Small Thing Big Idea
Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything
瑪格麗特．古爾德．斯圖爾特: 超連結如何改變一切
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超連結是網際網路的樂高積木。使用者經驗專家瑪格麗特．古爾德．斯圖爾特在此分享超連結誕生的獨特歷史。
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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我記得當時心想，
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
about how we communicate."
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「這將完全改變我們溝通的方式。」
00:17
[Small thing.]
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〔小事情〕
00:18
[Big idea.]
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〔大點子〕
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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〔瑪格麗特．古爾德．斯圖爾特
談超連結〕
談超連結〕
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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超連結是軟體界面上的元件，
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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我想說的是，
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
on your phone or your computer,
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當你使用手機或電腦的軟體時，
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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界面背後有很多程式碼，
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
for the computer on how to manage it,
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它給電腦指令來運作。
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
that humans interact with:
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界面也是人和機器互動的媒介，
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
then something happens.
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當我們點一下，就會啟動某個東西。
00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
they were pretty simple
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它剛問世時看起來很陽春，
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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沒有什麼魅力；
00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
a huge range of options.
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如今，設計者有了很多選項。
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
a markup language -- HTML.
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超連結使用一種稱為
HTML 的標記語言。
HTML 的標記語言。
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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這是一小串程式碼，
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
of where you want to send the person.
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你在這輸入想分享給別人的網址。
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
to learn how to do.
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學會怎麼做就是這麼簡單。
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
to information elsewhere on the internet
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所有網路上提供站外資訊的參考資料
都屬於超連結的一部分。
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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01:12
Back when I was in school --
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當我還在學校時──
01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
wide access to the internet --
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這是人們還不能
廣泛使用網路的時代──
廣泛使用網路的時代──
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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如果我想查詢一篇論文，
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
to the library,
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我必須親自去圖書館，
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
that you needed, great.
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如果有你要的書，很好。
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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有時你必須先通知，
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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而這流程可能耗費數週。
01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
to think about that now,
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現在回想，當時的情況
讓人難以置信。
讓人難以置信。
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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就像所有偉大的創新，
01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
we get access to something
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我們開始使用不久，
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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就將創新視為理所當然。
01:39
Back in 1945,
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1945 年，
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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這個人，凡內瓦．布什，
01:43
He was working for the US government,
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他為美國政府工作。
01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
that he put forth was,
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他提出一個想法：
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
so much information,
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「哇，人類製造這麼多資訊，
01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
of all the books that we've read
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而我們卻沒辦法記錄讀過的書
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
between important ideas."
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或重要想法間的連結。」
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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這想法他稱為「記憶擴展」，
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
a personal library
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你能將有權限閱讀的書和文章
放進個人圖書館中整合。
放進個人圖書館中整合。
02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
that you have access to.
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這種資源互相連結的概念
激發人們的想像。
激發人們的想像。
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
captured people's imaginations.
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02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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接著，在 60 年代，
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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泰德．尼爾森推出仙那度計畫，
02:14
and he said,
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他說：
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
to the things that I have?
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「如果不限制在個人的東西呢？
如果我能連結
大量工作中的想法會如何？」
大量工作中的想法會如何？」
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
across a larger body of work?"
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02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
at the University of Maryland
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1982 年，馬里蘭大學的學者
開發稱為 HyperTIES 的
超媒體系統。
超媒體系統。
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
to use text itself as a link marker.
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他們是第一批將文字本身
當成連結標記的。
02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
on a gray background
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他們發現，藍色連結配灰色背景
作為對比的效果很好，
作為對比的效果很好，
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
in terms of contrast,
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02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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人們可以清楚看見。
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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蘋果電腦在 1987 年發明
超媒體系統 HyperCard。
超媒體系統 HyperCard。
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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這是一堆卡片，
02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
in between the cards.
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你可以在卡片間創建連結。
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
to jump around in a story.
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HyperCard 讓人可以
在一則故事裡跳來跳去。
在一則故事裡跳來跳去。
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
of nonlinear storytelling
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這類非線性敘事的概念
在超連結問世後有爆發性的應用，
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
when the hyperlink came along,
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因為它給人影響敘事的機會。
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
to influence the narrative.
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03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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剛剛提到的想法和發明，
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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啟發提姆．柏納－李，
發明全球資訊網路的人。
發明全球資訊網路的人。
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
like a LEGO block,
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超連結就像樂高積木，
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
to a very complex web of connections
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從最基礎的元件到
存在各地的複雜連結網。
存在各地的複雜連結網。
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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由於一開始設立超連結的方式
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
to be not only used by many people,
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不只是為了讓許多人使用，
03:24
but created by many people.
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也為了讓許多人創造，
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
designs ever created.
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因此我認為，超連結是史上
數一數二民主的設計了。
數一數二民主的設計了。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience masterAt Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.
Why you should listen
Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.
Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com