TED2018
Kaitlyn Sadtler: How we could teach our bodies to heal faster
Kejtlin Sedler (Kaitlyn Sadtler): Kako možemo naučiti naše telo da zarasta brže
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Šta ako možemo da pomognemo našim telima da zarastaju brže i bez ožiljaka, kao Vulverin u Eksmenu? TED Fellow Kejtlin Sedler radi na pretvaranju ovog sna u realnost stvarajući nove biomaterijale koji bi mogli da promene način na koji naš imuni sistem odgovara na povrede. U ovom kratkom govoru, ona pokazuje različite načine na koje bi ovi proizvodi mogli da pomognu telu da se regeneriše.
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineer
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Kaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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Šta ako biste mogli da popijete lek
ili primite vakcinu
ili primite vakcinu
i, kao što izlečite prehladu,
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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možete brže da iscelite i rane?
00:20
Today, if we have
an operation or an accident,
an operation or an accident,
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Danas, ako imamo operaciju ili nesreću,
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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u bolnici smo nedeljama
00:26
and often left with scars
and painful side effects
and painful side effects
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i često izađemo sa ožiljcima
i bolnim nuspojavama
i bolnim nuspojavama
00:28
of our inability to regenerate
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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zbog naše nemogućnosti da se regenerišemo
ili ponovo stvorimo
zdrave, neoštećene organe.
zdrave, neoštećene organe.
Ja radim na stvaranju materijala
00:34
I work to create materials
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00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us
the signals to grow new tissues.
the signals to grow new tissues.
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koji daju instrukcije našem imunom sistemu
da nam da signale
za izgradnju novih tkiva.
za izgradnju novih tkiva.
Baš kao što vakcine daju instrukcije
našem telu da se bori protiv bolesti,
našem telu da se bori protiv bolesti,
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct
our body to fight disease,
our body to fight disease,
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00:44
we could instead instruct
our immune system
our immune system
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možemo umesto toga dati instrukcije
našem imunom sistemu
našem imunom sistemu
00:47
to build tissues
and more quickly heal wounds.
and more quickly heal wounds.
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da izgradi tkiva i brže isceli rane.
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere
might seem like magic,
might seem like magic,
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Ponovno izrastanje novih delova tela
niotkuda možda deluje kao magija,
niotkuda možda deluje kao magija,
00:54
but there are several organisms
that can achieve this feat.
that can achieve this feat.
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ali postoji nekoliko organizama
koji mogu postići ovaj uspeh.
koji mogu postići ovaj uspeh.
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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Nekim gušterima može
ponovo da izraste rep,
ponovo da izraste rep,
01:00
the humble salamander
can completely regenerate their arm,
can completely regenerate their arm,
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daždevnjaci mogu potpuno
regenerisati svoju ruku,
regenerisati svoju ruku,
01:04
and even us mere humans
can regrow our liver
can regrow our liver
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a čak i mi, ljudi, možemo
ponovo da izgradimo svoju jetru
ponovo da izgradimo svoju jetru
01:07
after losing more than half
of its original mass.
of its original mass.
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nakon što izgubimo i više od polovine
njene originalne mase.
njene originalne mase.
01:10
To make this magic
a bit closer to reality,
a bit closer to reality,
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Kako bismo približili
ovu magiju realnosti,
ovu magiju realnosti,
01:13
I'm investigating how our body
can heal wounds and build tissue
can heal wounds and build tissue
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istražujem kako naše telo može
da isceli rane i izgradi tkiva
da isceli rane i izgradi tkiva
01:17
through instructions
from the immune system.
from the immune system.
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pomoću instrukcija našeg imunog sistema.
01:20
From a scrape on your knee
to that annoying sinus infection,
to that annoying sinus infection,
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Od ogrebotine na kolenu
do te dosadne infekcije sinusa,
do te dosadne infekcije sinusa,
01:23
our immune system defends
our body from danger.
our body from danger.
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naš imuni sistem brani
naše telo od opasnosti.
naše telo od opasnosti.
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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Ja sam imunolog,
01:28
and by using what I know
about our body's defense system,
about our body's defense system,
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a koristeći ono što znam
o odbrambenom sistemu našeg tela,
o odbrambenom sistemu našeg tela,
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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bila sam u mogućnosti
da identifikujem ključne igrače
da identifikujem ključne igrače
01:33
in our fight to build back
our cuts and bruises.
our cuts and bruises.
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u našoj bici da izlečimo
posekotine i modrice.
posekotine i modrice.
01:37
When looking at materials
that are currently being tested
that are currently being tested
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Kada je naš tim gledao materijale
čije se mogućnosti regeneracije mišića
čije se mogućnosti regeneracije mišića
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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trenutno testiraju,
01:42
our team noticed that after treating
an injured muscle with these materials,
an injured muscle with these materials,
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primetio je da se, nakon tretiranja
povređenog mišića ovim materijalima,
povređenog mišića ovim materijalima,
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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pojavio veliki broj imunih ćelija
u tom materijalu i okolnom mišiću.
u tom materijalu i okolnom mišiću.
01:48
in that material
and the surrounding muscle.
and the surrounding muscle.
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01:52
So in this case,
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Tako, u ovom slučaju,
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off
towards infection to fight bacteria,
towards infection to fight bacteria,
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umesto da imune ćelije jure
prema infekciji da unište bakterije,
prema infekciji da unište bakterije,
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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one jure prema rani.
01:59
I discovered a specific
type of immune cell,
type of immune cell,
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Otkrila sam specifični tip imune ćelije,
02:02
the helper T cell,
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pomoćnu T ćeliju,
02:04
was present inside
that material that I implanted
that material that I implanted
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koja je bila prisutna
u materijalu koji sam ugradila
u materijalu koji sam ugradila
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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i koja je apsolutno ključna
za isceljenje rane.
za isceljenje rane.
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid
and you'd break your pencil
and you'd break your pencil
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Baš kao kada ste bili dete
i polomili ste olovku
i polomili ste olovku
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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i pokušali da je zalepite
lepljivom trakom,
lepljivom trakom,
02:16
we can heal,
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možemo se isceliti,
02:17
but it might not be
in the most functional way,
in the most functional way,
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ali može se desiti
da to na nije najfunkcionalniji način,
da to na nije najfunkcionalniji način,
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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pa će nam ostati ožiljak.
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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Tako, kada ne bismo imali
ove pomoćne T ćelije,
ove pomoćne T ćelije,
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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umesto zdravih mišića,
02:26
our muscle develops
fat cells inside of it,
fat cells inside of it,
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naši mišići bi razvili
masne ćelije u sebi,
masne ćelije u sebi,
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle,
it isn't as strong.
it isn't as strong.
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a ako imamo masnoću u mišiću,
on nije toliko jak.
on nije toliko jak.
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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Koristeći naš imuni sistem,
02:34
our body could grow back
without these scars
without these scars
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naše telo bi moglo da se vrati
u prvobitno stanje bez ožiljaka
u prvobitno stanje bez ožiljaka
02:36
and look like what it was
before we were even injured.
before we were even injured.
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i da izgleda kao i pre
nego što je bilo povređeno.
nego što je bilo povređeno.
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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Radim na tome da napravim materijale
02:43
that give us the signals
to build new tissue
to build new tissue
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koji nam daju signale
za izgradnju novog tkiva
za izgradnju novog tkiva
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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menjanjem imunog odgovora.
02:48
We know that any time
a material is implanted in our body,
a material is implanted in our body,
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Znamo da će imuni sistem odgovoriti
kad god neki materijal ugradimo u telo.
kad god neki materijal ugradimo u telo.
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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02:55
This ranges from pacemakers
to insulin pumps
to insulin pumps
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Ovo se kreće od pejsmejkera
i insulinskih pumpi
i insulinskih pumpi
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using
to try and build new tissue.
to try and build new tissue.
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do materijala koje inženjeri koriste
za pokušaj stvaranja novih tkiva.
za pokušaj stvaranja novih tkiva.
03:03
So when I place that material,
or scaffold, in the body,
or scaffold, in the body,
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Tako, kada postavim taj materijal,
ili biomembranske skele, u telo,
ili biomembranske skele, u telo,
03:08
the immune system creates
a small environment of cells and proteins
a small environment of cells and proteins
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imuni sistem stvara
malu sredinu ćelija i proteina
malu sredinu ćelija i proteina
03:12
that can change the way
that our stem cells behave.
that our stem cells behave.
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koja može da promeni ponašanje
naših matičnih ćelija.
naših matičnih ćelija.
03:15
Now, just like the weather
affects our daily activities,
affects our daily activities,
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Baš kao što vreme utiče
na naše dnevne aktivnosti,
na naše dnevne aktivnosti,
03:19
like going for a run
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kao odlazak na trčanje
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching
an entire TV show on Netflix,
an entire TV show on Netflix,
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ili ostajanje kod kuće i gledanje
čitave TV serije na Netfliksu,
čitave TV serije na Netfliksu,
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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sredina biomembranskih skela
imunog sistema
imunog sistema
03:27
affects the way that
our stem cells grow and develop.
our stem cells grow and develop.
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utiče na rast i razvoj
naših matičnih ćelija.
naših matičnih ćelija.
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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Ako imamo pogrešne signale,
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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na primer, signale Netfliksa,
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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dobijamo masne ćelije umesto mišića.
03:38
These scaffolds are made
of a variety of different things,
of a variety of different things,
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Ove biomembranske skele
su izgrađene od različitih stvari,
su izgrađene od različitih stvari,
03:41
from plastics to naturally
derived materials,
derived materials,
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od plastike do materijala
prirodnog porekla,
prirodnog porekla,
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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nanovlakana različitih debljina,
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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sunđera koji su više ili manje porozni,
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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gelova različitih krutosti.
03:52
And researchers
can even make the materials
can even make the materials
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A istraživači mogu čak
i da naprave materijale
i da naprave materijale
03:54
release different signals over time.
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tako da otpuštaju
različite signale tokom vremena.
različite signale tokom vremena.
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate
this Broadway show of cells
this Broadway show of cells
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Dakle, drugim rečima, možemo da rukovodimo
brodvejskom predstavom ovih ćelija
brodvejskom predstavom ovih ćelija
04:02
by giving them the correct
stage, cues and props
stage, cues and props
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dajući im odgovarajuću binu,
znake i rekvizite
znake i rekvizite
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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koji bi mogli da se menjaju
za različita tkiva,
za različita tkiva,
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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kao što bi producent menjao postavku
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus
"Little Shop of Horrors."
"Little Shop of Horrors."
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za „Jadnike“ i „Malu radnju užasa“.
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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Ja kombinujem specifične tipove signala
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury
to help us regenerate.
to help us regenerate.
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koji imitiraju način na koji naše telo
odgovara na povredu
odgovara na povredu
da bi nam pomoglo da se regenerišemo.
04:22
In the future, we could see
a scar-proof band-aid,
a scar-proof band-aid,
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U budućnosti, mogli bismo da vidimo
flaster koji otklanja ožiljak,
flaster koji otklanja ožiljak,
04:25
a moldable muscle filler
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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umetak za mišiće koji može da se oblikuje
ili čak vakcinu koja leči rane.
ili čak vakcinu koja leči rane.
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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Nećemo se probuditi sutra i biti
u mogućnosti da zarastamo kao Vulverin.
u mogućnosti da zarastamo kao Vulverin.
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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Verovatno ni sledećeg utorka.
04:35
But with these advances,
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Ali, sa ovim napredovanjima
04:36
and working with our immune system
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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i radom na našem imunom sistemu
kako bi izgradio tkiva i iscelio rane,
kako bi izgradio tkiva i iscelio rane,
04:40
we could begin seeing
products on the market
products on the market
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mogli bismo početi da viđamo
proizvode na tržištu
proizvode na tržištu
04:43
that work with our body's defense system
to help us regenerate,
to help us regenerate,
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koji rade sa našim odbrambenim sistemom
da nam pomognu u regenerisanju,
da nam pomognu u regenerisanju,
04:46
and maybe one day be able
to keep pace with a salamander.
to keep pace with a salamander.
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i možda jednog dana budemo u mogućnosti
da držimo korak sa daždevnjacima.
da držimo korak sa daždevnjacima.
04:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:53
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kaitlyn Sadtler - Regenerative tissue engineerKaitlyn Sadtler researches how our body can regenerate tissue through instructions from our immune system.
Why you should listen
Kaitlyn Sadtler is a postdoctoral fellow at MIT and received her Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she discovered a certain type of immune cell -- the T cell -- was critical for muscle regeneration. This work was published in Science Magazine and has led to more findings in how our immune system responds to materials used in tissue engineering.
Kaitlyn Sadtler | Speaker | TED.com