TEDxLeuven
Xavier De Kestelier: Adventures of an interplanetary architect
Xavier De Kestelier: 一位跨行星的建築師的奇遇
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我們怎樣在銀河系的其他地方生活？地球上用於建造的自然資源十分豐富。但如果要將這些物資和我們一起送上月球或者火星，無疑非常笨重且價格高得離譜。登場的是建築師 Xavier De Kestelier， 他有一個新奇的想法：利用機器人以及太空塵埃來 3D 打印出我們跨行星的家。在這場描繪可能並不遙遠的將來的精彩演講中，瞭解更多關於新興的太空建築領域的信息。
Xavier De Kestelier - Architect, technologist
Xavier De Kestelier is an architect and technologist with a passion for human space exploration. Full bio
Xavier De Kestelier is an architect and technologist with a passion for human space exploration. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I must have been about 12 years old
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當我父親帶我參加一場
關於太空的展覽時，
關於太空的展覽時，
00:15
when my dad took me
to an exhibition on space,
to an exhibition on space,
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我肯定有 12 歲了。
00:19
not far from here, in Brussels.
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那展覽離這不遠，在布魯塞爾。
00:21
And the year was about --
I think it was 1988,
I think it was 1988,
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那一年應該是 1988 年，
00:24
so it was the end of the Cold War.
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是冷戰結束的時候。
00:27
There was a bit of an upmanship going on
between the Americans and the Russians
between the Americans and the Russians
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美國人和俄羅斯人都想和對方
在技術水平上爭個高低，
在技術水平上爭個高低，
00:31
bringing bits to that exhibition.
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先在那場展覽中小試牛刀。
00:34
NASA brought a big blow-up space shuttle,
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美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）
展示一個大型充氣式的太空梭，
展示一個大型充氣式的太空梭，
00:37
but the Russians,
they brought a Mir space station.
they brought a Mir space station.
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而俄國人則展示了「米爾太空站」。
00:42
It was actually the training module,
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它實際上是一個訓練艙，
00:44
and you could go inside
and check it all out.
and check it all out.
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你可以進入體驗一番。
00:47
It was the real thing --
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它可是真材實料：
00:48
where the buttons were,
where the wires were,
where the wires were,
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那裏面有按鈕、纜線，
00:51
where the astronauts were eating,
where they were working.
where they were working.
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太空人在裏面飲食、工作。
00:54
And when I came home,
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我一回到家，
00:56
the first thing I did,
I started drawing spaceships.
I started drawing spaceships.
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就開始描繪太空船的樣子。
01:00
Now, these weren't
science fiction spaceships, no.
science fiction spaceships, no.
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如今，它們不再是
科幻小說中的太空船了，
科幻小說中的太空船了，
01:04
They were actually technical drawings.
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它們實際上是工程圖紙。
01:06
They were cutaway sections
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它們是一些剖面圖，
01:09
of what kind of structure
would be made out of,
would be made out of,
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制訂了一種將被製造出來的結構體，
01:11
where the wires were,
where the screws were.
where the screws were.
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以及如何佈置纜線、螺絲等。
01:15
So fortunately, I didn't
become a space engineer,
become a space engineer,
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因此，幸運的是，
我雖然沒成為太空工程師，
我雖然沒成為太空工程師，
01:18
but I did become an architect.
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但成了建築師。
01:21
These are some of the projects
that I've been involved with
that I've been involved with
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這些是我在過去 15 年來
01:24
over the last decade and a half.
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曾經參與的一些建築項目。
01:27
All these projects are quite different,
quite different shapes,
quite different shapes,
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這些建築的形態
都與一般樣式大相徑庭，
都與一般樣式大相徑庭，
01:30
and it is because they are built
for different environments.
for different environments.
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因為它們是為不同的環境而建，
01:33
They have different constraints.
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建造它們受到不同條件的限制。
01:36
And I think design
becomes really interesting
becomes really interesting
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我認為當條件限制非常嚴苛，
01:39
when you get really harsh constraints.
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設計會成為一項妙趣橫生的工作。
01:44
Now, these projects
have been all over the world.
have been all over the world.
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目前，這些建築項目已遍佈世界各地。
01:48
A few years ago,
this map wasn't good enough.
this map wasn't good enough.
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幾年前，這張地圖並不盡如人意。
01:51
It was too small.
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它太狹隘了。
01:53
We had to add this one,
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我們得加上這個，
01:55
because we were going to do
a project on the Moon
a project on the Moon
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因為我們將要在月球上
為歐洲太空總署做一個項目，
01:59
for the European Space Agency;
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02:00
they asked us to design a Moon habitat --
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他們要求我們在月球上設計棲息地；
02:03
and one on Mars with NASA,
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同樣的，與太空總署
在火星上也做一個，
在火星上也做一個，
02:06
a competition to look
at a habitation on Mars.
at a habitation on Mars.
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這是一場在火星上
研究「棲息地」的競爭。
研究「棲息地」的競爭。
02:12
Whenever you go to another place,
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作為一名建築師，
每當你到別的地方，
02:15
as an architect
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02:17
and try to design something,
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嘗試去設計什麽東西，
02:20
you look at the local architecture,
the precedents that are there.
the precedents that are there.
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你會先研究當地原先的建築物。
02:23
Now, on the Moon,
it's kind of difficult, of course,
it's kind of difficult, of course,
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當然這在月球上有點困難，
02:26
because there's only this.
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因為眼前只有這些，
02:27
There's only the Apollo missions.
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只有「阿波羅任務」。
02:31
So last that we went there,
I wasn't even born yet,
I wasn't even born yet,
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上一次人類到達那裏時，
我還未出生，
我還未出生，
02:34
and we only spent about three days there.
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人類在那裏約只停留了三天。
02:38
So for me, that's kind of
a long camping trip, isn't it,
a long camping trip, isn't it,
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所以這對於我而言
像是一次漫長的野營，
像是一次漫長的野營，
02:42
but a rather expensive one.
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但是極其昂貴。
02:46
Now, the tricky thing,
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棘手的事情在於
02:48
when you're going to build
on another planet or a moon,
on another planet or a moon,
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當你將在其他行星
或者衛星上建造設施時，
或者衛星上建造設施時，
02:52
is how to get it there,
how to get it there.
how to get it there.
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如何把東西送到那裏？
02:56
So first of all,
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所以首先，
02:59
to get a kilogram, for example,
to the Moon's surface,
to the Moon's surface,
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例如，要將一公斤物品送到月球表面
03:02
it will cost about 200,000 dollars,
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差不多要花費 20 萬美元，
03:06
very expensive.
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非常昂貴。
03:08
So you want to keep it very light.
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所以，你要讓它非常輕。
03:11
Second, space. Space is limited. Right?
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第二，佔用的空間。
太空船的容量有限。
太空船的容量有限。
03:14
This is the Ariane 5 rocket.
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這是亞利安 5 號運載火箭。
03:16
The space you have there
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它裡頭的空間大約
03:17
is about four and a half meters
by seven meters, not that much.
by seven meters, not that much.
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不到 4.5 公尺乘以 7 公尺。
03:23
So it needs to be an architectural system
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所以，它應當是一個
03:26
that is both compact,
or compactable, and light,
or compactable, and light,
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兼顧小巧與輕便的建築系統，
03:30
and I think I've got one right here.
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我這裡有一個。
03:34
It's very compact,
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非常小巧，
03:36
and it's very light.
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也非常輕便。
03:39
And actually,
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實際上，
03:40
this is one I made earlier.
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這個是我之前準備的。
03:45
Now, there's one problem with it,
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但是，它有一個缺陷，
03:48
that inflatables
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這些充氣物
03:52
are quite fragile.
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非常脆弱。
03:55
They need to be protected,
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它們需要被保護，
03:58
specifically, when you go
to a very harsh environment like the Moon.
to a very harsh environment like the Moon.
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具體來說，時當你進入
像月球那樣嚴峻的環境時，
像月球那樣嚴峻的環境時，
04:05
Look at it like this.
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像這樣思考：
04:09
The temperature difference on a Moon base
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月球基地的溫差
04:11
could be anything up to 200 degrees.
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可高達攝氏 200 度。
04:13
On one side of the base,
it could be 100 degrees Celsius
it could be 100 degrees Celsius
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月球基地的一邊
可能達到攝氏 100 度，
可能達到攝氏 100 度，
04:17
and on the other side,
it could be minus 100 degrees.
it could be minus 100 degrees.
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而另一邊可能是攝氏零下 100 度。
04:20
We need to protect ourselves from that.
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我們需要從中保護自己。
04:23
The Moon also does not have
any magnetic fields,
any magnetic fields,
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月球也沒有任何磁場，
04:29
which means that any radiation --
solar radiation, cosmic radiation --
solar radiation, cosmic radiation --
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這意味着，任何輻射
──太陽輻射、宇宙輻射──
──太陽輻射、宇宙輻射──
04:34
will hit the surface.
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都會衝擊它表面。
04:36
We need to protect ourselves
from that as well,
from that as well,
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我們也需保護自己不受輻射傷害，
04:38
protect the astronauts from that.
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保護太空人。
04:41
And then third,
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第三點，
04:42
but definitely not last,
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但肯定不是最後一點，
04:44
the Moon does not have any atmosphere,
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月球沒有大氣層，
04:48
which means any meteorites coming into it
will not get burned up,
will not get burned up,
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意思是撞向月球的隕石
不會燃燒殆盡，
不會燃燒殆盡，
04:52
and they'll hit the surface.
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而會直接撞擊表面。
04:54
That's why the Moon is full of craters.
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這就是為什麽月球遍佈隕石坑。
04:57
Again, we need to protect
the astronauts from that.
the astronauts from that.
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同理，我們也需保護自己
不被隕石擊中。
不被隕石擊中。
05:01
So what kind of structure do we need?
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所以我們需要什麼樣的結構體？
05:03
Well, the best thing is really a cave,
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最好的方案其實是一個洞穴，
05:07
because a cave has a lot of mass,
and we need mass.
and we need mass.
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因為洞穴由大量重物構成，
我們正好需要。
我們正好需要。
05:10
We need mass to protect
ourselves from the temperatures,
ourselves from the temperatures,
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我們需要重物來保護
我們免受巨大溫差、
我們免受巨大溫差、
05:13
from the radiation
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輻射，以及隕石的傷害。
05:14
and from the meteorites.
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05:17
So this is how we solved it.
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這就是我們的解決方案。
05:20
We have indeed the blue part,
as you can see.
as you can see.
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你看得到的藍色部分
05:23
That's an inflatable for our Moon base.
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是為月球基地佈置的充氣物。
05:25
It gives a lot of living space
and a lot of lab space,
and a lot of lab space,
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它給予了很大的生活空間和實驗空間，
05:29
and attached to it you have a cylinder,
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與它相連的是一個圓柱體，
05:32
and that has all
the support structures in,
the support structures in,
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圓柱體裏面含有所有的支撐結構、
05:35
all the life support and also the airlock.
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所有的生命維持設備和氣閘室。
05:40
And on top of that, we have a structure,
that domed structure,
that domed structure,
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在那之上，我們設計了
那個穹頂形的結構來保護我們，
05:44
that protects ourselves,
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05:45
has a lot of mass in it.
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它裏面包含許多重物。
05:48
Where are we going
to get this material from?
to get this material from?
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我們如何獲得這些材料？
05:50
Are we going to bring concrete and cement
from Earth to the Moon?
from Earth to the Moon?
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我們要把混凝土和水泥運往月球嗎？
05:53
Well, of course not,
because it's way too heavy.
because it's way too heavy.
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當然不，因為那實在是太重，
05:56
It's too expensive.
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且太昂貴。
05:57
So we're going to go
and use local materials.
and use local materials.
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我們要使用當地的材料。
06:01
Now, local materials are something
we deal with on Earth as well.
we deal with on Earth as well.
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和在地球一樣，
我們要處理當地的材料。
我們要處理當地的材料。
06:04
Wherever we build
or whatever country we build in,
or whatever country we build in,
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無論在哪裏、在哪個國家建造，
我們總會考慮：當地的材料是什麽？
06:06
we always look at,
what are the local materials here?
what are the local materials here?
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06:09
The problem with the Moon is,
what are the local materials?
what are the local materials?
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那麽在月球上，當地的材料是什麽？
06:12
Well, there's not that many.
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嗯，這裏沒多少材料。
06:14
Actually, we have one.
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實際上，我們找到了一樣。
06:16
It's moondust,
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它是月球的塵埃，
06:18
or, fancier scientific name,
regolith, Moon regolith.
regolith, Moon regolith.
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或者，更專業的說法，
風化層，月球的風化層。
風化層，月球的風化層。
06:25
Great thing is, it's everywhere, right?
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大好消息是，它無處不在，對吧？
06:27
The surface is covered with it.
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月球表面被它覆蓋。
06:29
It's about 20 centimeters
up to a few meters everywhere.
up to a few meters everywhere.
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從地下 20 公分
到地下幾公尺，到處都有。
到地下幾公尺，到處都有。
06:34
But how are we going to build with it?
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然而我們如何用它來建造呢？
06:36
Well, we're going to use a 3D printer.
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嗯，我們會使用 3D 打印機。
06:40
Whenever I ask any of you
what a 3D printer is,
what a 3D printer is,
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每當我問你們 3D 打印機是什麽，
06:42
you're probably all thinking, well,
probably something about this size
probably something about this size
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你也許會想，嗯，
這東西也許是這麽個大小，
這東西也許是這麽個大小，
06:46
and it would print things
that are about this size.
that are about this size.
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它會打印出這麽個大小的物體。
06:50
So of course I'm not going to bring
a massive 3D printer to the Moon
a massive 3D printer to the Moon
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所以我當然不會將一台
巨大的 3D 打印機運往月球
巨大的 3D 打印機運往月球
06:54
to print my Moon base.
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來打印出月球基地。
06:55
I'm going to use a much smaller device,
something like this one here.
something like this one here.
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我會使用小得多的設備，就像這個。
07:00
So this is a small device,
a small robot rover,
a small robot rover,
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這是一台小型設備，
小型月球漫遊機器人，
小型月球漫遊機器人，
07:03
that has a little scoop,
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有一個小鏟斗，
07:06
and it brings the regolith to the dome
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它將風化層運往穹頂，
07:09
and then it lays down
a thin layer of regolith,
a thin layer of regolith,
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然後放置薄薄一層風化層，
07:14
and then you would have
the robot that will solidify it,
the robot that will solidify it,
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然後你會讓機器人進行加固，
07:17
layer by layer,
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一層又一層，
07:19
until it creates, after a few months,
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直到在幾個月後，
07:22
the full base.
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它們建造出完整的基地。
07:25
You might have noticed
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也許你已經注意到了，
07:27
that it's quite a particular
structure that we're printing,
structure that we're printing,
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我們正在打印的是
一種很特殊的結構體，
一種很特殊的結構體，
07:31
and I've got a little example here.
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我這裡有個小樣品。
07:35
What we call this
is a closed-cell foam structure.
is a closed-cell foam structure.
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我們稱它為「閉孔泡沫結構」。
07:40
Looks quite natural.
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看起來很自然。
07:42
The reason why we're using this
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我們用它作為那殻形結構的一部分，
07:44
as part of that shell structure
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07:46
is that we only need
to solidify certain parts,
to solidify certain parts,
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原因是我們只需要固定某些部位，
07:51
which means we have to bring
less binder from Earth,
less binder from Earth,
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這意味着我們減少了
來自地球的粘結材料的運輸，
來自地球的粘結材料的運輸，
07:54
and it becomes much lighter.
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而它也會更輕。
07:56
Now --
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現在──
07:59
that approach of designing something
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這種方法，也就是設計出某種方案，
08:02
and then covering it
with a protective dome
with a protective dome
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然後再為它覆蓋上保護性的穹頂，
08:05
we also did for our Mars project.
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我們也應用到了火星項目中。
08:08
You can see it here, three domes.
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可以看到，三個穹頂。
08:10
And you see the printers
printing these dome structures.
printing these dome structures.
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也可以看到這些打印機
正在打印穹頂結構。
正在打印穹頂結構。
08:15
There's a big difference
between Mars and the Moon,
between Mars and the Moon,
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火星與月球有一個很大的區別，
08:17
and let me explain it.
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聽我解釋。
08:19
This diagram shows you to scale
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此圖按比例顯示
地球、月球的大小，
08:22
the size of Earth and the Moon
and the real distance,
and the real distance,
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以及兩者之間的實際距離，
約 40 萬公里。
約 40 萬公里。
08:26
about 400,000 kilometers.
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08:28
If we then go to Mars,
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把目光轉到火星，
08:31
the distance from Mars to Earth --
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火星與地球之間的距離──
（四億一百萬公里）
（四億一百萬公里）
08:33
and this picture here
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這張圖片自火星回望地球，
08:34
is taken by the rover on Mars,
Curiosity, looking back at Earth.
Curiosity, looking back at Earth.
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是「好奇號」火星探測器拍攝的。
08:39
You kind of see the little speckle there,
that's Earth, 400 million kilometers away.
that's Earth, 400 million kilometers away.
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你依稀能看到一個小亮點，
那就是地球，有 4 億公里之遙。
那就是地球，有 4 億公里之遙。
08:45
The problem with that distance
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這個距離帶來的問題是
08:46
is that it's a thousand times the distance
of the Earth to the Moon, pretty far away,
of the Earth to the Moon, pretty far away,
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它是地、月距離的一千倍，十分遙遠，
08:50
but there's no direct radio contact
with, for example, the Curiosity rover.
with, for example, the Curiosity rover.
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不能直接用無綫電聯絡，
例如，和「好奇號」探測器聯繫。
例如，和「好奇號」探測器聯繫。
08:57
So I cannot teleoperate it from Earth.
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所以我不能從地球遙控它。
09:00
I can't say, "Oh, Mars rover, go left,"
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我不能下令：「火星探測器向左轉」，
09:05
because that signal
would take 20 minutes to get to Mars.
would take 20 minutes to get to Mars.
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因為這個信號要花 20 分鐘到達火星。
09:09
Then the rover might go left,
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然後探測器可能成功左轉，
09:12
and then it will take another 20 minutes
before it can tell me,
before it can tell me,
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但又要花 20 分鐘讓我得知：
09:15
"Oh yeah, I went left."
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「好的，我左轉了。」
09:16
So the distance,
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距離如此之遠，
09:18
so rovers and robots
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所以探測器和機器人
09:22
and going to have to work autonomously.
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需要自主地工作。
09:25
The only issue with it
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這帶來的唯一問題是
09:27
is that missions to Mars are highly risky.
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前往火星的機器面臨高風險。
09:31
We've only seen it a few weeks ago.
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我們在幾個星期前才看到。
09:34
So what if half the mission
doesn't arrive at Mars.
doesn't arrive at Mars.
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那麽，要是半數的機器
沒有到達火星怎麽辦？
沒有到達火星怎麽辦？
09:38
What do we do?
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我們要怎麽做？
09:39
Well, instead of building
just one or two rovers
just one or two rovers
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不是像月球那樣，
只建造一個或兩個就夠用了，
09:42
like we did on the Moon,
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09:44
we're going to build hundreds of them.
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我們得要建造幾百個探測器。
09:46
And it's a bit like
a termite's mound, you know?
a termite's mound, you know?
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你知道嗎？這有點像白蟻丘。
09:50
Termites, I would take half
of the colony of the termites away,
of the colony of the termites away,
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白蟻，如果把一半的蟻群拿走，
09:54
they would still be able
to build the mound.
to build the mound.
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它們仍然能建造出家園。
09:56
It might take a little bit longer.
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可能要多花一點時間。
09:58
Same here.
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同樣的道理，
09:59
If half of our rovers
or robots don't arrive,
or robots don't arrive,
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如果半數的探測器
或者機器人沒有到達火星，
或者機器人沒有到達火星，
10:02
well, it will take a bit longer,
but you will still be able to do it.
but you will still be able to do it.
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嗯，會多花些時間，
但是還是能完成任務。
但是還是能完成任務。
10:06
So here we even have
three different rovers.
three different rovers.
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我們甚至有三種不同的探測器。
10:09
In the back, you see the digger.
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在遠方是挖掘的機器，
10:11
It's really good at digging regolith.
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很擅長挖掘風化層。
10:14
Then we have the transporter,
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我們也有運輸機器，
10:18
great at taking regolith
and bringing it to the structure.
and bringing it to the structure.
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擅長接收並運送風化層至穹頂。
10:22
And the last ones,
the little ones with the little legs,
the little ones with the little legs,
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最後這些有腿的小機器不怎麽移動，
10:25
they don't need to move a lot.
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它們就駐紮在風化層
10:26
What they do is they go
and sit on a layer of regolith
and sit on a layer of regolith
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10:29
and then microwave it together,
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進行微波處理加固，
10:31
and layer by layer
create that dome structure.
create that dome structure.
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一層又一層，建造那種穹頂結構。
10:36
Now --
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現在──
10:39
we also want to try that out,
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我們也想要試驗一下，
10:40
so we went out on a road trip,
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所以我們上路，
10:43
and we created our own swarm of robots.
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造了自己的機器群。
10:49
There you go.
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這就是了。
10:50
So we built 10 of those.
It's a small swarm.
It's a small swarm.
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我們造了十個這樣的機器，
是一支小隊伍。
是一支小隊伍。
10:53
And we took six tons of sand,
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我們取來 6 噸沙子，
10:56
and we tried out how these little robots
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試驗觀察這些小機器
10:59
would actually be able
to move sand around,
to move sand around,
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如何移動沙子，
11:02
Earth sand in this case.
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這裡用的是地球的沙土。
11:04
And they were not teleoperated. Right?
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它們並不是被遙控的。
11:07
Nobody was telling them go left, go right,
or giving them a predescribed path.
or giving them a predescribed path.
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沒人告訴它們左轉、右轉，
或者指明一條預定的路綫。
11:12
No. They were given a task:
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沒操作指令。
它們被賦予一項任務：
11:14
move sand from this area to that area.
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把沙子從這邊移到那邊去。
11:18
And if they came across
an obstacle, like a rock,
an obstacle, like a rock,
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如果路上碰到障礙物，例如石頭，
11:21
they had to sort it out themselves.
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它們得自行解決。
11:23
Or they came across another robot,
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或者它們碰到另一機器，
11:25
they had to be able to make decisions.
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它們要能夠做出判斷。
11:28
Or even if half of them fell out,
their batteries died,
their batteries died,
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甚至半數的機器離隊、電池耗盡，
11:31
they still had to be able
to finish that task.
to finish that task.
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它們仍要能夠完成任務。
11:36
Now, I've talked about redundancy.
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我已經說明了備份。
11:40
But that was not only with the robots.
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備份不止適用於機器人，
11:42
It was also with the habitats.
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也適用於棲息地。
11:44
On the Mars project,
we decided to do three domes,
we decided to do three domes,
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我們決定在火星項目裡建三個穹頂。
11:50
because if one didn't arrive,
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因為若一個沒造成，
11:53
the other two could still form a base,
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其他兩個仍然能形成基地，
11:55
and that was mainly because
each of the domes
each of the domes
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這主要是因為每一個穹頂
11:57
actually have a life support system
built in the floor,
built in the floor,
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都在底層裝備了生命維持設備，
12:01
so they can work independently.
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所以它們能夠獨立工作。
12:04
So in a way, you might think,
well, this is pretty crazy.
well, this is pretty crazy.
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某種程度上你可能會認為這挺瘋狂。
12:09
Why would you, as an architect,
get involved in space?
get involved in space?
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為什麽身為建築師，
你參與太空領域呢？
你參與太空領域呢？
12:14
Because it's such a technical field.
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因為這是個「技術」的領域。
12:18
Well, I'm actually really convinced
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我真的十分確信：
12:21
that from a creative view
or a design view,
or a design view,
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從一個創造性的角度
或者設計性的角度來看，
或者設計性的角度來看，
12:26
you are able to solve really hard
and really constrained problems.
and really constrained problems.
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我們能夠解決限制條件繁多的難題。
12:32
And I really feel that there is
a place for design and architecture
a place for design and architecture
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我真心覺得在跨行星
棲息地這樣的項目中，
棲息地這樣的項目中，
12:36
in projects like
interplanetary habitation.
interplanetary habitation.
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設計學和建築學會占有一席之地。
謝謝你。
12:40
Thank you.
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（掌聲）
12:41
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Xavier De Kestelier - Architect, technologistXavier De Kestelier is an architect and technologist with a passion for human space exploration.
Why you should listen
Xavier De Kestelier is interested in designing long-term space habitats and believes that architects have a crucial role to play in the design of any future settlements on Mars or the moon. He has worked on research projects with both ESA and NASA and is interested to see how 3D printed structures could protect astronauts from solar radiation, meteorites and extreme temperatures.
He was previously co-Head of Foster + Partners' Specialist Modelling Group (SMG), the architecture practice’s multi-disciplinary research and development group.
Over the years De Kestelier has been a Visiting Professor at Ghent University, Adjunct Professor at Syracuse University and a Teaching Fellow at The Bartlett School of Architecture. Since 2010, he has been one of the directors of Smartgeometry, a non-profit educational organisation for computational design and digital fabrication.
Based in London, De Kestelier is currently principal and executive board member at international design practice HASSELL where he leads the global efforts in design technology and digital innovation.
Xavier De Kestelier | Speaker | TED.com