TEDGlobal>Geneva
Harry Cliff: Have we reached the end of physics?
Harry Cliff: Sudahkah kita sampai ke penghujung fizik?
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Mengapa ada berbanding tiada? Mengapa terlalu banyak benda wujud dalam dunia? Ahli fizik partikel Harry Cliff mengkaji Pelanggar Hadron Besar di CERN dan beliau mempunyai berita buruk bagi mereka yang mencari jawapan persoalan ini. Walaupun saintis berusaha sedaya upaya (bersama bantuan mesin terbesar di dunia), kita mungkin tidak menjelaskan sepenuhnya kesemua cir-ciri alam semulajadi. Adakah ini penghujung kepada fizik? Ketahui lebih lanjut dalam ceramah menarik ini tentang kajian terkini struktur rahsia alam sejagat.
Harry Cliff - Particle physicist
Harry Cliff looks for answers to questions about the origins of the universe and the laws of nature. Full bio
Harry Cliff looks for answers to questions about the origins of the universe and the laws of nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
A hundred years ago this month,
a 36-year-old Albert Einstein
a 36-year-old Albert Einstein
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Seratus tahun lepas, bulan ini,
36 tahun Albert Einstein
36 tahun Albert Einstein
00:16
stood up in front of the Prussian
Academy of Sciences in Berlin
Academy of Sciences in Berlin
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berdiri di depan Akademi Prussian
Sains di Berlin
Sains di Berlin
00:19
to present a radical new theory
of space, time and gravity:
of space, time and gravity:
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untuk memyampaikan satu teori baru radikal
tentang ruang, masa dan graviti:
tentang ruang, masa dan graviti:
00:23
the general theory of relativity.
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teori umum relativiti.
00:27
General relativity is unquestionably
Einstein's masterpiece,
Einstein's masterpiece,
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Tanpa disangkal relativiti umum
adalah karya agung Einstein.
adalah karya agung Einstein.
00:30
a theory which reveals the workings
of the universe at the grandest scales,
of the universe at the grandest scales,
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Satu teori yang mendedahkan cara alam
semesta berfungsi dalam skala termegah
semesta berfungsi dalam skala termegah
00:34
capturing in one beautiful line of algebra
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dijelaskan dalam satu baris
algebra yang cantik
algebra yang cantik
00:36
everything from why apples fall from trees
to the beginning of time and space.
to the beginning of time and space.
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dari menagapa epal jatuh dari pokok
ke permulaan masa and ruang.
ke permulaan masa and ruang.
00:41
1915 must have been an exciting year
to be a physicist.
to be a physicist.
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1915 mestilah tahun yang menarik
untuk menjadi seorang ahli fizik.
untuk menjadi seorang ahli fizik.
00:44
Two new ideas were turning
the subject on its head.
the subject on its head.
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Dua idea baru menjadi subjek hangat.
00:48
One was Einstein's theory of relativity,
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Satu adalah teori relativiti Einstein,
00:50
the other was arguably
even more revolutionary:
even more revolutionary:
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dan satu lagi boleh dikatakan lebih
revolusioner:
revolusioner:
00:53
quantum mechanics,
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mekanik quantum,
00:55
a mind-meltingly strange
yet stunningly successful new way
yet stunningly successful new way
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satu cara baru berkesan yang aneh
tetapi menakjubkan
tetapi menakjubkan
00:58
of understanding the microworld,
the world of atoms and particles.
the world of atoms and particles.
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untuk memahami dunia mikro,
dunia atom dan zarah.
dunia atom dan zarah.
01:03
Over the last century,
these two ideas have utterly transformed
these two ideas have utterly transformed
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Sejak sedekad yang lalu,
kedua-dua idea ini mengubah sepenuhnya
kedua-dua idea ini mengubah sepenuhnya
01:07
our understanding of the universe.
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kefahaman kita tentang
alam semesta.
alam semesta.
01:09
It's thanks to relativity
and quantum mechanics
and quantum mechanics
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Atas jasa relativiti dan
mekanik quantum
mekanik quantum
01:11
that we've learned
what the universe is made from,
what the universe is made from,
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kita belajar asal alam semesta,
01:14
how it began
and how it continues to evolve.
and how it continues to evolve.
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bagaimana ia bermula
dan terus berevolusi.
dan terus berevolusi.
01:17
A hundred years on, we now find ourselves
at another turning point in physics,
at another turning point in physics,
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Seabad kemudian, kita dapati
penemuan perubahan dalam fizik,
penemuan perubahan dalam fizik,
01:21
but what's at stake now
is rather different.
is rather different.
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tetapi lain yang dipertaruhkan sekarang.
01:24
The next few years may tell us
whether we'll be able
whether we'll be able
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Tahun mendatang mungkin
jelaskan samada kita boleh
jelaskan samada kita boleh
01:27
to continue to increase
our understanding of nature,
our understanding of nature,
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terus meningkatkan kefahaman
kita tentang alam semulajadi,
kita tentang alam semulajadi,
01:30
or whether maybe for the first time
in the history of science,
in the history of science,
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atau adakah buat kali pertama
dalam sejarah sains,
dalam sejarah sains,
01:33
we could be facing questions
that we cannot answer,
that we cannot answer,
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kita berhadapan dengan
persoalan yang tak terungkai,
persoalan yang tak terungkai,
01:37
not because we don't have
the brains or technology,
the brains or technology,
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bukan kerana kita tiada
akal atau teknologi,
akal atau teknologi,
01:40
but because the laws of physics
themselves forbid it.
themselves forbid it.
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akan tetapi kerana hukum-hukum fizik
melarangya.
melarangya.
01:44
This is the essential problem:
the universe is far, far too interesting.
the universe is far, far too interesting.
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Inilah masalah asasnya:
alam semesta adalah jauh terlalu menarik
alam semesta adalah jauh terlalu menarik
01:49
Relativity and quantum mechanics
appear to suggest
appear to suggest
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Relativiti dan mekanik quantum
mengesyorkan
mengesyorkan
01:51
that the universe
should be a boring place.
should be a boring place.
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alam semesta sepatutnya
tempat yang membosankan.
tempat yang membosankan.
01:54
It should be dark, lethal and lifeless.
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Ia sepatutnya gelap, membunuh dan
tiada hidupan.
tiada hidupan.
01:57
But when we look around us, we see we live
in a universe full of interesting stuff,
in a universe full of interesting stuff,
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Namun bila lihat sekeliling, kita
alam semesta yang penuh benda menarik
alam semesta yang penuh benda menarik
02:01
full of stars, planets, trees, squirrels.
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penuh dengan bintang, planet,
pokok dan tupai.
pokok dan tupai.
02:04
The question is, ultimately,
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Persoalan paling utama,
02:05
why does all this interesting stuff exist?
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kenapa semua benda menarik ini wujud?
02:08
Why is there something
rather than nothing?
rather than nothing?
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Mengapa ada sesuatu dari
tiada apa-apa?
tiada apa-apa?
02:13
This contradiction is the most pressing
problem in fundamental physics,
problem in fundamental physics,
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Percanggahan ini adalah masalah paling
jelas dalam asas fizik,
jelas dalam asas fizik,
02:16
and in the next few years, we may find out
whether we'll ever be able to solve it.
whether we'll ever be able to solve it.
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dan dalam tahun-tahun mendatang, kita
mungkin ketahui jika boleh diselesaikan.
mungkin ketahui jika boleh diselesaikan.
02:23
At the heart of this problem
are two numbers,
are two numbers,
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Di pusat masalah ini,
ada dua nombor
ada dua nombor
02:26
two extremely dangerous numbers.
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dua nombor yang paling bahaya.
02:28
These are properties of the universe
that we can measure,
that we can measure,
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Inilah sifat-sifat alam semesta
yang boleh diukur,
yang boleh diukur,
02:31
and they're extremely dangerous
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dan sifat ini amat bahaya
02:33
because if they were different,
even by a tiny bit,
even by a tiny bit,
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kerana jika berbeza,
walaupun sedikit,
walaupun sedikit,
02:35
then the universe as we know it
would not exist.
would not exist.
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alam semesta yang kita kenal
tidak akan wujud.
tidak akan wujud.
02:38
The first of these numbers is associated
with the discovery that was made
with the discovery that was made
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Satu daripada nombor ini dikaitkan
dengan penemuan yang dibuat
dengan penemuan yang dibuat
02:42
a few kilometers from this hall,
at CERN, home of this machine,
at CERN, home of this machine,
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beberapa kilometer dari dewan ini,
di CERN, letaknya mesin ini,
di CERN, letaknya mesin ini,
02:45
the largest scientific device
ever built by the human race,
ever built by the human race,
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peranti saintifik terbesar
dicipta umat manusia,
dicipta umat manusia,
02:48
the Large Hadron Collider.
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Pelanggar Hadron Besar.
02:50
The LHC whizzes subatomic particles
around a 27-kilometer ring,
around a 27-kilometer ring,
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LHC berdesing zarah subatom kira-kira
satu 27km bulatan,
satu 27km bulatan,
02:54
getting them closer and closer
to the speed of light
to the speed of light
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menjadikan ia semakin menghampiri
kelajuan cahaya
kelajuan cahaya
02:56
before smashing them into each other
inside gigantic particle detectors.
inside gigantic particle detectors.
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sebelum berlanggar satu sama lain
dalam pengesan partikel gergasi.
dalam pengesan partikel gergasi.
03:01
On July 4, 2012, physicists
at CERN announced to the world
at CERN announced to the world
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Pada4 Julai 2012, ahli-ahli fizik
di CERN mengumumkan kepada dunia
di CERN mengumumkan kepada dunia
03:05
that they'd spotted
a new fundamental particle
a new fundamental particle
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mereka menemui satu partikel
asas yang baru
asas yang baru
03:08
being created at the violent collisions
at the LHC: the Higgs boson.
at the LHC: the Higgs boson.
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dicipta dalam perlanggaran hebat di LHC:
Higgs Boson.
Higgs Boson.
03:13
Now, if you followed the news at the time,
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Jika anda mengikuti berita ketika itu,
03:15
you'll have seen a lot of physicists
getting very excited indeed,
getting very excited indeed,
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anda akan lihat ramai ahli-ahli fizik
yang sangat teruja,
yang sangat teruja,
03:18
and you'd be forgiven for thinking
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dana anda dimaafkan jika fikir
03:20
we get that way every time
we discover a new particle.
we discover a new particle.
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kita jadi begitu apabila menemui
partikel baru.
partikel baru.
03:22
Well, that is kind of true,
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Sebenarnya, memang betul,
03:24
but the Higgs boson
is particularly special.
is particularly special.
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akan tetapi Higgs Boson sedikit istimewa.
03:26
We all got so excited
because finding the Higgs
because finding the Higgs
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Kami semua begitu teruja
kerana penemuan Higgs
kerana penemuan Higgs
03:29
proves the existence
of a cosmic energy field.
of a cosmic energy field.
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membuktikan kewujudan medan tenaga kosmik.
03:32
Now, you may have trouble
imagining an energy field,
imagining an energy field,
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Anda mungkin sukar bayangkan
satu medan tenaga,
satu medan tenaga,
tetapi kita semua pernah alaminya.
03:35
but we've all experienced one.
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03:36
If you've ever held a magnet
close to a piece of metal
close to a piece of metal
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Jika anda pernah memegang magnet
dekat dengan logam
dekat dengan logam
03:39
and felt a force pulling across that gap,
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dan rasakan tarikan antara ruang itu,
03:41
then you've felt the effect of a field.
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itulah kesan medan.
03:43
And the Higgs field
is a little bit like a magnetic field,
is a little bit like a magnetic field,
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Medan Higgs sedikit menyerupai
medan magnet,
medan magnet,
03:46
except it has a constant value everywhere.
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kecuali ia mempunyai nilai malar
di mana-mana.
di mana-mana.
03:49
It's all around us right now.
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Ia mengelilingi kita sekarang.
03:51
We can't see it or touch it,
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Kita tak nampak ataupun sentuh,
03:52
but if it wasn't there,
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tetapi jika ia tiada,
03:54
we would not exist.
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kita juga tidak akan wujud.
03:56
The Higgs field gives mass
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Medan Higgs memberi jisim
03:58
to the fundamental particles
that we're made from.
that we're made from.
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kepada partikel asas tubuh badan kita.
04:00
If it wasn't there, those particles
would have no mass,
would have no mass,
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Jika ia tiada, partikel-partikel ini
tiada jisim,
tiada jisim,
04:03
and no atoms could form
and there would be no us.
and there would be no us.
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dan tiada atom boleh membentuk
dan tiadalah kita semua.
dan tiadalah kita semua.
04:06
But there is something deeply mysterious
about the Higgs field.
about the Higgs field.
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Tetapi ada sesuatu yang penuh misteri
tentang medan Higgs.
tentang medan Higgs.
04:11
Relativity and quantum mechanics tell us
that it has two natural settings,
that it has two natural settings,
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Relativiti dan mekanik quantum menyatakan
ia mempunyai dua tetapan semulajadi,
ia mempunyai dua tetapan semulajadi,
04:15
a bit like a light switch.
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hampir menyerupai suis lampu,
04:16
It should either be off,
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Sama ada ia ditutup,
04:18
so that it has a zero value
everywhere in space,
everywhere in space,
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supaya ada nilai sifar
di mana-mana dalam ruang,
di mana-mana dalam ruang,
04:20
or it should be on so it has
an absolutely enormous value.
an absolutely enormous value.
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atau dibuka supaya mempunyai
nilai yang sangat besar.
nilai yang sangat besar.
04:24
In both of these scenarios,
atoms could not exist,
atoms could not exist,
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Dalam kedua-dua senario ini,
atom-atom tidak boleh wujud,
atom-atom tidak boleh wujud,
04:27
and therefore all the other
interesting stuff
interesting stuff
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makan semua benda-benda
menarik yang lain
menarik yang lain
04:29
that we see around us
in the universe would not exist.
in the universe would not exist.
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yang dilihat di sekeliling kita
dalam dunia tidak wujud.
dalam dunia tidak wujud.
04:33
In reality, the Higgs field
is just slightly on,
is just slightly on,
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Realitinya, medan Higgs hanya
sedikit terbuka,
sedikit terbuka,
04:36
not zero but 10,000 trillion times weaker
than its fully on value,
than its fully on value,
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bukan sifar tapi 10,000 trilion kali
lebih lemah dari nilai sebenar,
lebih lemah dari nilai sebenar,
04:41
a bit like a light switch that's got stuck
just before the off position.
just before the off position.
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menyerupai suis lampu yang
tersekatsebelum posisi tutup.
tersekatsebelum posisi tutup.
04:46
And this value is crucial.
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Nilai ini penting.
04:48
If it were a tiny bit different,
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Jika sedikit sahaja perbezaannya,
04:50
then there would be
no physical structure in the universe.
no physical structure in the universe.
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tidak akan wujud struktur fizikal
di alam semesta.
di alam semesta.
04:53
So this is the first
of our dangerous numbers,
of our dangerous numbers,
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Jadi inilah nombor-nombor pertama
bahaya kita,
bahaya kita,
04:55
the strength of the Higgs field.
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kekuatan medan Higgs.
04:57
Theorists have spent decades
trying to understand
trying to understand
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Ahli-ahli teori meluangkan berdekad-dekad
mencuba memahami
mencuba memahami
05:00
why it has this very peculiarly
fine-tuned number,
fine-tuned number,
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kenapa ia mempunyai nombor
yang khusus diperhalusi ini,
yang khusus diperhalusi ini,
05:03
and they've come up
with a number of possible explanations.
with a number of possible explanations.
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dan mereka mengeluarkan beberapa
penjelasan mungkin.
penjelasan mungkin.
05:06
They have sexy-sounding names
like "supersymmetry"
like "supersymmetry"
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Mereka mempunyai nama yang seksi
seperti "simetri super"
seperti "simetri super"
05:09
or "large extra dimensions."
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atau "dimensi-dimensi lebih besar".
05:11
I'm not going to go
into the details of these ideas now,
into the details of these ideas now,
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Saya tak akan perincikan
butiran idea-idea ini sekarang,
butiran idea-idea ini sekarang,
05:13
but the key point is this:
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tapi inilah kunci utama:
05:16
if any of them explained this weirdly
fine-tuned value of the Higgs field,
fine-tuned value of the Higgs field,
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jika antara mereka menjelaskan nilai
medan Higgs dengan sangat terperinci,
medan Higgs dengan sangat terperinci,
05:20
then we should see new particles
being created at the LHC
being created at the LHC
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kita seharusnya nampak
partikel-pertikel baru dicipta di LHC
partikel-pertikel baru dicipta di LHC
05:24
along with the Higgs boson.
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seiring dengan Higgs Boson.
05:26
So far, though, we've not seen
any sign of them.
any sign of them.
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Hingga kini, kita tidak pernah jumpa
apa-apa tanda tentangnya.
apa-apa tanda tentangnya.
05:29
But there's actually an even worse example
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Tapi, ada contoh yang lebih teruk
05:32
of this kind of fine-tuning
of a dangerous number,
of a dangerous number,
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tentang penalaan halus
nombor bahaya sebegini,
nombor bahaya sebegini,
05:34
and this time it comes
from the other end of the scale,
from the other end of the scale,
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dan kali ini ia datang dari
skala hujung yang lain,
skala hujung yang lain,
05:37
from studying the universe
at vast distances.
at vast distances.
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iaitu dari mengkaji alam semesta
dari jarak yang jauh.
dari jarak yang jauh.
05:39
One of the most important consequences
of Einstein's general theory of relativity
of Einstein's general theory of relativity
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Salah satu kesan yang penting
tentang teori umum relativiti Einstein
tentang teori umum relativiti Einstein
05:44
was the discovery that the universe began
as a rapid expansion of space and time
as a rapid expansion of space and time
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adalah penemuan alam semesta bermula
dengan perkembangan pesat ruang dan masa
dengan perkembangan pesat ruang dan masa
05:48
13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang.
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13.8 bilion tahun lalu,
iaitu " the Big Bang".
iaitu " the Big Bang".
05:52
Now, according to early versions
of the Big Bang theory,
of the Big Bang theory,
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Dari versi-versi awal tentang
teori Big Bang,
teori Big Bang,
05:55
the universe has been expanding ever since
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alam semesta semakin berkembang sejak itu
05:57
with gravity gradually putting
the brakes on that expansion.
the brakes on that expansion.
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dengan graviti memberhentikan perkembangan
secara beransur.
secara beransur.
06:01
But in 1998, astronomers made
the stunning discovery
the stunning discovery
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Tapi pada 1998, ahli-ahli astronomi
membuat penemuan menakjubkan
membuat penemuan menakjubkan
06:04
that the expansion of the universe
is actually speeding up.
is actually speeding up.
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bahawa perkembangan alam semesta
sebenarnya dipercepatkan.
sebenarnya dipercepatkan.
06:07
The universe is getting
bigger and bigger faster and faster
bigger and bigger faster and faster
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Alam semesta sedang menjadi lebih besar
dengan lebih cepat
dengan lebih cepat
06:10
driven by a mysterious repulsive force
called dark energy.
called dark energy.
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didorong daya tolakan bermisteri
dikenali sebagai tenaga gelap.
dikenali sebagai tenaga gelap.
06:15
Now, whenever you hear
the word "dark" in physics,
the word "dark" in physics,
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Bila anda mendengar perkataan
"gelap" dalam fizik,
"gelap" dalam fizik,
06:17
you should get very suspicious
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anda patut jadi sangat curiga
06:19
because it probably means
we don't know what we're talking about.
we don't know what we're talking about.
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kerana ia mungkin bererti kita tak tahu
perkara yang kita katakan.
perkara yang kita katakan.
06:22
(Laughter)
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(Ketawa)
Kita tidak tahu apakah tenaga gelap,
06:23
We don't know what dark energy is,
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06:25
but the best idea is that it's the energy
of empty space itself,
of empty space itself,
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tapi idea terbaik adalah, inilah tenaga
ruang kosong sendiri,
ruang kosong sendiri,
06:30
the energy of the vacuum.
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tenaga vakum.
06:32
Now, if you use good old
quantum mechanics to work out
quantum mechanics to work out
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Jika anda menggunakan kuantum mekanik
untuk mengetahui
untuk mengetahui
06:34
how strong dark energy should be,
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kekuatan sebenar tenaga gelap,
06:36
you get an absolutely astonishing result.
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anda akan mendapat keputusan
yang mengejutkan.
yang mengejutkan.
06:39
You find that dark energy
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Anda akan mendapati tenaga gelap
06:41
should be 10 to the power
of 120 times stronger
of 120 times stronger
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sepatutnya 120 kuasa 10 kali lebih kuat
06:45
than the value we observe from astronomy.
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dari nilai yang dijangka oleh astronomi.
06:48
That's one with 120 zeroes after it.
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Iaitu 1diikuti 120 sifar.
06:53
This is a number so mind-bogglingly huge
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Nombor ini sangat besar
dan sukar dibayangkan
dan sukar dibayangkan
06:56
that it's impossible
to get your head around.
to get your head around.
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dan mustahil untuk difahami.
06:58
We often use the word "astronomical"
when we're talking about big numbers.
when we're talking about big numbers.
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Kita kerap guna perkataan "astronomical"
untuk gambarkan nombor besar.
untuk gambarkan nombor besar.
Kata itu pun tak berguna di sini.
07:01
Well, even that one won't do here.
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07:03
This number is bigger
than any number in astronomy.
than any number in astronomy.
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Nombor ini lebih besar dari
sebarang nombor dalam astronomi.
sebarang nombor dalam astronomi.
07:05
It's a thousand trillion
trillion trillion times bigger
trillion trillion times bigger
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ia adalah seribu trilion
tilion trilion kali lebih besar
tilion trilion kali lebih besar
07:09
than the number of atoms
in the entire universe.
in the entire universe.
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dari nombor atom-atom dalam
seluruh alam semesta.
seluruh alam semesta.
07:12
So that's a pretty bad prediction.
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Jadi itu adalah ramalan yang teruk.
07:14
In fact, it's been called
the worst prediction in physics,
the worst prediction in physics,
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Ia dikenali ramalan yang
paling teruk dalam fizik,
paling teruk dalam fizik,
07:17
and this is more than just
a theoretical curiosity.
a theoretical curiosity.
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dan ini adalah lebih dari perasaan curiga
dari segi teori.
dari segi teori.
07:20
If dark energy were
anywhere near this strong,
anywhere near this strong,
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Jika tenaga gelap di mana-mana
dekat sekuat ini,
dekat sekuat ini,
07:23
then the universe
would have been torn apart,
would have been torn apart,
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2136
jadi alam semesta akan terbelah dua,
07:25
stars and galaxies could not form,
and we would not be here.
and we would not be here.
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433240
3320
bintang dan galaksi tak mungkin
terbentuk, dan kita tidak wujud.
terbentuk, dan kita tidak wujud.
Inilah perkara kedua tentang
nombor berbahaya ini,
nombor berbahaya ini,
07:29
So this is the second
of those dangerous numbers,
of those dangerous numbers,
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2336
07:31
the strength of dark energy,
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kekuatan tenaga gelap,
07:33
and explaining it requires an even more
fantastic level of fine-tuning
fantastic level of fine-tuning
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3936
dan untuk jelaskannya memerlukan
lebih penalaan halus
lebih penalaan halus
07:36
than we saw for the Higgs field.
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dari yang kita lihat untuk medan Higgs.
07:38
But unlike the Higgs field,
this number has no known explanation.
this number has no known explanation.
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Tapi berbeza dengan medan Higgs,
nombor ini tiada penjelasan.
nombor ini tiada penjelasan.
07:45
The hope was that a complete combination
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Harapannya adalah kombinasi sempurna
07:47
of Einstein's general
theory of relativity,
theory of relativity,
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bagi teori umum Einstein
tentang relativiti,
tentang relativiti,
07:49
which is the theory
of the universe at grand scales,
of the universe at grand scales,
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iaitu teori alam semesta
pada skala yang amat besar,
pada skala yang amat besar,
07:52
with quantum mechanics, the theory
of the universe at small scales,
of the universe at small scales,
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dengan kuantum mekanik, teori
alam semesta pada skala kecil,
alam semesta pada skala kecil,
07:55
might provide a solution.
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mungkin memberikan penyelesaian.
07:57
Einstein himself
spent most of his later years
spent most of his later years
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Einstein sendiri menghabiskan
sisa hidupnya
sisa hidupnya
08:00
on a futile search
for a unified theory of physics,
for a unified theory of physics,
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dalam pencarian sia-sia untuk
satu teori fizik bersepadu
satu teori fizik bersepadu
08:03
and physicists have kept at it ever since.
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dan ahli-ahli fizik lain menyambung
usaha tersebut sejak itu.
usaha tersebut sejak itu.
08:06
One of the most promising candidates
for a unified theory is string theory,
for a unified theory is string theory,
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4136
Antara teori yang berpotensi bagi
teori bersepadu ialah teori tali,
teori bersepadu ialah teori tali,
08:10
and the essential idea is,
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dan idea utamanya adalah,
08:12
if you could zoom in on the fundamental
particles that make up our world,
particles that make up our world,
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jika anda boleh fokus pada partikel asas
yang membentuk dunia kita,
yang membentuk dunia kita,
08:15
you'd see actually
that they're not particles at all,
that they're not particles at all,
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anda akan dapati
ianya bukan partikel,
ianya bukan partikel,
08:18
but tiny vibrating strings of energy,
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2616
tetapi jajaran tenaga kecil yang bergetar,
08:21
with each frequency of vibration
corresponding to a different particle,
corresponding to a different particle,
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4336
dengan setiap frekuensi getaran berpadan
dengan setiap partikel lain,
dengan setiap partikel lain,
08:25
a bit like musical notes
on a guitar string.
on a guitar string.
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hampir menyerupai nota-nota muzik
pada tali gitar.
pada tali gitar.
08:28
So it's a rather elegant, almost poetic
way of looking at the world,
way of looking at the world,
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Ia seakan melihat dunia dengan cara
yang elegan dan berpuisi
yang elegan dan berpuisi
08:32
but it has one catastrophic problem.
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tapi ia mempunyai
satu masalah yang sangat besar.
satu masalah yang sangat besar.
08:35
It turns out that string theory
isn't one theory at all,
isn't one theory at all,
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Teori tali bukan satu teori langsung,
08:38
but a whole collection of theories.
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2296
tapi satu koleksi teori yang menyeluruh.
08:40
It's been estimated, in fact,
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Malah, dianggarkan,
08:42
that there are 10 to the 500
different versions of string theory.
different versions of string theory.
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3936
terdapat 10 hingga 500 versi
teori tali yang berbeza.
teori tali yang berbeza.
08:46
Each one would describe
a different universe
a different universe
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2376
Setiap satu menggambarkan
alam semesta berlainan
alam semesta berlainan
08:48
with different laws of physics.
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2136
dengan hukum fizik yang berlainan.
Pengkritik berpendapat, ini membuat
teori tali tidak saintifik.
teori tali tidak saintifik.
08:50
Now, critics say this makes
string theory unscientific.
string theory unscientific.
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2616
08:53
You can't disprove the theory.
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1936
Anda tidak boleh menyangkal teori ini.
08:55
But others actually
turned this on its head
turned this on its head
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Tapi yang lain sebenarnya
tidak bersependapat
tidak bersependapat
08:57
and said, well,
maybe this apparent failure
maybe this apparent failure
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2272
dan berkata, mungkin kegagalan ketara ini
08:59
is string theory's greatest triumph.
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527680
2336
ini adalah kejayaan paling besar
teori tali.
teori tali.
09:02
What if all of these 10 to the 500
different possible universes
different possible universes
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Apa kata kalau kesemua 10 hingga 500
kemungkinan alam semesta berlainan
kemungkinan alam semesta berlainan
09:05
actually exist out there somewhere
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sebenarnya wujud di luar sana
09:07
in some grand multiverse?
182
535680
2120
dalam beberapa alam semesta lain?
09:10
Suddenly we can understand
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Tiba-tiba kita boleh faham
09:12
the weirdly fine-tuned values
of these two dangerous numbers.
of these two dangerous numbers.
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3576
nilai-nilai terperinci dua nombor
yang berbahaya ini.
yang berbahaya ini.
Dalam kebanyakan alam lain,
09:15
In most of the multiverse,
185
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09:17
dark energy is so strong
that the universe gets torn apart,
that the universe gets torn apart,
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tenaga gelap begitu kuat
alam semesta berbelah dua,
alam semesta berbelah dua,
09:20
or the Higgs field is so weak
that no atoms can form.
that no atoms can form.
187
548080
3336
atau medan Higgs begitu lemah
tiada atom boleh terbentuk.
tiada atom boleh terbentuk.
Kita hidup di satu tempat
dalam alam semesta berlainan
dalam alam semesta berlainan
09:23
We live in one of the places
in the multiverse
in the multiverse
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09:25
where the two numbers are just right.
189
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di mana dua nombor hampir tepat.
Kita tinggal dalam alam semesta
Goldilocks.
Goldilocks.
09:28
We live in a Goldilocks universe.
190
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09:31
Now, this idea is extremely controversial,
and it's easy to see why.
and it's easy to see why.
191
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4856
Idea ini sangat kontroversi,
dan memahami sebabnya.
dan memahami sebabnya.
09:36
If we follow this line of thinking,
192
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1896
Kalau kita ikut garis pemikiran ini,
09:38
then we will never be able
to answer the question,
to answer the question,
193
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2376
kita tidak akan berjaya menjawab soalan,
09:40
"Why is there something
rather than nothing?"
rather than nothing?"
194
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"Kenapa sesuatu wujud berbanding
kosong?"
kosong?"
09:43
In most of the multiverse,
there is nothing,
there is nothing,
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Kebanyakan alam semesta kosong,
09:45
and we live in one of the few places
196
573520
1816
dan kita hidup dalam satu dari
beberapa tempat
beberapa tempat
09:47
where the laws of physics
allow there to be something.
allow there to be something.
197
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3000
di mana hukum fizik membenarkan
sesuatu wujud.
sesuatu wujud.
09:51
Even worse, we can't test
the idea of the multiverse.
the idea of the multiverse.
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579360
3136
Lebih teruk, kita tak boleh uji
kepelbagaian alam semesta.
kepelbagaian alam semesta.
09:54
We can't access these other universes,
199
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2136
Kita tidak boleh akses alam semesta lain,
09:56
so there's no way of knowing
whether they're there or not.
whether they're there or not.
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3240
jadi tiada cara mengetahui sama ada
mereka wujud atau tidak.
mereka wujud atau tidak.
10:01
So we're in an extremely
frustrating position.
frustrating position.
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3336
Jadi kita dalam posisi yang menghampakan.
10:05
That doesn't mean
the multiverse doesn't exist.
the multiverse doesn't exist.
202
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Ini tidak bererti kepelbagaian
alam semesta tidak wujud.
alam semesta tidak wujud.
10:07
There are other planets,
other stars, other galaxies,
other stars, other galaxies,
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2576
Ada banyak planet, bintang,
dan galaksi lain
dan galaksi lain
10:10
so why not other universes?
204
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2176
jadi mengapa tidak alam semesta lain?
10:12
The problem is, it's unlikely
we'll ever know for sure.
we'll ever know for sure.
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3360
Masalahnya, sukar untuk
kita pastikan.
kita pastikan.
10:16
Now, the idea of the multiverse
has been around for a while,
has been around for a while,
206
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3336
Idea tentang kepelbagaian alam semesta
telah lama wujud,
telah lama wujud,
10:20
but in the last few years,
we've started to get the first solid hints
we've started to get the first solid hints
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namun sejak beberapa tahun lepas,
kita mula mendapat petanda kukuh
kita mula mendapat petanda kukuh
10:23
that this line of reasoning
may get born out.
may get born out.
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bahawa cara pemikiran ini
mungkin dapat diluahkan.
mungkin dapat diluahkan.
10:27
Despite high hopes
for the first run of the LHC,
for the first run of the LHC,
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3376
Walaupun harapan tinggi untuk
pertama kali LHC dijalankan,
pertama kali LHC dijalankan,
10:30
what we were looking for there --
210
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perkara yang kita cari --
10:32
we were looking
for new theories of physics:
for new theories of physics:
211
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kita mencari teori-teori baru fizik:
10:34
supersymmetry or large extra dimensions
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dimensi super simetri atau lebih besar
10:36
that could explain this weirdly
fine-tuned value of the Higgs field.
fine-tuned value of the Higgs field.
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4216
yang mungkin boleh menjelaskan nilai
terperinci medan Higgs.
terperinci medan Higgs.
10:40
But despite high hopes, the LHC
revealed a barren subatomic wilderness
revealed a barren subatomic wilderness
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Tapi walaupun harapan tinggi, LHC
mendedahkan satu subatom gersang
mendedahkan satu subatom gersang
10:44
populated only by a lonely Higgs boson.
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dipopulasi oleh boson Higgs tunggal.
10:48
My experiment published paper after paper
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2336
Eksperimen saya diterbitkan naskhah
demi naskhah
demi naskhah
10:51
where we glumly had to conclude
that we saw no signs of new physics.
that we saw no signs of new physics.
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yang kami dengan kecewa simpulkan
tiada tanda penemuan fizik yang baru.
tiada tanda penemuan fizik yang baru.
10:56
The stakes now could not be higher.
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2656
Kini pertaruhan sudah menjadi amat tinggi.
10:59
This summer, the LHC began
its second phase of operation
its second phase of operation
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Musim panas ini, LHC telah memulakan
fasa kedua operasi
fasa kedua operasi
11:02
with an energy almost double
what we achieved in the first run.
what we achieved in the first run.
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dengan tenaga hampir dua kali ganda
dari ujian pertama.
dari ujian pertama.
11:05
What particle physicists
are all desperately hoping for
are all desperately hoping for
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Partikel yang sangat dicari
ahli-ahli fizik
ahli-ahli fizik
11:07
are signs of new particles,
micro black holes,
micro black holes,
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adalah petanda baru partikel,
lubang-lubang hitam mikro,
lubang-lubang hitam mikro,
11:10
or maybe something totally unexpected
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658760
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atau sesuatu di luar jangkaan
11:12
emerging from the violent collisions
at the Large Hadron Collider.
at the Large Hadron Collider.
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3616
muncul dari akibat perlanggaran hebat
di Large Hadron Collider.
di Large Hadron Collider.
11:16
If so, then we can continue
this long journey
this long journey
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Dengan itu, kita boleh sambung
perjalanan jauh ini
perjalanan jauh ini
11:18
that began 100 years ago
with Albert Einstein
with Albert Einstein
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yang bermula satu abad lepas
dengan Albert Einstein
dengan Albert Einstein
11:21
towards an ever deeper understanding
of the laws of nature.
of the laws of nature.
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3520
terhadap pemahaman yang lebih mendalam
tentang hukum alam semulajadi.
tentang hukum alam semulajadi.
11:25
But if, in two or three years' time,
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2016
Namun jika dalam masa
dua atau tiga tahun,
dua atau tiga tahun,
11:27
when the LHC switches off again
for a second long shutdown,
for a second long shutdown,
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3336
bila suis LHC padam lagi
selama sesaat,
selama sesaat,
11:31
we've found nothing but the Higgs boson,
230
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tiada yang dijumpai
selain Higgs Boson,
selain Higgs Boson,
11:33
then we may be entering
a new era in physics:
a new era in physics:
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mungkin kita memasuki
era baru dalam fizik:
era baru dalam fizik:
11:37
an era where there are weird features
of the universe that we cannot explain;
of the universe that we cannot explain;
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685320
4776
satu era ciri-ciri ganjil alam semesta
yang tidak boleh dijelaskan;
yang tidak boleh dijelaskan;
satu era kita ada petanda kita hidup
dalam kepelbagaian alam semesta
dalam kepelbagaian alam semesta
11:42
an era where we have hints
that we live in a multiverse
that we live in a multiverse
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11:45
that lies frustratingly
forever beyond our reach;
forever beyond our reach;
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yang sayangnya terletak
selama-lamanya di luar jangkauan kita;
selama-lamanya di luar jangkauan kita;
11:49
an era where we will never be able
to answer the question,
to answer the question,
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satu era dimana kita tidak akan
mendapat jawapan untuk soalannya,
mendapat jawapan untuk soalannya,
11:52
"Why is there something
rather than nothing?"
rather than nothing?"
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"Kenapa ada sesuatu berbanding kosong?"
11:55
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
11:56
(Applause)
238
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(Tepukan)
12:03
Bruno Giussani: Harry,
even if you just said
even if you just said
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Bruno Giussani: Harry, walaupun
anda baru sahaja cakap
anda baru sahaja cakap
12:06
the science may not have some answers,
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sains mungkin tidak ada jawapan,
12:08
I would like to ask you a couple
of questions, and the first is:
of questions, and the first is:
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3016
Saya ingin bertanya beberapa
soalan, pertamanya begini:
soalan, pertamanya begini:
12:11
building something like the LHC
is a generational project.
is a generational project.
242
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membina sesuatu seperti LHC
adalah projek beberapa generasi.
adalah projek beberapa generasi.
12:14
I just mentioned, introducing you,
that we live in a short-term world.
that we live in a short-term world.
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Saya baru saja, perkenalkan awak,
yang kita hidup dalam dunia singkat.
yang kita hidup dalam dunia singkat.
12:18
How do you think so long term,
244
726400
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Bagaimana anda fikir dalam
jangka masa panjang,
jangka masa panjang,
12:21
projecting yourself out a generation
when building something like this?
when building something like this?
245
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fikir lebih dari generasi anda
apabila membina sesuatu seperti ini?
apabila membina sesuatu seperti ini?
12:24
Harry Cliff: I was very lucky
246
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Harry Cliff: Saya amat bertuah
12:26
that I joined the experiment
I work on at the LHC in 2008,
I work on at the LHC in 2008,
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2816
kerana sertai eksperimen yang dikaji
di LHC pada tahun 2008,
di LHC pada tahun 2008,
12:28
just as we were switching on,
248
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1381
sebaik kami memasang suis,
12:30
and there are people in my research group
who have been working on it
who have been working on it
249
738325
3251
ada rakan kumpulan penyelidikan
telah bekerja selama tiga dekad
telah bekerja selama tiga dekad
seluruh kerjaya mereka pada sebuah mesin.
12:33
for three decades,
their entire careers on one machine.
their entire careers on one machine.
250
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Jadi saya rasa perbualan pertama
tentang LHC pada 1976,
tentang LHC pada 1976,
12:36
So I think the first conversations
about the LHC were in 1976,
about the LHC were in 1976,
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12:39
and you start planning the machine
without the technology
without the technology
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dan anda mula merancang pembinaan
mesin tanpa teknologi
mesin tanpa teknologi
12:42
that you know you're going to need
to be able to build it.
to be able to build it.
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yang anda tahu anda perlu
untuk membinanya.
untuk membinanya.
Jadi kuasa pengkomputeran tidak
wujud dalam awal 90-an
wujud dalam awal 90-an
12:44
So the computing power
did not exist in the early '90s
did not exist in the early '90s
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ketika kerja rekaan rancak bermula
12:47
when design work began in earnest.
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Salah satu pengesan besar yang
merekod perlanggaran ini,
merekod perlanggaran ini,
12:48
One of the big detectors
which record these collisions,
which record these collisions,
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12:51
they didn't think there was technology
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mereka tidak terfikir ada teknologi
12:52
that could withstand the radiation
that would be created in the LHC,
that would be created in the LHC,
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yang boleh bertahan radiasi yang
akan dicipta dalam LHC,
akan dicipta dalam LHC,
12:55
so there was basically a lump of lead
in the middle of this object
in the middle of this object
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jadi terdapat seketul plumbum
di tengah-tengah objek ini
di tengah-tengah objek ini
12:58
with some detectors around the outside,
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dengan pengesan di sekelilingya,
13:00
but subsequently
we have developed technology.
we have developed technology.
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tapi kemudian kami cipta teknologi.
13:02
So you have to rely on people's ingenuity,
that they will solve the problems,
that they will solve the problems,
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Anda perlu harap pada kepintaran orang,
untuk selesaikan masalah,
untuk selesaikan masalah,
tetapi ia mungkin ambil masa
satu dekad atau lebih lagi.
satu dekad atau lebih lagi.
13:05
but it may be a decade
or more down the line.
or more down the line.
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13:07
BG: China just announced
two or three weeks ago
two or three weeks ago
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BG: China baru mengumumkan
2 atau 3 minggu lalu
2 atau 3 minggu lalu
13:09
that they intend to build
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mereka berhasrat membina
13:11
a supercollider twice the size of the LHC.
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sebuah mesin perlanggaran 2 kali ganda
saiz LHC
saiz LHC
13:14
I was wondering how you
and your colleagues welcome the news.
and your colleagues welcome the news.
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Saya tertanya penerima anda
dan rakan sekerja tentang berita ini.
dan rakan sekerja tentang berita ini.
13:17
HC: Size isn't everything, Bruno.
BG: I'm sure. I'm sure.
BG: I'm sure. I'm sure.
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HC: Saiz bukan penyelesaiannya, Bruno.
BG: Saya pasti. Saya pasti.
BG: Saya pasti. Saya pasti.
13:20
(Laughter)
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(Ketawa)
Bunyinya kelakar bagi pakar fizik partikel
mengatakannya.
mengatakannya.
13:22
It sounds funny for a particle
physicist to say that.
physicist to say that.
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13:24
But I mean, seriously, it's great news.
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Tapi saya bermaksud, ini berita bagus.
13:26
So building a machine like the LHC
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Untuk membina satu mesin seperti LHC
13:29
requires countries from all over the world
to pool their resources.
to pool their resources.
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memerlukan negara-negara seluruh dunia
bergabung sumbernya.
bergabung sumbernya.
13:32
No one nation can afford
to build a machine this large,
to build a machine this large,
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Tiada negara boleh mampu membina
sebuah mesin sebesar ini,
sebuah mesin sebesar ini,
13:34
apart from maybe China,
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selain China,
13:35
because they can mobilize
huge amounts of resources,
huge amounts of resources,
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kerana mereka boleh gerakkan
sumber yang banyak,
sumber yang banyak,
13:37
manpower and money
to build machines like this.
to build machines like this.
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tenaga manusia and duit untuk
bina mesin sebegini.
bina mesin sebegini.
13:39
So it's only a good thing.
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Jadi, ini adalah bagus.
13:41
What they're really planning to do
is to build a machine
is to build a machine
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Mereka sedang merancang membina
sebuah mesin
sebuah mesin
13:43
that will study the Higgs boson in detail
and could give us some clues
and could give us some clues
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yang akan kaji boson Higgs dengan
terperinci dan beri beberapa petunjuk
terperinci dan beri beberapa petunjuk
13:46
as to whether these new ideas,
like supersymmetry, are really out there,
like supersymmetry, are really out there,
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sama ada idea-idea baru seperti
mahasimetri wujud
mahasimetri wujud
13:49
so it's great news for physics, I think.
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jadi ia berita baik untuk fizik
bagi saya.
bagi saya.
13:51
BG: Harry, thank you.
HC: Thank you very much.
HC: Thank you very much.
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BG: Harry, terima kasih.
HC: Terima kasih banyak.
HC: Terima kasih banyak.
13:53
(Applause)
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(Tepukan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Harry Cliff - Particle physicistHarry Cliff looks for answers to questions about the origins of the universe and the laws of nature.
Why you should listen
Harry Cliff works on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and is a member of the LHCb collaboration, a large international team searching for signs of new particles and forces of nature in high-energy particle collisions. He is the Fellow of Modern Science at the Science Museum in London and curated their “Collider” exhibition as well as the more recent “Einstein’s Legacy”, which explores the scientific and cultural impact of Albert Einstein’s life and work.
Harry Cliff | Speaker | TED.com