TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
凱特琳． 沙德勒: 我們如何教導身體能更快速地痊癒
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如果能協助我們的身體更快癒合且不留傷疤，就像《X戰警》的金剛狼一樣，如何？TED 研究會員凱特琳． 沙德勒努力想讓這個夢想成真，她在開發新的生物材料，能夠改變我們免疫系統對於傷口的反應。在這場簡明的演說中，她說明了這些產品能用哪些不同的方式來協助我們身體的再生。
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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如果你能吃一顆藥或打一劑疫苗，
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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就能像治癒感冒一樣，
00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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或傷口會癒合得更快，如何？
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
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現今，如果我們動了手術
或是出了意外，
或是出了意外，
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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我們就要住院好幾週，
還會留下傷疤，
還會留下傷疤，
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
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以及無法再生或重新長出
00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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健康、完好無損的器官的
痛苦副作用。
痛苦副作用。
00:34
I work to create materials
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我的工作是在創造材料，
來指示我們的免疫系統
來指示我們的免疫系統
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
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對身體傳達生成新組織的訊號。
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
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就像疫苗會指示我們的
身體來對抗疾病一樣，
身體來對抗疾病一樣，
00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
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我們也可以指示我們的免疫系統
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
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修建組織並更快地治癒傷口。
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
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讓身體無中生有地長出新器官，
似乎像變魔法一樣，
似乎像變魔法一樣，
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
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但有好幾種生物能做到這項壯舉。
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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有些蜥蜴可以重新長出牠們的尾巴，
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
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謙遜的蠑螈可以完整再生牠們的手臂，
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
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即使我們人類，
在肝臟失去一半以上的情況下，
也可以再增生回來。
也可以再增生回來。
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
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01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
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為了讓這項魔法更接近現實，
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
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我在研究我們的身體如何能
透過免疫系統的指示，
透過免疫系統的指示，
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
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來治癒傷口和修建組織。
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
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從你膝蓋上的擦傷到惱人的鼻竇炎，
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
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我們的免疫系統
為我們的身體抵禦危險。
為我們的身體抵禦危險。
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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我是免疫學家，
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
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透過我對人體防禦系統的所學所知，
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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在我們努力治癒割、瘀傷的過程中，
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
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我得以辨識出關鍵性的要素。
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
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我們團隊在觀察目前用來測試
協助肌肉再生能力的材料時，
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
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注意到在用這些材料
治療受傷的肌肉之後，
治療受傷的肌肉之後，
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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在那材料內以及其周圍的肌肉中，
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
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出現了大量的免疫細胞。
01:52
So in this case,
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所以，在這個情況中，
免疫細胞並不是
免疫細胞並不是
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
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朝感染的傷口蜂湧而上去對抗細菌，
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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反之，它們朝受傷處聚集。
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
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我發現了一種特定的免疫細胞，
02:02
the helper T cell,
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輔助型 T 細胞，
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
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會出現在我植入的材料當中，
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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是癒合傷口的關鍵角色。
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
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就像你小時候不小心把鉛筆弄斷，
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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會試著用膠帶把它纏回去。
我們也能癒合，但用的
可能不是最有效的方式，
可能不是最有效的方式，
02:16
we can heal,
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02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
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02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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且我們會留下傷疤。
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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所以，如果我們沒有
這些輔助型 T 細胞，
這些輔助型 T 細胞，
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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我們的肌肉在傷口處
就會生成脂肪細胞，
就會生成脂肪細胞，
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
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而不是健康的肌肉，
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
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若肌肉中有脂肪，
它就不會那麼強壯。
它就不會那麼強壯。
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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利用我們的免疫系統，
我們的身體就能夠不留疤痕地康復。
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
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02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
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甚至看起來和受傷之前一模一樣。
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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我在努力創造的材料，
是能夠透過改變免疫的反應，
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
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來發出再生新組織的訊號。
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
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我們知道，任何時候只要
有一種材料植入我們的身體，
有一種材料植入我們的身體，
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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免疫系統就會對它產生反應。
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
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範圍從心律調節器，
到胰島素幫浦，
到胰島素幫浦，
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
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到工程師用來嘗試
建立新組織的材料。
建立新組織的材料。
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
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所以，當我把那材料
或支架放入體內時，
或支架放入體內時，
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
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免疫系統會建構出
具有細胞和蛋白質的小環境，
具有細胞和蛋白質的小環境，
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
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它能夠改變我們幹細胞的行為模式。
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
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就像天氣會影響我們的日常活動，
03:19
like going for a run
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比如要出去跑步，
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
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或是待在家裡在網飛上瘋狂追劇。
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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同樣的，支架的免疫環境
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
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也會影響我們的幹細胞生長和發展。
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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如果我們給錯訊號，
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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比如網飛的訊號，
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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我們就會長出脂肪細胞而不是肌肉。
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
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這些支架是由各種不同東西做成的，
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
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從塑膠到天然衍生性材料、
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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各種厚度的奈米纖維、
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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多孔或少孔的海綿、
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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不同硬度的凝膠。
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
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研究人員甚至可以讓這些材料
03:54
release different signals over time.
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隨時間發出不同的訊號。
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
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換言之，我們可以精心安排
這場細胞的百老匯演出，
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
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做法是給它們正確的
舞台、提示和道具，
舞台、提示和道具，
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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而這些都可根據不同的組織來調整，
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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就像製片人可能會針對《悲慘世界》
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
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和《異形奇花》用不同的場景。
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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我把特定幾類訊號組合起來，
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
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來模擬我們身體對於受傷的
反應以協助我們再生。
反應以協助我們再生。
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
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未來，我們會有無疤 OK 繃、
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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可塑型的肌肉填充物，
或甚至讓傷口癒合的疫苗。
或甚至讓傷口癒合的疫苗。
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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我們不可能明天起床就像
金剛狼一樣什麼都能治癒。
金剛狼一樣什麼都能治癒。
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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大概下週二也不可能。
04:35
But with these advances,
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但有這些進展，
再配合我們的免疫系統
再配合我們的免疫系統
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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來協助修建組織及治癒傷口，
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
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我們會開始看到市場上
出現一些產品，
出現一些產品，
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
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配合我們身體的防禦系統
協助我們再生，
協助我們再生，
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
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也許有一天，
我們的速度還能趕上蠑螈。
我們的速度還能趕上蠑螈。
04:51
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:53
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com