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Ryan Martin: Why we get mad -- and why it's healthy
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Anger researcher Ryan Martin draws from a career studying what makes people mad to explain some of the cognitive processes behind anger -- and why a healthy dose of it can actually be useful. "Your anger exists in you ... because it offered your ancestors, both human and nonhuman, an evolutionary advantage," he says. "[It's] a powerful and healthy force in your life."
Ryan Martin - Psychologist
Dr. Ryan Martin is the chair of the psychology department at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Full bio
Dr. Ryan Martin is the chair of the psychology department at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Alright, so I want you to imagine that you
get a text from a friend, and it reads ...
get a text from a friend, and it reads ...
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"You will NOT believe what just happened.
I'm SO MAD right now!"
I'm SO MAD right now!"
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So you do the dutiful thing as a friend,
and you ask for details.
and you ask for details.
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And they tell you a story
about what happened to them
about what happened to them
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at the gym or at work
or on their date last night.
or on their date last night.
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And you listen and you try
to understand why they're so mad.
to understand why they're so mad.
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Maybe even secretly judge
whether or not they should be so mad.
whether or not they should be so mad.
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(Laughter)
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And maybe you even offer some suggestions.
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Now, in that moment, you are doing
essentially what I get to do every day,
essentially what I get to do every day,
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because I'm an anger researcher,
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and as an anger researcher, I spend
a good part of my professional life --
a good part of my professional life --
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who am I kidding, also my personal life --
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studying why people get mad.
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I study the types of thoughts
they have when they get mad,
they have when they get mad,
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01:00
and I even study what they do
when they get mad,
when they get mad,
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whether it's getting into fights
or breaking things,
or breaking things,
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or even yelling at people
in all caps on the internet.
in all caps on the internet.
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01:08
(Laughter)
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01:09
And as you can imagine,
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when people hear I'm an anger researcher,
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they want to talk to me about their anger,
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01:14
they want to share with me
their anger stories.
their anger stories.
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01:16
And it's not because
they need a therapist,
they need a therapist,
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01:18
though that does sometimes happen,
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it's really because anger is universal.
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It's something we all feel
and it's something they can relate to.
and it's something they can relate to.
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We've been feeling it
since the first few months of life,
since the first few months of life,
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when we didn't get what we wanted
in our cries of protests,
in our cries of protests,
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things like, "What do you mean
you won't pick up the rattle, Dad,
you won't pick up the rattle, Dad,
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I want it!"
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(Laughter)
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We feel it throughout our teenage years,
as my mom can certainly attest to with me.
as my mom can certainly attest to with me.
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Sorry, Mom.
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We feel it to the very end.
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In fact, anger has been with us
at some of the worst moments of our lives.
at some of the worst moments of our lives.
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It's a natural and expected
part of our grief.
part of our grief.
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But it's also been with us
in some of the best moments of our lives,
in some of the best moments of our lives,
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with those special occasions
like weddings and vacations
like weddings and vacations
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often marred by these everyday
frustrations --
frustrations --
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bad weather, travel delays --
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that feel horrible in the moment,
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but then are ultimately forgotten
when things go OK.
when things go OK.
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I have a lot of conversations
with people about their anger
with people about their anger
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and it's through those conversations
that I've learned that many people,
that I've learned that many people,
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and I bet many people
in this room right now,
in this room right now,
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you see anger as a problem.
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You see the way
it interferes in your life,
it interferes in your life,
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the way it damages relationships,
maybe even the ways it's scary.
maybe even the ways it's scary.
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And while I get all of that,
I see anger a little differently,
I see anger a little differently,
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and today, I want to tell you
something really important
something really important
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about your anger, and it's this:
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anger is a powerful and healthy
force in your life.
force in your life.
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It's good that you feel it.
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You need to feel it.
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But to understand all that,
we actually have to back up
we actually have to back up
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and talk about why we get mad
in the first place.
in the first place.
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A lot of this goes back to the work
of an anger researcher
of an anger researcher
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named Dr. Jerry Deffenbacher,
who wrote about this back in 1996
who wrote about this back in 1996
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in a book chapter on how to deal
with problematic anger.
with problematic anger.
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Now, for most of us,
and I bet most of you,
and I bet most of you,
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it feels as simple as this:
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I get mad when I'm provoked.
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You hear it in the language people use.
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They say things like,
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"It makes me so mad
when people drive this slow,"
when people drive this slow,"
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or, "I got mad because she left
the milk out again."
the milk out again."
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Or my favorite,
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"I don't have an anger problem --
people just need to stop messing with me."
people just need to stop messing with me."
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(Laughter)
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Now, in the spirit of better understanding
those types of provocations,
those types of provocations,
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I ask a lot of people, including
my friends and colleagues and even family,
my friends and colleagues and even family,
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"What are the things
that really get to you?
that really get to you?
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What makes you mad?"
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By the way, now is a good time
to point out one of the advantages
to point out one of the advantages
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of being an anger researcher
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is that I've spent more than a decade
generating a comprehensive list
generating a comprehensive list
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of all the things
that really irritate my colleagues.
that really irritate my colleagues.
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Just in case I need it.
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(Laughter)
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But their answers are fascinating,
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because they say things like,
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"when my sports team loses,"
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"people who chew too loudly."
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That is surprisingly common, by the way.
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"People who walk too slowly,"
that one's mine.
that one's mine.
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And of course, "roundabouts."
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Roundabouts --
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(Laughter)
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I can tell you honestly,
there is no rage like roundabout rage.
there is no rage like roundabout rage.
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(Laughter)
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Sometimes their answers
aren't minor at all.
aren't minor at all.
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Sometimes they talk
about racism and sexism and bullying
about racism and sexism and bullying
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and environmental destruction --
big, global problems we all face.
big, global problems we all face.
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But sometimes,
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their answers are very specific,
maybe even oddly specific.
maybe even oddly specific.
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"That wet line you get across your shirt
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when you accidentally lean
against the counter of a public bathroom."
against the counter of a public bathroom."
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(Laughter)
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Super gross, right?
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(Laughter)
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Or "Flash drives: there's only
two ways to plug them in,
two ways to plug them in,
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so why does it always
take me three tries?"
take me three tries?"
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(Laughter)
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Now whether it's minor or major,
whether it's general or specific,
whether it's general or specific,
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we can look at these examples
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and we can tease out some common themes.
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We get angry in situations
that are unpleasant,
that are unpleasant,
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that feel unfair,
where our goals are blocked,
where our goals are blocked,
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that could have been avoided,
and that leave us feeling powerless.
and that leave us feeling powerless.
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This is a recipe for anger.
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But you can also tell
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that anger is probably not the only thing
we're feeling in these situations.
we're feeling in these situations.
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Anger doesn't happen in a vacuum.
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We can feel angry at the same time
that we're scared or sad,
that we're scared or sad,
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or feeling a host of other emotions.
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But here's the thing:
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these provocations --
they aren't making us mad.
they aren't making us mad.
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At least not on their own,
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and we know that, because if they were,
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we'd all get angry
over the same things, and we don't.
over the same things, and we don't.
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The reasons I get angry are different
than the reasons you get angry,
than the reasons you get angry,
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so there's got to be
something else going on.
something else going on.
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What is that something else?
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Well, we know what we're doing and feeling
at the moment of that provocation matters.
at the moment of that provocation matters.
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We call this the pre-anger state --
are you hungry, are you tired,
are you hungry, are you tired,
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are you anxious about something else,
are you running late for something?
are you running late for something?
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When you're feeling those things,
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those provocations feel that much worse.
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But what matters most
is not the provocation,
is not the provocation,
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it's not the pre-anger state, it's this:
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it's how we interpret that provocation,
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it's how we make sense of it in our lives.
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When something happens to us,
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we first decide, is this good or bad?
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Is it fair or unfair,
is it blameworthy, is it punishable?
is it blameworthy, is it punishable?
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That's primary appraisal,
it's when you evaluate the event itself.
it's when you evaluate the event itself.
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We decide what it means
in the context of our lives
in the context of our lives
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and once we've done that,
we decide how bad it is.
we decide how bad it is.
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That's secondary appraisal.
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We say, "Is this the worst thing
that's ever happened,
that's ever happened,
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or can I cope with this?
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Now, to illustrate that, I want you
to imagine you are driving somewhere.
to imagine you are driving somewhere.
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And before I go any further,
I should tell you,
I should tell you,
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if I were an evil genius
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and I wanted to create a situation
that was going to make you mad,
that was going to make you mad,
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that situation would look
a lot like driving.
a lot like driving.
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(Laughter)
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It's true.
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You are, by definition,
on your way somewhere,
on your way somewhere,
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so everything that happens -- traffic,
other drivers, road construction --
other drivers, road construction --
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it feels like it's blocking your goals.
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There are all these written
and unwritten rules of the road,
and unwritten rules of the road,
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and those rules are routinely violated
right in front of you,
right in front of you,
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usually without consequence.
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And who's violating those rules?
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Anonymous others,
people you will never see again,
people you will never see again,
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making them a very easy target
for your wrath.
for your wrath.
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(Laughter)
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So you're driving somewhere,
thus teed up to be angry,
thus teed up to be angry,
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and the person in front of you
is driving well below the speed limit.
is driving well below the speed limit.
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And it's frustrating
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because you can't really see
why they're driving so slow.
why they're driving so slow.
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That's primary appraisal.
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You've looked at this and you've said
it's bad and it's blameworthy.
it's bad and it's blameworthy.
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But maybe you also decide
it's not that big a deal.
it's not that big a deal.
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You're not in a hurry, doesn't matter.
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That's secondary appraisal --
you don't get angry.
you don't get angry.
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But now imagine you're on your way
to a job interview.
to a job interview.
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What that person is doing,
it hasn't changed, right?
it hasn't changed, right?
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So primary appraisal doesn't change;
still bad, still blameworthy.
still bad, still blameworthy.
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But your ability
to cope with it sure does.
to cope with it sure does.
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Because all of a sudden,
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you're going to be late
to that job interview.
to that job interview.
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All of a sudden,
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you are not going to get your dream job,
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the one that was going to give you
piles and piles of money.
piles and piles of money.
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(Laughter)
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Somebody else is going to get
your dream job
your dream job
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and you're going to be broke.
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You're going to be destitute.
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Might as well stop now, turn around,
move in with your parents.
move in with your parents.
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(Laughter)
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Why?
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"Because of this person in front of me.
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This is not a person, this is a monster."
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(Laughter)
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And this monster is here
just to ruin your life.
just to ruin your life.
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(Laughter)
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Now that thought process,
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it's called catastrophizing,
the one where we make the worst of things.
the one where we make the worst of things.
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And it's one of the primary
types of thoughts that we know
types of thoughts that we know
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is associated with chronic anger.
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But there's a couple of others.
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Misattributing causation.
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Angry people tend to put blame
where it doesn't belong.
where it doesn't belong.
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Not just on people,
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but actually inanimate objects as well.
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And if you think that sound ridiculous,
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think about the last time
you lost your car keys and you said,
you lost your car keys and you said,
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"Where did those car keys go?"
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Because you know
they ran off on their own.
they ran off on their own.
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(Laughter)
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They tend to overgeneralize,
they use words like "always,"
they use words like "always,"
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"never," "every,"
"this always happens to me,"
"this always happens to me,"
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"I never get what I want"
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or "I hit every stoplight
on the way here today."
on the way here today."
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Demandingness: they put their own needs
ahead of the needs of others:
ahead of the needs of others:
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"I don't care why this person
is driving so slow,
is driving so slow,
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they need to speed up or move over
so I can get to this job interview."
so I can get to this job interview."
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And finally, inflammatory labeling.
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They call people fools, idiots, monsters,
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or a whole bunch of things
I've been told I'm not allowed to say
I've been told I'm not allowed to say
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during this TED Talk.
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(Laughter)
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So for a long time,
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psychologists have referred to these
as cognitive distortions
as cognitive distortions
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or even irrational beliefs.
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And yeah, sometimes they are irrational.
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Maybe even most of the time.
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But sometimes, these thoughts
are totally rational.
are totally rational.
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There is unfairness in the world.
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There are cruel, selfish people,
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and it's not only OK to be angry
when we're treated poorly,
when we're treated poorly,
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it's right to be angry
when we're treated poorly.
when we're treated poorly.
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If there's one thing I want you
to remember from my talk today, it's this:
to remember from my talk today, it's this:
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your anger exists in you as an emotion
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because it offered your ancestors,
both human and nonhuman,
both human and nonhuman,
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with an evolutionary advantage.
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Just as your fear alerts you to danger,
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your anger alerts you to injustice.
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It's one of the ways your brain
communicates to you
communicates to you
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that you have had enough.
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What's more, it energizes you
to confront that injustice.
to confront that injustice.
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Think for a second
about the last time you got mad.
about the last time you got mad.
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Your heart rate increased.
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Your breathing increased,
you started to sweat.
you started to sweat.
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That's your sympathetic nervous system,
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otherwise known
as your fight-or-flight system,
as your fight-or-flight system,
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kicking in to offer you
the energy you need to respond.
the energy you need to respond.
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And that's just the stuff you noticed.
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At the same time, your digestive system
slowed down so you could conserve energy.
slowed down so you could conserve energy.
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That's why your mouth went dry.
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And your blood vessels dilated
to get blood to your extremities.
to get blood to your extremities.
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That's why your face went red.
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It's all part of this complex pattern
of physiological experiences
of physiological experiences
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that exist today
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because they helped your ancestors
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deal with cruel and unforgiving
forces of nature.
forces of nature.
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And the problem is that the thing
your ancestors did
your ancestors did
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to deal with their anger,
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to physically fight,
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they are no longer reasonable
or appropriate.
or appropriate.
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You can't and you shouldn't swing a club
every time you're provoked.
every time you're provoked.
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(Laughter)
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But here's the good news.
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You are capable of something
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your nonhuman ancestors
weren't capable of.
weren't capable of.
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And that is the capacity
to regulate your emotions.
to regulate your emotions.
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Even when you want to lash out,
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you can stop yourself
and you can channel that anger
and you can channel that anger
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into something more productive.
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So often when we talk about anger,
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we talk about how to keep
from getting angry.
from getting angry.
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We tell people to calm down or relax.
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We even tell people to let it go.
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And all of that assumes that anger is bad
and that it's wrong to feel it.
and that it's wrong to feel it.
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But instead, I like to think
of anger as a motivator.
of anger as a motivator.
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The same way your thirst
motivates you to get a drink of water,
motivates you to get a drink of water,
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the same way your hunger
motivates you to get a bite to eat,
motivates you to get a bite to eat,
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your anger can motivate you
to respond to injustice.
to respond to injustice.
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Because we don't have to think too hard
to find things we should be mad about.
to find things we should be mad about.
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When we go back to the beginning,
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yeah, some of those things, they're silly
and not worth getting angry over.
and not worth getting angry over.
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But racism, sexism, bullying,
environmental destruction,
environmental destruction,
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those things are real,
those things are terrible,
those things are terrible,
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and the only way to fix them
is to get mad first
is to get mad first
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and then channel that anger
into fighting back.
into fighting back.
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And you don't have to fight back
with aggression or hostility or violence.
with aggression or hostility or violence.
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There are infinite ways
that you can express your anger.
that you can express your anger.
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You can protest,
you can write letters to the editor,
you can write letters to the editor,
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you can donate to
and volunteer for causes,
and volunteer for causes,
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you can create art,
you can create literature,
you can create literature,
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you can create poetry and music,
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you can create a community
that cares for one another
that cares for one another
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and does not allow
those atrocities to happen.
those atrocities to happen.
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So the next time
you feel yourself getting angry,
you feel yourself getting angry,
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instead of trying to turn it off,
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I hope you'll listen
to what that anger is telling you.
to what that anger is telling you.
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And then I hope you'll channel it
into something positive and productive.
into something positive and productive.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ryan Martin - PsychologistDr. Ryan Martin is the chair of the psychology department at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.
Why you should listen
Dr. Ryan Martin teaches courses on mental illness and emotion, including a course on anger. He researches and writes on healthy and unhealthy expressions of anger. His website, All the Rage, covers recent research on anger and provides anger management tips on how to handle anger most effectively. He also hosts the popular psychology podcast, Psychology and Stuff.
Martin was trained as a counseling psychologist at the University of Southern Mississippi, where he first started studying anger after earning his undergraduate degree in psychology with a minor in criminal justice from the University of St. Thomas. He has worked with clients -- angry and otherwis -- in a variety of settings including community mental health centers, college counseling centers and a VA Hospital.
Martin is a professor of psychology and an associate dean for the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. His work has been featured in the New York Times, NPR's Invisibilia podcast, BBC Radio's Digital Human and elsewhere. When he's not thinking about feelings, he runs and spends time with his family.
Ryan Martin | Speaker | TED.com