ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.

Why you should listen

Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.

Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com
Small Thing Big Idea

Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything

Margaret Gould Stewart: Como o hyperlink mudou tudo

Filmed:
398,379 views

O hyperlink é a peça de LEGO da internet. Aqui, temos a inusitada história de como ele surgiu, contada por Margaret Gould Stewart, mestre em experiência de usuários.
- User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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Eu me lembro de ter pensado:
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
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"Isto vai mudar completamente
a forma como nos comunicamos".
00:17
[Small thing.]
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[Coisa pequena.]
00:18
[Big idea.]
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[Grande ideia.]
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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[Margaret Gould Stewart sobre o hyperlink]
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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Um hyperlink é um elemento de interface,
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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e o que quero dizer é que,
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
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quando você usa um software
no seu celular ou computador,
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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existe muito código por trás da interface
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
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dando as instruções para o computador
sobre como gerenciá-lo,
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
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mas é com a interface
que os humanos interagem:
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
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quando apertamos aqui, algo acontece.
00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
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Quando elas surgiram, eram bem simples
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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e não tinham muito glamour.
00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
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Os designers de hoje têm
uma grande variedade de opções.
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
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O hyperlink usa o que chamamos
de linguagem de marcação, HTML.
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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Há uma pequena linha codificada.
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
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E você coloca o endereço
para onde quer mandar a pessoa.
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
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De fato, não é difícil
aprender a fazer isso.
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
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E, assim, a gama de referências
às informações por toda a internet
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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é o domínio do hyperlink.
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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Na minha época de escola,
01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
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antes de as pessoas terem
amplo acesso à internet,
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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se eu tivesse que fazer uma pesquisa,
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
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eu tinha que caminhar até a biblioteca
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
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e, se eles tivessem o livro
que eu queria, ótimo.
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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Às vezes, você tinha que encomendá-lo
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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e aí isso poderia levar semanas.
01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
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É uma loucura pensar sobre isso hoje,
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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porque, como qualquer grande inovação,
01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
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não muito tempo após termos acesso a algo,
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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já começamos a não lhe dar valor.
01:39
Back in 1945,
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Lá em 1945,
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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tinha um cara chamado Vannevar Bush.
Ele trabalhava
pro governo norte-americano,
01:43
He was working for the US government,
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01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
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e uma das ideias que ele apresentou foi:
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
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"Nossa, os seres humanos
estão criando tanta informação,
01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
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e não conseguimos lembrar
de todos os livros que lemos
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
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ou de todas as conexões
entre ideias importantes".
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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E ele teve uma ideia e chamou de "memex",
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
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em que você podia reunir
uma biblioteca pessoal
02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
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de todos os livros e artigos
a que você tem acesso.
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
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E essa ideia de conectar fontes
estimulou a imaginação das pessoas.
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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Mais tarde, nos anos 60,
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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Ted Nelson lançou o Projeto Xanadu,
02:14
and he said,
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e disse:
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
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"E se ele não se limitasse
apenas às coisas que tenho?
E se eu pudesse conectar ideias
através de uma obra maior?"
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
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02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
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Em 1982, pesquisadores
da Universidade de Maryland
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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desenvolveram um sistema
chamado de HyperTIES.
02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
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Eles foram os primeiros a usar
o próprio texto como um marcador de link.
02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
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Eles descobriram
que este link azul num fundo cinza
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
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funcionaria muito bem
em termos de contraste,
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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e as pessoas conseguiriam vê-lo.
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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A Apple inventou o HyperCard em 1987.
Tinha uma pilha de cartas,
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
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e dava para criar links entre as cartas.
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
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De fato, o HyperCard criou a habilidade
de saltar dentro de uma história.
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
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Essa noção de narrativas não lineares
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
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teve um grande impulso
quando o hyperlink surgiu,
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
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porque ele deu às pessoas a chance
de influenciar a narrativa.
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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Essas ideias e invenções, entre outras,
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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inspiraram Tim Berners-Lee,
inventor da World Wide Web.
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
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O hyperlink se parece com blocos de LEGO,
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
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um bloco de construção simples
para uma rede bem complexa de conexões
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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que existe por todo o mundo.
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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Devido ao modo de construção
dos primeiros hyperlinks,
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
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a intenção era que eles não apenas
fossem usados por muitas pessoas,
03:24
but created by many people.
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mas também criados por muitas.
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
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Para mim, é um dos projetos
mais democráticos já criados.

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.

Why you should listen

Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.

Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com