TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
Kaitlyn Sadtler: Kako možemo naučiti naša tijela da brže zarastaju
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Što kada bismo mogli pomoći našim tijelima da zarastaju brže i bez ožiljaka, kao Wolverin u filmu X-Men? TED Fellow Kaitlyn Sadtler radi prema ostvarenju tog sna, razvijajući nove biomaterijale koji bi mogli promijeniti način na koji naš imunološki sustav odgovara na ozljede. U ovom kratkom govoru, ona pokazuje različite načine kako bi ovi proizvodi mogli pomoći tijelu da se zaliječi.
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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Što kada biste mogli popiti tabletu
ili primiti cjepivo
ili primiti cjepivo
i jednako kao što prebolite prehladu,
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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vaše rane bi brže zarasle?
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
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Danas ako imamo operaciju ili nezgodu,
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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u bolnici smo tjednima,
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
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i često smo ostavljeni s ožiljcima
i bolnim nuspojavama
i bolnim nuspojavama
00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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naše nemogućnosti da se regeneriramo
ili razvijemo zdrave, neozljeđene organe.
ili razvijemo zdrave, neozljeđene organe.
00:34
I work to create materials
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Ja pokušavam stvoriti materijale
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
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koji upućuju naš imunološki sustav na
slanje signala za izgradnju novih tkiva.
slanje signala za izgradnju novih tkiva.
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
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Baš kao što cjepiva upućuju
naše tijelo da se bori protiv bolesti,
naše tijelo da se bori protiv bolesti,
00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
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mogli bismo uputiti naš imunološki sustav
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
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da izgrađuje tkiva i brže liječi rane.
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
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Regeneracija dijelova tijela ni iz čega
možda se čini kao magija,
možda se čini kao magija,
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
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ali postoji nekoliko organizama
koji to mogu postići.
koji to mogu postići.
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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Nekim gušterima može ponovo narasti rep,
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
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skromni daždevnjak može potpuno
regenerirati svoju nogu,
regenerirati svoju nogu,
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
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čak i mi obični ljudi
možemo regenerirati našu jetru
možemo regenerirati našu jetru
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
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nakon što izgubimo
više od pola njene mase.
više od pola njene mase.
01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
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Kako bih približila ovu magiju realnosti,
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
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istražujem kako naše tijelo
može zaliječiti rane i izgraditi tkivo
može zaliječiti rane i izgraditi tkivo
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
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preko uputa imunološkog sustava.
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
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Od ogrebotine na koljenu
do one dosadne infekcije sinusa,
do one dosadne infekcije sinusa,
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
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naš imunološki sustav brani
naše tijelo od opasnosti.
naše tijelo od opasnosti.
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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Ja sam imunologinja,
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
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i koristeći ono što znam
o obrambenom sustavu našeg tijela,
o obrambenom sustavu našeg tijela,
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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imala sam mogućnost
prepoznati ključne igrače
prepoznati ključne igrače
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
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u našoj borbi da izliječimo
naše posjekline i modrice.
naše posjekline i modrice.
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
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Kada gledamo materijale čije se mogućnosti
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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regeneracije mišića trenutno testiraju,
01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
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naš tim je primjetio da nakon što se
njima tretira ozlijeđeni mišić,
njima tretira ozlijeđeni mišić,
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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veliki broj imuno stanica se pojavio
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
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u tom materijalu i okolnom mišiću.
01:52
So in this case,
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Tako da, u ovom slučaju,
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
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umjesto da imuno stanice odjure prema
infekciji i bore se protiv bakterije,
infekciji i bore se protiv bakterije,
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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jure prema ozljedi.
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
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Otkrila sam specifičnu vrstu
imuno stanica,
imuno stanica,
02:02
the helper T cell,
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pomagačku T stanicu,
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
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koja se nalazila unutar tog materijala
koji sam ugradila,
koji sam ugradila,
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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a koja je apsolutno ključna
za liječenje rana.
za liječenje rana.
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
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Baš kao što ste, kada ste bili dijete,
pokušali zalijepiti
pokušali zalijepiti
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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polomljenu olovku ljepljivom trakom,
02:16
we can heal,
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mi možemo zacijeliti,
02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
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ali to možda nije najfunkcionalniji način
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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i ostat će nam ožiljak.
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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Ako nemamo te pomagačke T stanice,
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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umjesto zdravog mišića
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
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naš mišić razvija masne stanice,
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
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a ako u našem mišiću ima masnoća,
on nije jednako snažan.
on nije jednako snažan.
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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Koristeći naš imunološki sustav,
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
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naše tijelo bi moglo
zacijeliti bez ožiljaka
zacijeliti bez ožiljaka
02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
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i izgledati isto kao prije ozljede.
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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Radim na stvaranju materijala
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
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koji nam daju signale
da izgradimo novo tkivo
da izgradimo novo tkivo
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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mijenjanjem imunološkog odgovora.
02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
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Znamo da kad je materijal
usađen u naše tijelo,
usađen u naše tijelo,
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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imunološki sustav reagira na njega.
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
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Od pacemakera do inzulinskih pumpica,
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
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do materijala koje inženjeri koriste
pri pokušaju stvaranja novih tkiva.
pri pokušaju stvaranja novih tkiva.
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
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Tako da, kada stavim taj materijal
ili biomembransku potporu u tijelo,
ili biomembransku potporu u tijelo,
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
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imunološki sustav stvara
maleno okruženje stanica i bjelančevina
maleno okruženje stanica i bjelančevina
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
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koje mogu promijeniti način ponašanja
naših matičnih stanica.
naših matičnih stanica.
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
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Baš kao što vrijeme utječe
na naše dnevne aktivnosti,
na naše dnevne aktivnosti,
03:19
like going for a run
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kao odlazak na trčanje
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
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ili ostajanje kod kuće i gledanje
čitave TV-serije na Netflixu,
čitave TV-serije na Netflixu,
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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sredina biomembranske potpore
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
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utječe na razvoj i rast naših
matičnih stanica.
matičnih stanica.
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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Ako šaljemo krive signale,
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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na primjer, signale Netflixa,
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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dobijemo masne stanice umjesto mišića.
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
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Ove biomembranske potpore su načinjene
od puno različitih stvari,
od puno različitih stvari,
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
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od plastike do prirodnih materijala,
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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nanovlakana različitih debljina,
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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spužvica različite propusnosti,
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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gelova različite čvrstine.
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
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Istraživači mogu čak napraviti materijale
03:54
release different signals over time.
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koji otpuštaju različite signale
s vremenom.
s vremenom.
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
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Drugim riječima, možemo dirigirati čitavom
broadwayskom predstavom ovih stanica,
broadwayskom predstavom ovih stanica,
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
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tako da im damo pravu pozornicu,
replike i rekvizite
replike i rekvizite
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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koji mogu biti promijenjeni
za različita tkiva,
za različita tkiva,
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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baš kao što bi producent promijenio set
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
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za "Jadnike" ili "Mali dućan strave".
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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Kombiniram specifične tipove signala
koji oponašaju način
koji oponašaju način
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
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na koji naše tijelo reagira
na ozljedu i pomaže nam zacijeliti.
na ozljedu i pomaže nam zacijeliti.
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
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U budućnosti bismo mogli vidjeti
flaster koji uklanja ožiljak,
flaster koji uklanja ožiljak,
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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umetak za mišiće koji se može oblikovati
ili čak cjepivo koje liječi rane.
ili čak cjepivo koje liječi rane.
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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Nećemo se probuditi sutra i već moći
zacijeliti svoje rane kao Wolverine.
zacijeliti svoje rane kao Wolverine.
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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Vjerovatno ni sljedećeg utorka.
04:35
But with these advances,
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Ali ovim napredcima
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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i radom na našem imunološkom sustavu kojim
pomažemo izgradnju tkiva i liječenje rana,
pomažemo izgradnju tkiva i liječenje rana,
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
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mogli bismo početi viđati
proizvode na tržištu
proizvode na tržištu
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
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koji rade na obrambenom sustavu našeg
tijela pomažući nam pri oporavku,
tijela pomažući nam pri oporavku,
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
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i možda ćemo jednog dana biti u mogućnosti
držati korak s daždevnjakom.
držati korak s daždevnjakom.
04:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com