ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gene Luen Yang - Cartoonist, educator
Gene Luen Yang writes, and sometimes draws, comic books and graphic novels.

Why you should listen

As the Library of Congress's fifth National Ambassador for Young People's Literature, Gene Luen Yang advocates for the importance of reading, especially reading diversely. American Born Chinese, his first graphic novel from First Second Books, was a National Book Award finalist, as well as the winner of the Printz Award and an Eisner Award. His two-volume graphic novel Boxers & Saints won the L.A. Times Book Prize and was a National Book Award Finalist. His other works include Secret Coders (with Mike Holmes), The Shadow Hero (with Sonny Liew), New Super-Man from DC Comics (with various artists) and the Avatar: The Last Airbender series from Dark Horse Comics (with Gurihiru). In 2016, he was named a MacArthur Foundation Fellow.

More profile about the speaker
Gene Luen Yang | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxManhattanBeach

Gene Luen Yang: Comics belong in the classroom

Gene Yang: Quadrinhos pertencem à sala de aula

Filmed:
1,416,188 views

Revistas em quadrinhos e "graphic novels" devem fazer parte do arsenal de todos os professores, afirma o educador e cartunista Gene Luen Yang. No contexto geral dos seus próprios desenhos coloridos e inteligentes, Yang explora a história dos quadrinhos na educação norte americana (e revela algumas descobertas inusitadas sobre seu potencial no auxilio à educação de crianças).
- Cartoonist, educator
Gene Luen Yang writes, and sometimes draws, comic books and graphic novels. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

Quando eu estava no quinto ano,
00:14
When I was in the fifth grade,
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00:16
I bought an issue
of "DC Comics Presents #57"
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eu comprei uma edição
da "DC Comics Presents #57"
00:20
off of a spinner rack
at my local bookstore,
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em uma prateleira
da banca de revistas local,
00:23
and that comic book changed my life.
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e aquela revista em quadrinhos
mudou minha vida.
00:27
The combination of words and pictures
did something inside my head
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A junção das palavras e figuras
fez algo na minha cabeça
que nunca tinha acontecido antes,
00:30
that had never been done before,
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00:32
and I immediately fell in love
with the medium of comics.
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e eu me apaixonei
pelos quadrinhos imediatamente.
00:35
I became a voracious comic book reader,
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Me tornei um leitor voraz de quadrinhos,
00:39
but I never brought them to school.
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mas nunca os levei à escola.
00:40
Instinctively, I knew that comic books
didn't belong in the classroom.
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Instintivamente, eu sabia que quadrinhos
não pertenciam à sala de aula.
00:46
My parents definitely were not fans,
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Meus pais com certeza não eram fãs,
00:49
and I was certain that my teachers
wouldn't be either.
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e eu tinha certeza
que meus professores também não.
00:52
After all, they never used them to teach,
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Afinal, eles nunca usaram quadrinhos
e "graphic novels" para ensinar,
00:54
comic books and graphic novels were never
allowed during silent sustained reading,
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e elas nunca eram permitidas
nos momentos de leitura,
00:58
and they were never sold
at our annual book fair.
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nem vendidas nas nossas
feiras do livro anuais.
01:01
Even so, I kept reading comics,
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Mesmo assim, eu continuei
lendo quadrinhos,
01:04
and I even started making them.
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e até comecei a fazê-los.
01:06
Eventually I became
a published cartoonist,
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Acabei me tornando
um cartunista publicado,
01:09
writing and drawing
comic books for a living.
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escrevendo e desenhando quadrinhos
para me sustentar.
01:12
I also became a high school teacher.
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Eu também me tornei professor
de ensino médio.
01:14
This is where I taught:
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Era aqui onde eu lecionava:
01:16
Bishop O'Dowd High School
in Oakland, California.
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"Bishop O'Dowd High School"
em Oakland, Califórnia.
01:19
I taught a little bit of math
and a little bit of art,
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Eu ensinei um pouco de matemática e artes,
mas principalmente computação,
01:21
but mostly computer science,
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01:23
and I was there for 17 years.
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e fiquei lá por 17 anos.
01:25
When I was a brand new teacher,
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Quando eu era professor novato,
01:27
I tried bringing comic books
into my classroom.
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tentei trazer os quadrinhos
para a sala de aula.
01:30
I remember telling my students
on the first day of every class
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Eu lembro de dizer aos meus alunos
a cada primeiro dia de aula,
01:33
that I was also a cartoonist.
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que eu também era cartunista.
01:35
It wasn't so much that I was planning
to teach them with comics,
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Não era tanto por eu querer
ensinar usando quadrinhos,
01:38
it was more that I was hoping comics
would make them think that I was cool.
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e mais eu esperar que os quadrinhos
fizessem eles me acharem descolado.
01:42
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:44
I was wrong.
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Eu estava errado.
01:45
This was the '90s,
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Aquilo era os anos 90,
01:47
so comic books didn't have
the cultural cachet that they do today.
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então quadrinhos não tinham
o status que têm hoje.
01:52
My students didn't think I was cool.
They thought I was kind of a dork.
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Meus alunos não me achavam descolado.
Eles me achavam meio bobão.
01:56
And even worse,
when stuff got hard in my class,
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Pior ainda, quando a coisa
ficava feia na sala,
01:59
they would use comic books
as a way of distracting me.
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eles usavam os quadrinhos
como forma de me distrair.
02:02
They would raise their hands
and ask me questions like,
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Eles levantavam as mãos
e me perguntavam coisas do tipo:
02:04
"Mr. Yang, who do you think
would win in a fight,
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"Sr. Yang, quem você acha
que ganha uma briga,
02:07
Superman or the Hulk?"
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Super-homem ou o Hulk?"
02:08
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
02:09
I very quickly realized I had to keep
my teaching and my cartooning separate.
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Eu percebi muito rápido que precisava
manter as aulas e os quadrinhos separados.
02:14
It seemed like my instincts
in fifth grade were correct.
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Parecia que os meus instintos
do quinto ano estavam certos.
02:18
Comic books didn't belong
in the classroom.
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Quadrinhos não pertenciam à sala de aula.
02:21
But again, I was wrong.
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De novo, eu estava errado.
02:23
A few years into my teaching career,
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Após alguns anos lecionando,
02:25
I learned firsthand
the educational potential of comics.
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eu aprendi em primeira mão
o potencial educativo dos quadrinhos.
02:30
One semester, I was asked to sub
for this Algebra 2 class.
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Num semestre fui requisitado
para lecionar Álgebra 2.
02:34
I was asked to long-term sub it,
and I said yes, but there was a problem.
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Eu fui contratado como
professor substituto de longo prazo,
e aceitei, mas tinha um problema.
02:38
At the time, I was also
the school's educational technologist,
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À época, eu também era
o técnico de informática da escola,
02:42
which meant every couple of weeks
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o que significa que a cada duas semanas
02:44
I had to miss one or two periods
of this Algebra 2 class
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eu tinha que perder um ou dois períodos
da aula de Álgebra 2
02:47
because I was in another classroom
helping another teacher
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porque eu estava em outra sala
ajudando outro professor
02:50
with a computer-related activity.
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em atividades relacionadas à computação.
02:52
For these Algebra 2 students,
that was terrible.
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Para os alunos de Álgebra 2, era terrível.
02:55
I mean, having a long-term
sub is bad enough,
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Ter um professor substituto já
é ruim o suficiente
02:58
but having a sub for your sub?
That's the worst.
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mas ter o substituto do substituto?
Isso é o pior.
Num esforço para trazer alguma
consistência aos meus alunos,
03:02
In an effort to provide some sort
of consistency for my students,
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eu comecei a me gravar dando aulas.
03:06
I began videotaping
myself giving lectures.
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E dei esses vídeos ao meu substituto
para mostrar aos meus alunos.
03:09
I'd then give these videos to my sub
to play for my students.
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Eu tentei fazer os vídeos
o mais atraentes possível.
03:12
I tried to make these videos
as engaging as possible.
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Até incluí uns pequenos efeitos especiais.
03:17
I even included
these little special effects.
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Por exemplo, depois de terminar
um problema na lousa,
03:19
For instance, after I finished
a problem on the board,
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eu batia palmas,
03:22
I'd clap my hands,
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e o quadro se apagava magicamente.
03:23
and the board would magically erase.
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(Risos)
03:26
(Laughter)
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Eu achei isso bem incrível.
03:27
I thought it was pretty awesome.
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E tinha certeza que meus alunos amariam,
03:30
I was pretty certain
that my students would love it,
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mas eu estava errado.
03:33
but I was wrong.
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(Risos)
03:34
(Laughter)
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Aquelas videoaulas foram um desastre.
03:35
These video lectures were a disaster.
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03:38
I had students coming up to me
and saying things like,
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Alunos vinham até mim
e dizendo coisas do tipo:
"Sr. Yang, nós achávamos
você entediante pessoalmente,
03:41
"Mr. Yang, we thought
you were boring in person,
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03:43
but on video, you are just unbearable."
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mas em vídeo, você é insuportável."
(Risos)
03:46
(Laughter)
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Numa segunda tentativa desesperada,
comecei a desenhar as aulas em quadrinhos.
03:48
So as a desperate second attempt,
I began drawing these lectures as comics.
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Fiz tudo muito rápido
e com pouco planejamento.
03:53
I'd do these very quickly
with very little planning.
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Só peguei uma caneta,
desenhei um quadro após o outro,
03:56
I'd just take a sharpie,
draw one panel after the other,
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descobrindo o que eu queria
dizer enquanto fazia.
03:59
figuring out what I wanted
to say as I went.
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Os quadrinhos saíram
04:01
These comics lectures would come out
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com algo em torno
de quatro a seis páginas.
04:03
to anywhere between
four and six pages long,
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Eu as xerocava e dava
para o substituto entregar aos alunos.
04:05
I'd xerox these, give them to my sub
to hand to my students.
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E para minha surpresa,
04:10
And much to my surprise,
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as aulas em quadrinhos foram um sucesso.
04:13
these comics lectures were a hit.
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Meus alunos me pediam para fazê-las
04:15
My students would ask me
to make these for them
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mesmo quando eu estava lá pessoalmente.
04:19
even when I could be there in person.
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Era como se eles me preferissem
em desenho do que pessoalmente.
04:22
It was like they liked cartoon me
more than actual me.
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04:26
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
04:28
This surprised me, because my students
are part of a generation
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Aquilo me surpreendeu,
porque meus alunos eram da geração
04:32
that was raised on screens,
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que foi criada vendo telas,
04:34
so I thought for sure they would like
learning from a screen
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então eu tinha certeza
que eles preferiam aprender de uma tela
04:37
better than learning from a page.
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do que de uma folha.
04:40
But when I talked to my students
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Mas quando conversei com meus alunos
04:41
about why they liked
these comics lectures so much,
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sobre o porquê eles gostaram
tanto dos quadrinhos,
04:45
I began to understand
the educational potential of comics.
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comecei a entender o potencial
educativo dos quadrinhos.
04:49
First, unlike their math textbooks,
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Primeiro, ao contrário
dos livros de matemática,
04:52
these comics lectures taught visually.
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os quadrinhos ensinavam visualmente.
04:54
Our students grow up in a visual culture,
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Nossos alunos cresceram
numa cultura visual,
04:57
so they're used to taking in
information that way.
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então eles costumavam
receber informações assim.
05:00
But unlike other visual narratives,
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Mas ao contrário
de outras histórias visuais,
05:03
like film or television
or animation or video,
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como filmes, televisão,
animações ou vídeos,
05:07
comics are what I call permanent.
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quadrinhos são o que chamo de permanentes.
05:10
In a comic, past, present and future
all sit side by side on the same page.
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Num quadrinho, passado,
presente e futuro estão lado a lado
na mesma página.
05:16
This means that the rate
of information flow
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Isso significa que o fluxo de informações
05:19
is firmly in the hands of the reader.
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está firmemente nas mãos do leitor.
05:23
When my students didn't understand
something in my comics lecture,
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Quando meus alunos não entendiam
algo nas aulas em quadrinhos,
05:27
they could just reread that passage
as quickly or as slowly as they needed.
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eles podiam reler o momento
o quão rápido ou devagar precisassem.
05:31
It was like I was giving them
a remote control over the information.
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Era como se eu estivesse dando a eles
um controle remoto da informação.
05:35
The same was not true
of my video lectures,
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Isso não acontecia nas minhas videoaulas,
05:38
and it wasn't even true
of my in-person lectures.
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e também não era possível
nas aulas presenciais.
05:41
When I speak, I deliver the information
as quickly or slowly as I want.
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Quando falo, eu entrego a informação
tão rápido ou devagar quanto eu quero.
05:46
So for certain students
and certain kinds of information,
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Então para alguns tipos
de informação, para certos alunos,
05:49
these two aspects of the comics medium,
its visual nature and its permanence,
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esses dois aspectos dos quadrinhos,
somado à natureza visual e permanência,
05:54
make it an incredibly powerful
educational tool.
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os tornam uma ferramenta
educativa incrivelmente poderosa.
05:58
When I was teaching this Algebra 2 class,
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Quando eu estava ensinando Álgebra 2,
06:00
I was also working on my master's
in education at Cal State East Bay.
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eu também estava fazendo mestrado
em pedagogia na Cal State East Bay.
06:04
And I was so intrigued by this experience
that I had with these comics lectures
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E eu estava tão intrigado pela experiência
com as aulas em quadrinhos
06:08
that I decided to focus
my final master's project on comics.
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que eu decidi focar meu projeto final
do mestrado em quadrinhos.
06:13
I wanted to figure out
why American educators
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Eu queria descobrir por que
educadores dos Estados Unidos
06:16
have historically been so reluctant
to use comic books in their classrooms.
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foram historicamente tão relutantes
em usar quadrinhos nas salas de aula.
06:22
Here's what I discovered.
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Aqui está o que eu descobri.
06:24
Comic books first became
a mass medium in the 1940s,
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Quadrinhos se tornaram
uma mídia de massa nos anos 40,
06:26
with millions of copies
selling every month,
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com milhões de cópias
vendidas todos os meses,
06:29
and educators back then took notice.
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e os educadores daquela época perceberam.
06:31
A lot of innovative teachers began
bringing comics into their classrooms
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Vários professores inovadores
começaram a trazer quadrinhos às aulas
06:35
to experiment.
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para testar.
06:36
In 1944, the "Journal
of Educational Sociology"
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Em 1944, o "Jornal
de Sociologia Educacional"
06:40
even devoted an entire issue
to this topic.
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até dedicou uma edição inteira
a esse assunto.
06:44
Things seemed to be progressing.
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As coisas pareciam estar progredindo.
06:46
Teachers were starting
to figure things out.
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Professores tinham começado
a lidar com isso.
06:49
But then along comes this guy.
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Mas surge então, esse cara.
06:51
This is child psychologist
Dr. Fredric Wertham,
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Esse é o psicólogo infantil,
Dr. Fredric Wertham,
06:55
and in 1954, he wrote a book
called "Seduction of the Innocent,"
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que escreveu um livro em 1954
chamado "Sedução dos Inocentes",
06:59
where he argues that comic books
cause juvenile delinquency.
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no qual ele alega que quadrinhos
causam delinquência juvenil.
07:03
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
07:05
He was wrong.
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Ele estava errado.
07:06
Now, Dr. Wertham was actually
a pretty decent guy.
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O Dr. Wertham era, na verdade,
um cara bem bacana.
Ele passou a maior parte da carreira
trabalhando com jovens delinquentes,
07:09
He spent most of his career
working with juvenile delinquents,
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07:12
and in his work he noticed
that most of his clients read comic books.
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e no trabalho ele percebeu que
a maioria dos clientes lia quadrinhos.
07:17
What Dr. Wertham failed to realize
was in the 1940s and '50s,
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O que o Dr. Wertham falhou em perceber
foi que nos anos 40 e 50,
07:21
almost every kid in America
read comic books.
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quase todas as crianças
dos EUA liam quadrinhos.
07:25
Dr. Wertham does a pretty
dubious job of proving his case,
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Dr. Wertham fez um trabalho bastante
dúbio provando seu argumento,
07:28
but his book does inspire
the Senate of the United States
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mas seu livro inspirou
o Senado dos Estados Unidos
07:32
to hold a series of hearings
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a realizar uma série de audiências
07:34
to see if in fact comic books
caused juvenile delinquency.
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para ver se de fato os quadrinhos
causavam delinquência juvenil.
07:38
These hearings lasted
for almost two months.
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As audiências perduraram
por quase dois meses.
07:41
They ended inconclusively,
but not before doing tremendous damage
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Elas terminaram inconclusivas, mas não
sem antes causar um tremendo dano
07:46
to the reputation of comic books
in the eyes of the American public.
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à reputação dos quadrinhos
aos olhos do público nos EUA.
07:50
After this, respectable American
educators all backed away,
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Depois disso, educadores respeitados
dos EUA deram as costas,
07:54
and they stayed away for decades.
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e continuaram distantes por décadas.
07:56
It wasn't until the 1970s
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Foi só nos anos 70
07:57
that a few brave souls
started making their way back in.
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que alguns corajosos começaram a voltar.
08:01
And it really wasn't
until pretty recently,
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E foi somente pouco tempo atrás,
08:03
maybe the last decade or so,
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talvez na última década,
08:05
that comics have seen
more widespread acceptance
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que os quadrinhos tiveram maior aceitação
08:08
among American educators.
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entre os educadores dos EUA.
08:09
Comic books and graphic novels
are now finally making their way
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Quadrinhos e graphic novels
estão finalmente fazendo o caminho
08:14
back into American classrooms
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de volta às salas de aula nos EUA
08:15
and this is even happening
at Bishop O'Dowd, where I used to teach.
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e isso está acontecendo até
na Bishop O'Dowd, onde eu lecionei.
08:19
Mr. Smith, one of my former colleagues,
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Sr. Smith, um dos meus colegas à época
08:21
uses Scott McCloud's
"Understanding Comics"
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usa o livro "Understanding
Comics" de Scott McCloud's
08:24
in his literature and film class,
because that book gives his students
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nas suas aulas de literatura e cinema,
porque o livro dá aos alunos
08:28
the language with which to discuss
the relationship between words and images.
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a linguagem que aborda
a relação entre palavras e imagens.
08:33
Mr. Burns assigns a comics essay
to his students every year.
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Sr. Burns passa um trabalho de escola
sobre quadrinhos aos alunos todos os anos.
08:37
By asking his students
to process a prose novel using images,
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Pedindo aos seus alunos para fazerem
um romance em prosa usando imagens,
08:41
Mr. Burns asks them to think deeply
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o Sr. Burns pede que eles
pensem profundamente
08:44
not just about the story
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não só na história em si
08:46
but also about how that story is told.
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mas também em como ela é contada.
08:49
And Ms. Murrock uses
my own "American Born Chinese"
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E a sra. Murrock usa
o meu quadrinho "Chinês Americano"
08:52
with her English 1 students.
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com seus alunos de Inglês 1.
08:54
For her, graphic novels
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Para ela, as graphic novels
08:55
are a great way of fulfilling
a Common Core Standard.
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são uma ótima forma de satisfazer
os parâmetros curriculares americanos.
Os parâmetros curriculares elucidam
que os alunos devem saber analisar
08:59
The Standard states that students
ought to be able to analyze
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09:02
how visual elements contribute
to the meaning, tone and beauty of a text.
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de que forma os elementos visuais
contribuem para o significado,
tom e beleza de um texto.
09:08
Over in the library, Ms. Counts
has built a pretty impressive
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Na biblioteca, a sra. Counts
criou uma coleção de graphic novels
09:12
graphic novel collection
for Bishop O'Dowd.
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do Bishop O'Dowd bastante impressionante.
09:14
Now, Ms. Counts and all
of her librarian colleagues
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Agora, a sra. Counts e todos
seus colegas bibliotecários
09:17
have really been at the forefront
of comics advocacy,
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estiveram no fronte
em defesa dos quadrinhos,
09:20
really since the early '80s,
when a school library journal article
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desde o início dos anos 80, quando
um artigo do jornal da biblioteca
09:24
stated that the mere presence
of graphic novels in the library
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da escola alegou que a presença
das graphic novels na biblioteca
09:28
increased usage by about 80 percent
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aumentava seu uso em 80%
09:31
and increased the circulation
of noncomics material
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e aumentava a circulação
de materiais além dos quadrinhos
09:35
by about 30 percent.
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em aproximadamente 30%.
09:37
Inspired by this renewed interest
from American educators,
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Inspirado nesse interesse renovado
dos educadores nos EUA,
09:40
American cartoonists are now producing
more explicitly educational content
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os cartunistas estão produzindo
mais conteúdo explicitamente educativo
09:45
for the K-12 market than ever before.
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direcionado ao mercado
escolar do que nunca.
09:48
A lot of this is directed
at language arts,
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A maior parte é dirigida
às artes e linguagens,
mas cada vez mais
quadrinhos e graphic novels
09:51
but more and more comics
and graphic novels
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09:53
are starting to tackle
math and science topics.
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começam a abordar
temas de matemática e ciências.
09:57
STEM comics graphics novels
really are like this uncharted territory,
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os quadrinhos e graphic novels STEM
são tipo esse território desconhecido,
10:01
ready to be explored.
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pronto para ser explorado.
Os Estados Unidos estão
finalmente acordando para o fato
10:03
America is finally waking up to the fact
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10:06
that comic books
do not cause juvenile delinquency.
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de que os quadrinhos
não causam delinquência juvenil.
10:10
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
10:11
That they really do belong
in every educator's toolkit.
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Que eles pertencem ao arsenal
de todos os educadores.
10:15
There's no good reason
to keep comic books and graphic novels
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E não há um bom motivo para manter
os quadrinhos e graphic novels
10:19
out of K-12 education.
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fora da nossa educação escolar.
10:21
They teach visually,
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Eles ensinam visualmente,
10:23
they give our students
that remote control.
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eles dão aos alunos
aquele controle remoto.
10:26
The educational potential is there
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O potencial educativo está lá
10:29
just waiting to be tapped
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só esperando para ser usado
10:31
by creative people like you.
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por pessoas criativas como você.
10:33
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
10:34
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Isabelle Barbosa
Reviewed by Rafael Eufrasio

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gene Luen Yang - Cartoonist, educator
Gene Luen Yang writes, and sometimes draws, comic books and graphic novels.

Why you should listen

As the Library of Congress's fifth National Ambassador for Young People's Literature, Gene Luen Yang advocates for the importance of reading, especially reading diversely. American Born Chinese, his first graphic novel from First Second Books, was a National Book Award finalist, as well as the winner of the Printz Award and an Eisner Award. His two-volume graphic novel Boxers & Saints won the L.A. Times Book Prize and was a National Book Award Finalist. His other works include Secret Coders (with Mike Holmes), The Shadow Hero (with Sonny Liew), New Super-Man from DC Comics (with various artists) and the Avatar: The Last Airbender series from Dark Horse Comics (with Gurihiru). In 2016, he was named a MacArthur Foundation Fellow.

More profile about the speaker
Gene Luen Yang | Speaker | TED.com