ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.

Why you should listen

Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.

Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com
Small Thing Big Idea

Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything

Margaret Gould Stewart: 超链接如何改变世界

Filmed:
398,379 views

超链接相当于互联网的构建单元。一起跟随用户体验大师Margaret Gould Stewart了解一下超链接的这一怪诞历史吧。
- User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I remember记得 thinking思维 to myself,
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我记得曾经这样想过,
“这将会颠覆我们交流的方式。”
00:14
"This is going to change更改 everything
about how we communicate通信."
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【小发明】
00:17
[Small thing.]
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【大点子】
00:18
[Big idea理念.]
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00:21
[Margaret玛格丽特 Gould古尔德 Stewart斯图尔特 on the Hyperlink链接]
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【超链接: Margaret Gould Stewart 讲给你听】
超链接是一个界面元素,
00:23
A hyperlink链接 is an interface接口 element元件,
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我的意思是,
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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当你在手机或者电脑上使用软件时,
00:27
when you're using运用 software软件
on your phone电话 or your computer电脑,
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软件界面的背后是无数代码,
00:31
there's a lot of code behind背后 the interface接口
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指导着计算机如何管理软件的运行,
00:33
that's giving all the instructions说明
for the computer电脑 on how to manage管理 it,
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不过这个界面只是面对人类的界面:
00:36
but that interface接口 is the thing
that humans人类 interact相互作用 with:
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当我们点击超链接,
有些事情就会发生。
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens发生.
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00:42
When they first came来了 around,
they were pretty漂亮 simple简单
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不过超链接刚诞生的时候
结构很简单,
00:45
and not particularly尤其 glamorous富有魅力的.
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没什么特别之处。
00:47
Designers设计师 today今天 have
a huge巨大 range范围 of options选项.
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而当今的设计员拥有了大量的选择。
00:51
The hyperlink链接 uses使用 what's called
a markup标记 language语言 -- HTMLHTML.
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超链接运用了一种标记语言——HTML。
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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有一小段代码。
00:58
And then you put the address地址
of where you want to send发送 the person.
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然后你可以输入把某对象送达的地址。
01:02
It's actually其实 remarkably异常 easy简单
to learn学习 how to do.
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这个过程非常简单易学。
01:04
And so, the whole整个 range范围 of references引用
to information信息 elsewhere别处 on the internet互联网
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那么针对互联网中任何地方的
信息的一整套参考路径
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink链接.
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就是超链接的域。
01:12
Back when I was in school学校 --
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我还在学校读书的时候——
01:14
this is before people had
wide access访问 to the internet互联网 --
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那会儿互联网还没有普及——
01:17
if I was going to do a research研究 paper,
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如果我想写一份研究报告,
不得不去图书馆查阅,
01:19
I would have to physically物理 walk步行
to the library图书馆,
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如果能找到你需要的书,那再好不过。
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed需要, great.
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有时候你需要申请借阅,
01:24
You sometimes有时 had to send发送 out for it,
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等上几个星期也不足为奇。
01:26
so the process处理 could take weeks.
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01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
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现在想想真是有点不可思议,
就像面对很多伟大的创新一样,
01:31
because, like all great innovations创新,
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01:34
it's not long after
we get access访问 to something
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我们很快就会对一些新技术
习以为常。
01:36
that we start开始 to take it for granted理所当然.
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回到1945年,
01:39
Back in 1945,
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有个叫万尼瓦尔·布什
(Vannevar Bush)的人。
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar万尼瓦尔 Bush衬套.
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他当时在为美国政府工作,
01:43
He was working加工 for the US government政府,
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他提出了一个点子,
01:45
and one of the ideas思路
that he put forth向前 was,
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01:47
"Wow, humans人类 are creating创建
so much information信息,
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“嘿,人类创造出了这么多信息,
01:50
and we can't keep track跟踪
of all the books图书 that we've我们已经 read
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但是我们却不能保存
所有阅读过的书籍
01:53
or the connections连接
between之间 important重要 ideas思路."
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或者重要的想法之间的联系。”
于是他提出了“麦克斯存储器
(memex)”的概念,
01:56
And he had this idea理念 called the "memex记忆扩展,"
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让你把能够获得的所有资料
01:58
where you could put together一起
a personal个人 library图书馆
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02:00
of all of the books图书 and articles用品
that you have access访问 to.
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保存在个人图书馆中。
02:04
And that idea理念 of connecting sources来源
captured捕获 people's人们 imaginations想象.
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这个连接资源的点子
点燃了人们的想象。
到了上世纪60年代,
02:09
Later后来, in the 1960s,
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泰德·尼尔森(Ted Nelson)启动了
“上都计划“(Project Xanadu),
02:11
Ted摊晒 Nelson纳尔逊 launches发布会 Project项目 Xanadu世外桃源,
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他说,
02:14
and he said,
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“那如果不仅限于我拥有的资源呢?
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited有限
to the things that I have?
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如果我可以连接
更庞大的信息体系中的概念呢?”
02:18
What if I could connect ideas思路
across横过 a larger body身体 of work?"
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02:23
In 1982, researchers研究人员
at the University大学 of Maryland马里兰
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1982年,马里兰大学的研究人员
开发了一个叫“HyperTIES”的
超文本系统。
02:25
developed发达 a system系统 they called HyperTIESHyperTIES.
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他们首创了把文字本身
当做链接标记的做法。
02:28
They were the first
to use text文本 itself本身 as a link链接 marker标记.
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02:31
They figured想通 out that this blue蓝色 link链接
on a gray灰色 background背景
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他们发现灰色背景上的蓝色的链接
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms条款 of contrast对比,
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从对比度上来说效果很不错,
很好分辨。
02:37
and people would be able能够 to see it.
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苹果公司在1987年发明了
"超卡"(HyperCard)。
02:39
Apple苹果 invented发明 HyperCardHyperCard的 in 1987.
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02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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你可以用一摞卡片
02:44
and you could create创建 links链接
in between之间 the cards.
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来创建卡与卡之间的链接。
02:46
HyperCardHyperCard的 actually其实 created创建 the ability能力
to jump around in a story故事.
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超卡实际上创造了
在一个故事中随意跳跃的能力。
02:52
These kinds of notions概念
of nonlinear非线性 storytelling评书
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这些类型的非线性讲故事的标记
在超链接发展的过程中
得到了繁荣发展,
02:55
got a huge巨大 boost促进
when the hyperlink链接 came来了 along沿,
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02:57
because it gave people the opportunity机会
to influence影响 the narrative叙述.
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因为它给了人们
影响叙事方法的机会。
03:02
These ideas思路 and inventions发明, among其中 others其他,
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这些想法的发明,和其他点子一样,
03:04
inspired启发 Tim蒂姆 Berners-Lee伯纳斯 - 李,
the inventor发明者 of the World世界 Wide Web卷筒纸.
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启发了万维网的创始人
蒂姆·伯纳斯-李(Tim Berners-Lee)。
03:09
The hyperlink链接 almost几乎 feels感觉
like a LEGOLEGO block,
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超文本跟乐高模块的作用非常相似,
是一个遍布全球的
非常复杂的网络连接的
03:11
this very basic基本 building建造 block
to a very complex复杂 web卷筒纸 of connections连接
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03:16
that exists存在 all around the world世界.
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基本结构单元。
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks超链接 were first constructed,
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基于超链接构建的方式,
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many许多 people,
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它们的诞生不仅为了被很多人使用,
03:24
but created创建 by many许多 people.
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也是为了被很多人陆续创建出来。
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic民主的
designs设计 ever created创建.
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对我来说,这是史上
最民主的设计发明之一。
Reviewed by Hongchang Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.

Why you should listen

Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.

Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com