jellyfish海蜇 gave rise上升
to the first chordates脊索動物.
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水母演化成早期的脊索動物,
01:45
The first chordates脊索動物 gave rise上升
to the first vertebrates脊椎動物.
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脊索動物演化成脊椎動物,
01:49
The vertebrates脊椎動物 came來了 out of the sea,
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脊椎動物走出海洋,
01:51
and here we are.
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然後演化成我們。
01:54
But it's still true真正 that a neuron神經元,
a nerve神經 cell細胞, looks容貌 the same相同
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然而,這仍是事實:
神經元、神經細胞看起來都一樣,
02:00
in a crayfish小龍蝦, a bird or you.
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不管存在於小龍蝦、鳥,
或是你都一樣。
02:04
What does that say
about the minds頭腦 of crayfish小龍蝦?
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那這些事實又怎樣說明
小龍蝦的頭腦呢?
02:08
Can we tell anything about that?
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我們能知道什麼?
02:10
Well, it turns out that
if you give a crayfish小龍蝦
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我們發現如果你給一隻小龍蝦
02:14
a lot of little tiny electric電動 shocks震盪
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多次的微量電擊,
02:17
every一切 time it tries嘗試
to come out of its burrow地洞,
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每次牠想從地洞裡出來時
都這麼做的話,
02:19
it will develop發展 anxiety焦慮.
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牠會變得緊張。
02:23
If you give the crayfish小龍蝦 the same相同 drug藥物
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如果你給小龍蝦人類的藥物,
02:26
used to treat對待 anxiety焦慮 disorder紊亂 in humans人類,
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一些治療人類焦慮症的藥物,
02:29
it relaxes放鬆 and comes out and explores探討.
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牠會放鬆然後爬出來走一走。
02:34
How do we show顯示 how much
we care關心 about crayfish小龍蝦 anxiety焦慮?
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那如何呈現我們
多麼在乎小龍蝦的焦慮?
02:37
Mostly大多, we boil them.
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我們大都把牠們烹煮了吧。
02:39
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:42
Octopuses章魚 use tools工具,
as well as do most apes類人猿
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章魚也使用工具,
做得跟多數猿類一樣熟練,
02:47
and they recognize認識 human人的 faces面孔.
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牠們也會識別人臉。
02:50
How do we celebrate慶祝 the ape-like類人猿
intelligence情報 of this invertebrate無脊椎動物?
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我們要如何讚頌
這如猿類智力般的無脊椎動物?
02:55
Mostly大多 boiled煮沸.
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我們大都把牠們烹煮了吧。
02:58
If a grouper石斑魚 chases追逐 a fish
into a crevice裂縫 in the coral珊瑚,
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如果石斑魚將魚趕到珊瑚縫中,
03:02
it will sometimes有時 go to where it knows知道
a moray海鰻 eel鰻魚 is sleeping睡眠
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牠有時候會游去
已知道有海鰻睡覺的地方,
03:07
and it will signal信號
to the moray海鰻, "Follow跟隨 me,"
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然後對著海鰻發出
「跟我走」的信號,
03:11
and the moray海鰻 will understand理解 that signal信號.
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海鰻可以理解牠的意思,
03:14
The moray海鰻 may可能 go into the crevice裂縫
and get the fish,
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然後跟著游進珊瑚縫去捕獵魚,
03:17
but the fish may可能 bolt螺栓
and the grouper石斑魚 may可能 get it.
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但魚可能逃脫,
而石斑魚就可以逮到牠。
03:20
This is an ancient partnership合夥 that we
have just recently最近 found發現 out about.
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這種古老的合作關係
我們最近才發現。
03:26
How do we celebrate慶祝
that ancient partnership合夥?
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我們要如何讚頌
這古老的合作關係?
03:30
Mostly大多 fried油炸.
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我們大都把牠們炸了吧!
03:32
A pattern模式 is emerging新興 and it says
a lot more about us
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這些行為模式的出現
更加清楚說明了我們的行為,
03:36
than it does about them.
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並不單只是說明了牠們的。
03:39
Sea otters水獺 use tools工具
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水瀨會用工具,
03:42
and they take time away
from what they're doing
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而且他們挪出時間
03:45
to show顯示 their babies嬰兒 what to do,
which哪一個 is called teaching教學.
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示範動作給牠們的寶寶看,
這就是教學。
03:49
Chimpanzees黑猩猩 don't teach.
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黑猩猩沒有教學行為。
03:52
Killer兇手 whales鯨魚 teach
and killer兇手 whales鯨魚 share分享 food餐飲.
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虎鯨不但會教學,
也會分享食物。
03:58
When evolution演化 makes品牌 something new,
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在演化創造新生物時,
04:00
it uses使用 the parts部分 it has
in stock股票, off the shelf,
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保留原有部分的血統體系,
04:05
before it fabricates編造 a new twist.
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再分化轉變。
04:07
And our brain has come to us
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而我們現在所演化而成的大腦
04:10
through通過 the enormity艱鉅
of the deep sweep of time.
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歷經了時間的巨輪。
04:14
If you look at the human人的 brain
compared相比 to a chimpanzee黑猩猩 brain,
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如果你拿人類的大腦
與黑猩猩的大腦來比較,
04:18
what you see is we have basically基本上
a very big chimpanzee黑猩猩 brain.
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你看到的基本上是
我們有一顆很大的黑猩猩大腦。
04:21
It's a good thing ours我們的 is bigger,
because we're also really insecure不安全.
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我們頭腦較大是好事,
因為我們很真的很沒信心。
04:25
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:27
But, uh oh, there's a dolphin海豚,
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然而... 喔哦...
這是的海豚大腦。
04:30
a bigger brain with more convolutions卷積.
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這是更大的腦,
皺摺也更多。
04:34
OK, maybe you're saying,
all right, well, we see brains大腦,
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好了,也許你會說:
「沒錯我們看到大腦,
04:37
but what does that
have to say about minds頭腦?
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但這跟心智有什麼關係呢?」
04:40
Well, we can see the working加工 of the mind心神
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嗯,我們可以看到心智
04:44
in the logic邏輯 of behaviors行為.
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在行為邏輯中的活動。
04:46
So these elephants大象, you can see,
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所以你看這些大象
04:50
obviously明顯, they are resting休息.
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很明顯正在休息。
04:53
They have found發現 a patch補丁 of shade陰涼處
under the palm棕櫚 trees樹木
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牠們在棕梠樹下找到一方樹蔭,
04:57
under which哪一個 to let their babies嬰兒 sleep睡覺,
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作為牠們寶寶睡覺的地方,
05:00
while they doze瞌睡 but remain vigilant警惕.
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牠們自己則在小盹中也仍維持警戒。
05:03
We make perfect完善 sense of that image圖片
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我們相當能理解這個景象,
05:06
just as they make perfect完善 sense
of what they're doing
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就像動物完全可以理解他們正在做什麼,
05:10
because under the arc of the same相同 sun太陽
on the same相同 plains平原,
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因為同在一個太陽下、同一片平原上,
05:13
listening to the howls呼嘯而過
of the same相同 dangers危險,
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聆聽著相同危險的怒號聲音,
05:17
they became成為 who they are
and we became成為 who we are.
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牠們演化成牠們如今的模樣,
正如我們演化成現成我們現今的模樣。
05:22
We've我們已經 been neighbors鄰居 for a very long time.
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我們有很長一段時間
一直為相比為鄰。
05:24
No one would mistake錯誤
these elephants大象 as being存在 relaxed輕鬆.
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沒人會誤以為
這些大象的情緒是鬆懈的,
05:28
They're obviously明顯 very
concerned關心 about something.
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牠們顯然正擔心某些事物。
05:31
What are they concerned關心 about?
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牠們在擔心什麼呢?
05:33
It turns out that if you record記錄
the voices聲音 of tourists遊客
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如果你將遊客的聲音錄下來,
05:37
and you play that recording記錄
from a speaker揚聲器 hidden in bushes灌木叢,
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然後從草叢裡的擴音器播放音檔,
05:42
elephants大象 will ignore忽視 it,
because tourists遊客 never bother elephants大象.
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大象會無視錄音,
因為大象從不會操心遊客。
05:46
But if you record記錄 the voices聲音 of herders牧民
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但如果你錄的是牧人的聲音,
05:50
who carry攜帶 spears布蘭妮 and often經常 hurt傷害 elephants大象
in confrontations對抗 at water holes,
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牧人都攜帶長矛
且經常在水源地和大象對峙,
05:55
the elephants大象 will bunch up
and run away from the hidden speaker揚聲器.
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大象就會集結在一起跑走,
遠離隱藏的擴音器,
06:00
Not only do elephants大象 know
that there are humans人類,
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大象不僅知道這是人類的聲音,
06:04
they know that there are
different不同 kinds of humans人類,
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他們也知道人類分為好幾種,
06:06
and that some are OK
and some are dangerous危險.
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有些人類還是好的,
有些人類則是危險的。
06:10
They have been watching觀看 us for much longer
than we have been watching觀看 them.
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大象觀察我們的時間
遠比我們觀察牠們的時間多。
06:15
They know us better than we know them.
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牠們了解我們的程度
遠超過我們了解牠們的程度。
06:18
We have the same相同 imperatives當務之急:
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我們和大象有相同的生存責任:
06:21
take care關心 of our babies嬰兒,
find food餐飲, try to stay alive.
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照顧嬰兒、覓食、試著活下去。
06:26
Whether是否 we're outfitted裝備 for hiking徒步旅行
in the hills丘陵 of Africa非洲
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無論是我們是穿戴旅行裝備
健走在非洲的山丘,
06:30
or outfitted裝備 for diving潛水 under the sea,
we are basically基本上 the same相同.
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或是穿戴潛水裝備潛入海底,
我們基本上都是一樣的,
06:34
We are kin親屬 under the skin皮膚.
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我們在皮囊之下是一樣的。
06:36
The elephant has the same相同 skeleton骨架,
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大象有相同的骨架,
06:39
the killer兇手 whale has the same相同 skeleton骨架,
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殺人鯨有相同的骨架,
06:41
as do we.
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我們亦是如此。
06:45
We see helping幫助 where help is needed需要.
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我們能看到牠們互相幫助,
06:48
We see curiosity好奇心 in the young年輕.
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我們明白年幼者的好奇心,
06:52
We see the bonds債券 of family家庭 connections連接.
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我們了解家人之間的聯繫,
06:57
We recognize認識 affection感情.
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我們領悟愛情,
07:00
Courtship求愛 is courtship求愛.
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追求愛。
07:03
And then we ask, "Are they conscious意識?"
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於是我們想問:「動物也有意識嗎?」
07:07
When you get general一般 anesthesia麻醉,
it makes品牌 you unconscious無意識,
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如果你服用了麻醉劑,
你就會暫時失去意識,
07:10
which哪一個 means手段 you have
no sensation感覺 of anything.
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也就是說你對任何事情
都不會有知覺。
07:13
Consciousness意識 is simply只是
the thing that feels感覺 like something.
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意識簡單地說
就是感覺與比對。
07:17
If you see, if you hear, if you feel,
if you're aware知道的 of anything,
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如果你看見、聽見
感覺、認知到任何東西,
07:21
you are conscious意識, and they are conscious意識.
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你就是有意識的,
而且動物也是。
07:27
Some people say
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有人說,
07:28
well, there are certain某些 things
that make humans人類 humans人類,
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人之所以為人,有一些特點,
07:30
and one of those things is empathy同情.
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其中之一就是同理心。
07:32
Empathy同情 is the mind's心靈的 ability能力
to match比賽 moods情緒 with your companions同伴.
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同理心是能夠感受
同伴情緒的心靈力量。
07:39
It's a very useful有用 thing.
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這是有益的事情。
07:41
If your companions同伴 start開始 to move移動 quickly很快,
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如果同伴開始快速動作,
07:43
you have to feel like
you need to hurry匆忙 up.
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你便會覺得也應該加快腳步,
我們都在急促追趕中。
07:45
We're all in a hurry匆忙 now.
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07:47
The oldest最老的 form形成 of empathy同情
is contagious傳染性的 fear恐懼.
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同理心最古老的一種形式
就是具有傳染力的恐懼。
07:50
If your companions同伴 suddenly突然
startle驚嚇 and fly away,
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如果你的同伴
突然受驚嚇且全部飛走,
07:53
it does not work very well for you to say,
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如果你還像這樣悠悠哉哉地說:
07:55
"Jeez哎呀, I wonder奇蹟 why everybody每個人 just left."
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「老天,為何大家都飛走了!」
這對你沒有什麼幫助。
07:58
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:03
Empathy同情 is old, but empathy同情,
like everything else其他 in life,
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同理心雖然存在已久,
但像生活大小事一樣,
08:06
comes on a sliding滑動 scale規模
and has its elaboration闡述.
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排山倒海而來,有其精密複雜。
基本的同理心是:
如果你很難過,我也會跟著難過,
08:10
So there's basic基本 empathy同情:
you feel sad傷心, it makes品牌 me sad傷心.
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08:14
I see you happy快樂, it makes品牌 me happy快樂.
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我看見你高興,所以我也高興。
還有一種情感我稱之為同情心,
08:17
Then there's something
that I call sympathy同情,
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情緒稍微疏離一點:
08:19
a little more removed去除:
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08:22
"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother祖母
has just passed通過 away.
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「我很難過聽到你祖母剛過世的消息。」
08:25
I don't feel that same相同 grief哀思,
but I get it; I know what you feel
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雖然我沒有感到同樣的悲傷,
但我懂,我知道那感覺,
08:29
and it concerns關注 me."
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這讓我擔心。
而如果我們被觸發了
同情心因而產生行動,
08:30
And then if we're motivated動機
to act法案 on sympathy同情,
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08:33
I call that compassion同情.
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我稱那為憐憫。
這根本不是人類獨特所有,
08:36
Far from being存在 the thing
that makes品牌 us human人的,
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08:39
human人的 empathy同情 is far from perfect完善.
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人類同理心也並非那麼完美。
08:42
We round回合 up empathic感情移入的 creatures生物,
we kill them and we eat them.
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我們圍捕擁有同理心的動物,
殺死牠們,把牠們吃掉。
你可能會說:好了,好吧。
牠們是不同物種嘛。
08:48
Now, maybe you say OK,
well, those are different不同 species種類.
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08:50
That's just predation捕食,
and humans人類 are predators大鱷.
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肉若強食很正常啊,
人類是肉食動物。
然而我們對待同胞也沒多好。
08:54
But we don't treat對待 our own擁有 kind
too well either.
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人們也似乎只認識一種動物行為,
09:01
People who seem似乎 to know
only one thing about animal動物 behavior行為
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09:04
know that you must必須 never attribute屬性
human人的 thoughts思念 and emotions情緒
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就是你絕對不能
將人類的思想和情緒
09:08
to other species種類.
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套用在其他物種身上。
我覺得這是愚蠢的,
09:10
Well, I think that's silly愚蠢,
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09:12
because attributing歸因 human人的 thoughts思念
and emotions情緒 to other species種類
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因為把人類思緒和情感
套用在其他物種身上,
是了解牠們的最佳第一步,
猜測牠們在做什麼、感覺如何,
09:16
is the best最好 first guess猜測 about what
they're doing and how they're feeling感覺,
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09:20
because their brains大腦
are basically基本上 the same相同 as ours我們的.
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因為牠們的大腦
基本上和我們一樣,
09:24
They have the same相同 structures結構.
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有相同的結構,
造就我們情緒與動力的賀爾蒙
09:26
The same相同 hormones激素 that create創建
mood心情 and motivation動機 in us
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09:31
are in those brains大腦 as well.
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也同樣在牠們的大腦中。
這並不是科學的說法:
牠們餓了才會獵食、
09:35
It is not scientific科學 to say that they
are hungry飢餓 when they're hunting狩獵
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牠們舌頭垂在外面時,
就表示牠們是累了。
09:40
and they're tired when
their tongues舌頭 are hanging out,
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09:43
and then say when they're playing播放
with their children孩子
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或者說,當牠們和孩子玩耍,
09:45
and acting演戲 joyful快樂 and happy快樂,
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行為表現喜悅和快樂的時候,
我們無從了解是否牠們真的感受如此。
09:47
we have no idea理念 if they can possibly或者
be experiencing經歷 anything.
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09:52
That is not scientific科學.
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這些說法不科學。
所以,好了,有個記者跟我說:
09:55
So OK, so a reporter記者 said to me,
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09:58
"Maybe, but how do you really know
that other animals動物 can think and feel?"
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「也許吧,但你如何真正知道
其他動物能思考與感覺?」
10:02
And I started開始 to rifle步槍
through通過 all the hundreds數以百計
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我開始到處搜尋
我書裡引用的所有科學參考資料,
10:05
of scientific科學 references引用
that I put in my book
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10:08
and I realized實現 that the answer回答
was right in the room房間 with me.
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我發現答案就在我的房間裡。
10:11
When my dog gets得到 off the rug地毯
and comes over to me --
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當我的狗起身離開了毯子,
來到我身邊,
沒有跑到沙發,而是跑向我,
10:15
not to the couch長椅, to me --
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10:17
and she rolls勞斯萊斯 over on her back
and exposes自曝 her belly肚皮,
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她滾躺著露出肚子,
她所想的是:「我要肚子抓抓。
10:21
she has had the thought,
"I would like my belly肚皮 rubbed.
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10:26
I know that I can go over to Carl卡爾,
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我知道我可以跑到卡爾那,
10:29
he will understand理解 what I'm asking.
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他會知道我想要什麼,
我信任他,因為我們是家人。
10:32
I know I can trust相信 him
because we're family家庭.
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10:35
He'll地獄 get the job工作 doneDONE,
and it will feel good."
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他會把事情做好,讓我開心。」
10:38
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:40
She has thought and she has felt,
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她有思考過,而且她也感覺到了。
10:43
and it's really not
more complicated複雜 than that.
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這真的沒有那麼複雜。
10:46
But we see other animals動物
and we say, "Oh look, killer兇手 whales鯨魚,
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當我們欣賞其他動物時說:
「瞧!虎鯨、狼、大象。」
10:50
wolves, elephants大象:
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10:53
that's not how they see it."
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這並非牠們觀察其他動物的方式。
這隻背鰭高大的公鯨叫 L41,
10:55
That tall-finned高大的鰭 male is L41.
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11:00
He's 38 years年份 old.
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38歲,
11:02
The female right on his left side is L22.
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在牠左側的母鯨是 L22,
11:05
She's 44.
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44歲。
11:07
They've他們已經 known已知 each other for decades幾十年.
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牠們彼此認識已經幾十年了。
11:10
They know exactly究竟 who they are.
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牠們知道自己是誰,
11:12
They know who their friends朋友 are.
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牠們知道誰是朋友,
11:14
They know who their rivals對手 are.
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牠們知道誰是敵人。
11:15
Their life follows如下 the arc of a career事業.
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牠們也有生涯曲線。
11:18
They know where they are all the time.
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總是知道自己身處何處。
11:22
This is an elephant named命名 Philo菲洛.
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這隻叫作菲洛的大象,
11:25
He was a young年輕 male.
198
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是年輕的公象。
11:27
This is him four days later後來.
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四天之後牠變成這樣。
11:30
Humans人類 not only can feel grief哀思,
we create創建 an awful可怕 lot of it.
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人類不只可以感受悲傷,
我們做了很多這種駭人之舉。
11:38
We want to carve雕刻 their teeth.
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我們想拔除牠們的象牙,
11:42
Why can't we wait for them to die?
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但為何就不能等牠們死亡後再做?
11:47
Elephants大象 once一旦 ranged不等 from the shores海岸
of the Mediterranean地中海 Sea
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大象曾經分布在地中海的沿岸,
11:51
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope希望.
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一路到好望角。
11:53
In 1980, there were vast廣大
strongholds據點 of elephant range範圍
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1980年這裡是大象的廣大分布區,
11:56
in Central中央 and Eastern Africa非洲.
206
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就在中非、東非。
11:59
And now their range範圍 is shattered破滅
into little shards碎片.
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而現在牠們散布到零星的區域。
12:03
This is the geography地理 of an animal動物
that we are driving主動 to extinction滅絕,
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這是我們造成大象滅絕的情況,
12:08
a fellow同伴 being存在, the most
magnificent華麗的 creature生物 on land土地.
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牠們是地表上最壯觀的動物、
也我們的同伴。
12:13
Of course課程, we take much better care關心
of our wildlife野生動物 in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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當然,在美國我們
照顧野生動物更為周到。
12:17
In Yellowstone黃石 National國民 Park公園,
we killed殺害 every一切 single wolf.
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我們在黃石公園
獵殺每隻一隻狼,
12:21
We killed殺害 every一切 single wolf
south of the Canadian加拿大 border邊境, actually其實.
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其實我們也在加拿大的南境
獵殺每一隻狼。
12:25
But in the park公園, park公園 rangers護林員
did that in the 1920s,
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在1920年代,
森林警備隊都在執行這種任務。
12:29
and then 60 years年份 later後來
they had to bring帶來 them back,
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而60年後,他們必須增加狼群數量,
12:32
because the elk麋鹿 numbers數字
had gotten得到 out of control控制.
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2907
因為駝鹿的數目已經失控。
12:36
And then people came來了.
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然後遊客也來了,
12:37
People came來了 by the thousands數千
to see the wolves,
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成千上萬的人前來觀賞狼群,
12:41
the most accessibly通俗易懂
visible可見 wolves in the world世界.
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這裡是全世界最容易
看到狼群的地方。
12:45
And I went there and I watched看著
this incredible難以置信 family家庭 of wolves.
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我也前往觀察這個
令人驚嘆的野狼家族,
12:48
A pack is a family家庭.
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這是一個狼群家族,
12:50
It has some breeding配種 adults成年人
and the young年輕 of several一些 generations.
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有成年的狼與幾代年輕的狼。
12:55
And I watched看著 the most famous著名, most stable穩定
pack in Yellowstone黃石 National國民 Park公園.
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我在黃石公園觀察這個
名聲響亮、最穩定的野狼家族。
13:00
And then, when they wandered逛到
just outside the border邊境,
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當牠們徘徊在邊境,
13:03
two of their adults成年人 were killed殺害,
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有兩隻成年狼被獵殺了,
13:06
including包含 the mother母親,
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其中一隻是雌狼媽媽,
13:08
which哪一個 we sometimes有時 call the alphaα female.
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我們有時候稱之為頭號母狼。
13:11
The rest休息 of the family家庭 immediately立即
descended下降 into sibling兄弟 rivalry對抗.
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剩下的狼族立即展開了兄弟鬩牆。
13:16
Sisters姐妹 kicked out other sisters姐妹.
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狼的姊妹彼此互相驅離,
13:19
That one on the left tried試著 for days
to rejoin歸隊 her family家庭.
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左邊的這一隻狼有好幾天想回到家族,
13:23
They wouldn't不會 let her
because they were jealous of her.
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但其他狼不接受,因為忌妒她,
13:25
She was getting得到 too much attention注意
from two new males男性,
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2813
她受到另外兩隻新公狼太多的關注了。
13:28
and she was the precocious早熟 one.
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2018
她太早熟了,
13:30
That was too much for them.
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對其它狼來說,這太麻煩。
13:32
She wound傷口 up wandering飄零
outside the park公園 and getting得到 shot射擊.
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後來,牠在公園裡徘徊,
後來被獵殺了。
13:36
The alphaα male wound傷口 up
being存在 ejected噴出 from his own擁有 family家庭.
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頭號公狼也被逐出家族。
13:40
As winter冬季 was coming未來 in,
236
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隨著冬季到來,
13:42
he lost丟失 his territory領土,
his hunting狩獵 support支持,
237
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牠失去了領地、捕獵的支援,
13:46
the members會員 of his family家庭 and his mate伴侶.
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失去了家人,也失去了同伴。
13:50
We cause原因 so much pain疼痛 to them.
239
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3624
我們對牠們傷害如此之重。
13:55
The mystery神秘 is, why don't
they hurt傷害 us more than they do?
240
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4960
難解的是,為何牠們
不會更加地傷害我們?
14:01
This whale had just finished eating
part部分 of a grey灰色 whale
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3198
這隻鯨剛剛吃掉了半隻灰鯨,
14:05
with his companions同伴
who had killed殺害 that whale.
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牠跟同伴一起殺了這隻灰鯨。
14:07
Those people in the boat
had nothing at all to fear恐懼.
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船上這群人一點都不害怕。
14:11
This whale is T20.
244
839999
1989
這隻鯨叫 T20,
14:14
He had just finished tearing撕裂 a seal密封
into three pieces with two companions同伴.
245
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牠剛剛和另外兩隻同伴
將海豹撕裂成三塊。
14:19
The seal密封 weighed稱重 about as much
as the people in the boat.
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海豹的體重跟人類的體重差不多。
14:21
They had nothing to fear恐懼.
247
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牠們沒什麼好怕的啊,
14:24
They eat seals密封件.
248
852189
1422
牠們吃海豹,
14:26
Why don't they eat us?
249
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那為何牠們不吃我們?
14:30
Why can we trust相信 them around our toddlers幼兒?
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為何我們能相信牠們,
讓牠靠近還在學步的孩童?
14:36
Why is it that killer兇手 whales鯨魚 have returned
to researchers研究人員 lost丟失 in thick fog多霧路段
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為何這些虎鯨知道研究員
在霧中迷航,而游回附近,
14:42
and led them miles英里 until直到 the fog多霧路段 parted分手
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引領數哩,直到迷霧散去,
14:45
and the researchers'研究人員 home
was right there on the shoreline海岸線?
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3165
而研究員的家就在岸邊?
14:48
And that's happened發生 more than one time.
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2016
不只發生一次。
14:53
In the Bahamas巴哈馬, there's a woman女人
named命名 Denise丹尼斯 HerzingHerzing,
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2575
在巴哈馬,有位丹妮絲女士,
14:55
and she studies學習 spotted dolphins海豚
and they know her.
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3324
她研究斑點海豚,海豚也認識她,
14:59
She knows知道 them very well.
She knows知道 who they all are.
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2598
她跟每ㄧ隻海豚很熟,
15:01
They know her.
They recognize認識 the research研究 boat.
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2262
海豚也認識她,能辨認研究船。
15:04
When she shows節目 up,
it's a big happy快樂 reunion團圓.
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當她出現時,就是快樂的重逢。
15:06
Except, one time showed顯示 up and they
didn't want to come near the boat,
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3315
只有一次例外,
她出現後,牠們不願意靠近,
15:09
and that was really strange奇怪.
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2074
這非常奇怪。
15:11
And they couldn't不能 figure數字 out
what was going on
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他們無法理解發生什麼事,
15:13
until直到 somebody came來了 out on deck甲板
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直到有人上了甲板,
15:15
and announced公佈 that one
of the people onboard在船上 had died死亡
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通知說船上有人過世,
15:18
during a nap小憩 in his bunk假寐.
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是在船上睡舖打盹時死亡的。
15:20
How could dolphins海豚 know
that one of the human人的 hearts心中
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海豚如何能知道船上有人心跳已經停止了?
15:24
had just stopped停止?
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15:26
Why would they care關心?
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為何牠們在意?
15:29
And why would it spook間諜 them?
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又為何這件事嚇到了牠們?
15:33
These mysterious神秘 things just hint暗示 at
all of the things that are going on
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這些神秘的事揭露出
和我們一樣共存於地球的
其它心智在想什麼,
15:38
in the minds頭腦 that are with us on Earth地球
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15:41
that we almost幾乎 never think about at all.
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而我們卻幾乎沒認真思考過。
15:46
At an aquarium水族館 in South Africa非洲
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在南非的水族館,
15:48
was a little baby寶寶 bottle-nosed瓶鼻
dolphin海豚 named命名 Dolly玩具娃娃.
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有一隻瓶鼻海豚名叫多莉。
15:52
She was nursing看護, and one day
a keeper管理人 took a cigarette香煙 break打破
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她還在哺乳期,有天館員休息時抽菸,
15:58
and he was looking into the window窗口
into their pool, smoking抽煙.
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他透過窗對著池子抽菸。
16:02
Dolly玩具娃娃 came來了 over and looked看著 at him,
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多莉游了過來看著他,
16:04
went back to her mother母親,
nursed調養 for a minute分鐘 or two,
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再游回了母親身邊,哺乳一兩分鐘,
16:08
came來了 back to the window窗口
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然後游回窗前,
16:10
and released發布 a cloud of milk牛奶
that enveloped籠罩 her head like smoke抽煙.
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吐出的奶散開成一朵雲
環繞著她的頭部。
16:16
Somehow不知何故, this baby寶寶 bottle-nosed瓶鼻 dolphin海豚
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看來,這隻瓶鼻海豚
16:19
got the idea理念 of using運用 milk牛奶
to represent代表 smoke抽煙.
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想到用奶來呈現煙霧。
16:24
When human人的 beings眾生 use one thing
to represent代表 another另一個,
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當人類用其它方式來呈現另一事物時,
16:27
we call that art藝術.
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我們稱之為藝術。
16:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
16:31
The things that make us human人的
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我們之所以是人類的原因,
16:33
are not the things
that we think make us human人的.
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981234
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跟我們所想的其實不盡相同。
16:36
What makes品牌 us human人的 is that,
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讓我們之所以為人類的是,
16:39
of all these things that our minds頭腦
and their minds頭腦 have,
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我們和動物都擁有的心智活動,
16:42
we are the most extreme極端.
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但我們卻是最極端的。
16:46
We are the most compassionate富於同情心的,
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我們是地球上最有憐憫心、
16:48
most violent暴力, most creative創作的
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最暴力、最有創意,
16:51
and most destructive有害 animal動物
that has ever been on this planet行星,
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也是最有破壞力的動物。
16:56
and we are all of those things
all jumbled錯雜 up together一起.
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我們是這些特徵混合在一起的結果。
17:01
But love is not the thing
that makes品牌 us human人的.
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但愛並不是我們之所以為人的主要因素,
17:06
It's not special特別 to us.
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愛不是只有人類有。
17:09
We are not the only ones那些
who care關心 about our mates隊友.
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我們並不是唯一關心同伴的動物,
17:13
We are not the only ones那些
who care關心 about our children孩子.
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也不是唯一關心孩子的動物。
17:18
Albatrosses信天翁 frequently經常 fly six,
sometimes有時 ten thousand miles英里
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信天翁常常飛了 6000 哩,
有時候萬哩,
17:23
over several一些 weeks to deliver交付
one meal膳食, one big meal膳食,
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飛了幾個星期,
只為了帶一頓大餐
17:28
to their chick小雞 who is waiting等候 for them.
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1976
回來餵食等待牠們回來的幼雛。
17:30
They nest on the most remote遠程 islands島嶼
in the oceans海洋 of the world世界,
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牠們築巢在遙遠的海上島嶼,
17:35
and this is what it looks容貌 like.
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看起來像這樣。
17:39
Passing通過 life from one generation
to the next下一個 is the chain of being存在.
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一代傳一代是生命的連結,
17:43
If that stops停止, it all goes away.
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假如停止了,就消失了。
17:46
If anything is sacred神聖, that is,
and into that sacred神聖 relationship關係
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如果有哪件事很神聖,
那就是世代傳承了。
但這種神聖關係中,
跑出了塑膠垃圾。
17:51
comes our plastic塑料 trash垃圾.
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17:54
All of these birds鳥類
have plastic塑料 in them now.
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這些鳥現在身體裡都有塑膠。
17:57
This is an albatross信天翁 six months個月 old,
ready準備 to fledge長羽毛 --
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這隻信天翁六個月大,
開始準備生長羽翼,
18:02
died死亡, packed打包 with red cigarette香煙 lighters打火機.
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因為腹中滿是紅色打火機而死去。
18:06
This is not the relationship關係
we are supposed應該 to have
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這並非我們與世界
其他生命該有的關係。
18:09
with the rest休息 of the world世界.
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1586
18:11
But we, who have named命名
ourselves我們自己 after our brains大腦,
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我們以聰明的大腦自居,
18:16
never think about the consequences後果.
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從未想過後果。
18:21
When we welcome歡迎 new
human人的 life into the world世界,
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當我們迎接新的生命來到世上,
18:24
we welcome歡迎 our babies嬰兒
into the company公司 of other creatures生物.
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我們讓寶寶與其他生物作伴。
18:28
We paint塗料 animals動物 on the walls牆壁.
317
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我們繪製動物於牆壁,
18:30
We don't paint塗料 cell細胞 phones手機.
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我們不會畫手機、
18:32
We don't paint塗料 work cubicles隔間.
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我們不會畫辦公室的隔間,
18:34
We paint塗料 animals動物 to show顯示 them
that we are not alone單獨.
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我們繪製動物圖像,
告訴孩子我們並不是唯一生命,
18:39
We have company公司.
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1743
我們還有陪伴。
18:42
And every一切 one of those animals動物
in every一切 painting繪畫 of Noah's諾亞 ark方舟,
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而每一幅諾亞方舟畫裡的每隻動物,
18:47
deemed認為 worthy值得 of salvation救恩
is in mortal凡人 danger危險 now,
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4340
值得拯救的牠們,
現在處於死亡的危險中,
18:51
and their flood洪水 is us.
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而人類就是牠們的洪水。
18:55
So we started開始 with a question:
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所以我們首先這樣問:
18:58
Do they love us?
326
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牠們愛我們嗎?
我們再繼續追問:
19:01
We're going to ask another另一個 question.
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我們是否有足夠的能力,
利用我們擁有的一切
19:04
Are we capable of using運用 what we have
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照顧牠們,讓牠們的生命延續下去?
19:09
to care關心 enough足夠 to simply只是
let them continue繼續?
329
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19:16
Thank you very much.
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謝謝。
19:18
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Gentian Pan
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com