Small Thing Big Idea
Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything
Margaret Gould Stewart: Cómo el hipervínculo lo cambió todo
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El hipervínculo es el ladrillo de LEGO de Internet. La experta de experiencia de usuario Margaret Gould Stewart nos cuenta la extraña historia de cómo nació el hipervínculo.
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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Recuerdo que pensaba,
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
about how we communicate."
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"Esto va a cambiar por completo
la forma de comunicarnos".
la forma de comunicarnos".
00:17
[Small thing.]
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[Cosa pequeña.]
00:18
[Big idea.]
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[Idea grande.]
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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[Margaret Gould Stewart
habla del hipervínculo]
habla del hipervínculo]
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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Un hipervínculo es
un elemento de interfaz;
un elemento de interfaz;
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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es decir, que al trabajar con un programa
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
on your phone or your computer,
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en el móvil o la computadora,
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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hay mucho código detrás de la interfaz
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
for the computer on how to manage it,
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que da todas las instrucciones
a la computadora para manejarlo.
a la computadora para manejarlo.
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
that humans interact with:
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Pero las personas
interactúan con la interfaz:
interactúan con la interfaz:
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
then something happens.
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cuando oprimimos esto, ocurre algo.
00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
they were pretty simple
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Al principio, eran bastante simples
y no particularmente bonitas,
y no particularmente bonitas,
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
a huge range of options.
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pero los diseñadores de hoy
disponen de una gama enorme de opciones.
disponen de una gama enorme de opciones.
El hipervínculo usa lo que se llama
un lenguaje de marcado, HTML.
un lenguaje de marcado, HTML.
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
a markup language -- HTML.
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00:56
There's a little string of code.
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Hay una secuencia de código,
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
of where you want to send the person.
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y luego pones la dirección
de dónde quieres dirigir al usuario.
de dónde quieres dirigir al usuario.
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
to learn how to do.
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De verdad, es extraordinariamente
fácil de aprender.
fácil de aprender.
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
to information elsewhere on the internet
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Así que el gama de fuentes
a la información en otros sitios en la red
a la información en otros sitios en la red
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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es el dominio del hipervínculo.
Cuando era estudiante, antes de que
la gente tuviera acceso amplio a Internet,
la gente tuviera acceso amplio a Internet,
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
wide access to the internet --
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01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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para escribir un informe de investigación
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
to the library,
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tenía que ir físicamente a la biblioteca.
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
that you needed, great.
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Si tenían el libro que querías, perfecto,
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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pero tenían que pedirlo
a otro sito a veces,
a otro sito a veces,
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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y el proceso podía tardar semanas.
01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
to think about that now,
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Es un poco difícil imaginarlo ahora,
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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porque, como ocurre con
todas las grandes innovaciones,
todas las grandes innovaciones,
01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
we get access to something
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no mucho después de tener acceso a algo,
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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lo damos por sentado.
01:39
Back in 1945,
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En 1945, un hombre llamado Vannevar Bush
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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01:43
He was working for the US government,
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trabajaba para el gobierno estadounidense,
01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
that he put forth was,
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y propuso la idea de que los seres humanos
creábamos tanta información
creábamos tanta información
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
so much information,
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01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
of all the books that we've read
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que se nos hacía imposible recordar
todos los libros que hemos leído
todos los libros que hemos leído
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
between important ideas."
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o las conexiones entre
las ideas importantes.
las ideas importantes.
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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Y tuvo la idea del "memex", en el que
uno podría amasar una biblioteca personal
uno podría amasar una biblioteca personal
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
a personal library
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02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
that you have access to.
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con todos los libros y artículos
a los que uno tiene acceso.
a los que uno tiene acceso.
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
captured people's imaginations.
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Y esa idea de conectar fuentes
captó la imaginación de la gente.
captó la imaginación de la gente.
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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Más tarde en los años 60,
Ted Nelson lanza "Project Xanadu",
Ted Nelson lanza "Project Xanadu",
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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02:14
and he said,
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y dice:
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
to the things that I have?
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"¿Cómo sería si no estuviera limitado
a incluir solo lo mío,
a incluir solo lo mío,
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
across a larger body of work?"
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sino que pudiera conectar ideas
entre un cuerpo de trabajo más grande?"
entre un cuerpo de trabajo más grande?"
02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
at the University of Maryland
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En 1982, investigadores
en la Universidad de Maryland
en la Universidad de Maryland
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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desarrollaron un sistema
llamado HyperTIES.
llamado HyperTIES.
02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
to use text itself as a link marker.
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Eran los primeros en usar texto
para marcar un vínculo.
para marcar un vínculo.
02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
on a gray background
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Descubrieron que un vínculo azul
contra un fondo gris
contra un fondo gris
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
in terms of contrast,
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iba a funcionar muy bien
en cuanto al contraste,
en cuanto al contraste,
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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y las personas podrían verlo.
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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Apple inventó HyperCard en 1987.
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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Había pilas de tarjetas
y uno podía crear vínculos entre ellas.
y uno podía crear vínculos entre ellas.
02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
in between the cards.
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02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
to jump around in a story.
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HyperCard creó la capacidad de saltar
entre lugares en una historia.
entre lugares en una historia.
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
of nonlinear storytelling
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Este tipo de narración no lineal
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
when the hyperlink came along,
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ganó impulso cuando apareció
el hipervínculo,
el hipervínculo,
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
to influence the narrative.
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porque dio a la gente la oportunidad
de influir en la narrativa.
de influir en la narrativa.
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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Estas ideas e invenciones, entre otras,
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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inspiraron a Tim Berners-Lee,
el inventor de la Web.
el inventor de la Web.
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
like a LEGO block,
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El hipervínculo es casi
como un ladrillo de LEGO,
como un ladrillo de LEGO,
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
to a very complex web of connections
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una pieza fundamental en una red
de conexiones muy complejas
de conexiones muy complejas
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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que existe en todas partes del mundo.
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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Gracias a la construcción original
de los hipervínculos
de los hipervínculos
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
to be not only used by many people,
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fueron diseñados no solo para ser usados
por muchas personas,
por muchas personas,
03:24
but created by many people.
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sino también para ser creados
por muchas personas.
por muchas personas.
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
designs ever created.
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Para mí, es uno de los diseños
más democráticos de la historia.
más democráticos de la historia.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience masterAt Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.
Why you should listen
Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.
Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com