TED2018
Caroline Harper: What if we eliminated one of the world's oldest diseases?
卡洛琳 · 哈珀: 假使我们消灭了一个世界上最古老的疾病，将会怎么样？
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,399,900 views
数千年前，古努比亚人在洞穴的墙上描绘了一种使眼皮外翻并造成失明的疾病。这个疾病叫做砂眼，至今仍袭击着世界上的很多地区 —— 但这是完全可以预防的，卡洛琳 · 哈珀说。哈珀的组织中的护眼使者们装备着全球测绘项目的数据，他们有一个计划：集中精力于相关防治资金短缺的国家，并且在病情最为猖獗的地区加强应对工作。了解更多关于他们致力于消灭砂眼的目标，以及你能提供的帮助。（这个雄心勃勃的计划是TED鼓励全球变革的新方案“大胆项目”中最早的一批想法之一。）
Caroline Harper - Advocate for visually impaired people
At Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights. Full bio
At Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like you to imagine,
just for a moment,
just for a moment,
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我想要各位想象一下，
你的眼睫毛向内生长，
而不是向外生长，
而不是向外生长，
00:16
that your eyelashes grew inwards
instead of outwards,
instead of outwards,
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00:21
so that every time you blinked,
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以至于每次你眨眼的时候，
00:24
they would scrape
the front of your eyeballs,
the front of your eyeballs,
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眼睫毛就会刮伤你的眼球，
00:27
damaging the corneas,
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损伤你的角膜，
00:28
so that slowly and painfully,
you went blind.
you went blind.
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最终你慢慢地，痛苦地走向失明。
00:33
Well, that's what happens
to a person who has trachoma.
to a person who has trachoma.
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这种情况就发生在
患了砂眼的人身上。
患了砂眼的人身上。
00:37
Now, this little boy here, Pamelo,
from Zambia, he has trachoma.
from Zambia, he has trachoma.
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这个来自赞比亚的小男孩
Pamelo就得了砂眼。
Pamelo就得了砂眼。
00:42
And if we don't do anything,
he's going to go blind.
he's going to go blind.
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如果我们不采取任何
措施的话，他将会失明。
措施的话，他将会失明。
00:46
Trachoma is a curious disease.
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砂眼是一种
通过患者的传染或苍蝇的接触而导致
00:48
It's a bacterial infection
that's passed from person to person
that's passed from person to person
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细菌感染的怪病。
00:53
and by flies.
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00:55
The repeated infection
will scar your eyelids
will scar your eyelids
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重复感染会使眼皮留下疤痕，
00:58
so that they contract
and they turn inside out.
and they turn inside out.
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导致眼皮收缩并外翻。
01:03
It particularly affects women,
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这种病对女性的影响尤为明显，
01:05
because they have
the contact with children.
the contact with children.
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因为她们和儿童有接触。
01:08
So what you'll often see
in places like Ethiopia
in places like Ethiopia
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所以在埃塞俄比亚这样的地方，
01:12
are girls who have tweezers
like this around their necks,
like this around their necks,
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你常常会看到脖子上
戴着像这样的镊子的女孩们，
戴着像这样的镊子的女孩们，
01:16
and they use them
to pluck out their eyelashes.
to pluck out their eyelashes.
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她们会用镊子拔掉自己睫毛。
01:20
But of course, that only gives them
temporary respite,
temporary respite,
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但是当然了，这只是治标不治本，
01:23
because they just grow back
more vicious than before.
more vicious than before.
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因为长回来的眼睫毛
反而会造成更大的伤害。
反而会造成更大的伤害。
01:27
There are around two million
people in the world
people in the world
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世界上因砂眼而失明
或患视觉障碍的人群
或患视觉障碍的人群
01:31
who are blind or visually impaired
because of trachoma.
because of trachoma.
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约有200万人，
01:35
And we believe there may be
as many as 200 million people
as many as 200 million people
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并且我们相信，有潜在风险的人群
高达2亿人。
01:39
who are at risk.
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01:41
Now, it's a very old disease.
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这是一种古老的疾病。
01:44
What you can see is a photo
of a wall of a tomb in Northern Sudan.
of a wall of a tomb in Northern Sudan.
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你现在看到的是
北苏丹墓穴里壁画的照片。
北苏丹墓穴里壁画的照片。
01:49
A colleague and I were traveling
in a very remote village,
in a very remote village,
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我和一位同事在一个
非常偏远的村落旅行时，
非常偏远的村落旅行时，
01:52
and we asked an old man
to take us down into a little tomb.
to take us down into a little tomb.
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曾请求一位老人
带我们游览一小段墓穴。
带我们游览一小段墓穴。
01:56
Now, on the wall, we saw two eyes.
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在这面墙上，我们看到一双眼睛。
01:59
One is crying,
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一只眼在流泪，
并且你可以看到旁边画有镊子。
02:01
and you can see
there are tweezers next to it.
there are tweezers next to it.
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02:04
Simon said to me, "My God,
do you think that's trachoma?"
do you think that's trachoma?"
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西蒙问我：“天呐，
你觉不觉得那是砂眼？”
你觉不觉得那是砂眼？”
02:08
So we sent this picture
to the British Museum,
to the British Museum,
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于是我们将这张照片
发送给了大英博物馆，
发送给了大英博物馆，
02:11
and they confirmed that, yes,
this is trachoma.
this is trachoma.
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然后他们证实了，
没错，这的确是砂眼。
没错，这的确是砂眼。
02:14
So, thousands of years ago,
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所以，数千年前，
古努比亚人就在他们洞穴的墙上，
02:17
the ancient Nubians
were painting pictures of trachoma
were painting pictures of trachoma
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刻画下了砂眼的症状。
02:21
on the walls of their tomb.
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可悲的是，
02:22
And the tragedy is
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这个疾病至今仍在那片地区肆虐着。
02:24
that disease is still rampant
in that area today.
in that area today.
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02:28
And the crazy thing is,
we know how to stop it.
we know how to stop it.
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而讽刺的是，我们早就知道
如何终止该疾病的蔓延。
如何终止该疾病的蔓延。
02:33
And what's great is that the trachoma
community have all come together
community have all come together
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庆幸的是，砂眼社群的
人们已经聚集在一起，
人们已经聚集在一起，
齐心协力的对抗这种疾病。
02:38
to pool their efforts.
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02:40
We don't compete; we collaborate.
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我们彼此没有竞争，只是单纯的合作。
02:43
I have to tell you,
that's not always the case
that's not always the case
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我必须要告诉你们，
根据我在非政府组织中的经验，
根据我在非政府组织中的经验，
02:45
in my experience in the NGO world.
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这种情况并不常见。
02:50
We've created something
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我们成立了一个叫
“国际砂眼控制联盟”的组织，
02:51
called the International Coalition
for Trachoma Control.
for Trachoma Control.
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02:56
And together, we've developed
a strategy to fight it.
a strategy to fight it.
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并且共同制定了
一个策略去对抗砂眼。
一个策略去对抗砂眼。
03:00
This strategy is called the SAFE strategy,
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这个策略叫做 SAFE策略，
已经得到了世界卫生组织的认可。
03:03
and it's been approved
by the World Health Organization.
by the World Health Organization.
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03:07
The "S" stands for "surgery."
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“S”代表手术。
03:10
It's very straightforward procedure
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眼睑矫正
是一个非常简单的手术。
03:12
to turn the eyelids back the right way.
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03:15
We train nurses to do it,
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我们培训护士做这种手术，
用局部麻醉，
03:17
and they use local anesthetics.
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可以看到，必要的时候
在门前的走廊就可以做。
在门前的走廊就可以做。
03:19
And as you can see, you can do it
in somebody's front porch, if need be.
in somebody's front porch, if need be.
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03:24
Then "A" stands for "antibiotics."
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“A”代表抗生素。
03:27
These are donated by Pfizer,
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辉瑞捐赠了这些抗生素，
并支付了运输到
这些国家港口的费用。
这些国家港口的费用。
03:30
who also pay for those drugs
to be transported to the port in-country.
to be transported to the port in-country.
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这些抗生素将从那里被送到各个村落，
03:35
From there, they're taken to the villages,
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成千上万的社区义工
03:39
where hundreds of thousands
of community volunteers
of community volunteers
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会分发这些药物给患者。
03:43
will distribute those drugs to the people.
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03:47
Now, we train those volunteers,
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我们负责培训那些义工，
03:50
and we also help the ministries
with all that complex logistics.
with all that complex logistics.
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也帮助有关部门解决复杂的物流问题。
03:54
And every one of those volunteers
has a pole like this.
has a pole like this.
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每一个义工都有一个像这样的杆子，
04:00
It's called a "dose pole."
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我们叫它“剂量杆”。
04:02
This one's from Cameroon.
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这只杆子来自喀麦隆。
04:04
And you can see it's marked
different colors,
different colors,
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你可以看到这只杆子
被标记上了不同的颜色，
被标记上了不同的颜色，
04:07
and you can tell how many pills
you should give somebody,
you should give somebody,
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根据人们的身高，可以知道
需要给他们多少剂量的药物。
04:10
based on how tall they are.
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04:14
"F" stands for "face washing."
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“F”代表面部清洁。
04:17
Now, we used to have trachoma
in the UK and in the US.
in the UK and in the US.
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在英国和美国曾经流行过砂眼症。
事实上，卡特总统
04:21
In fact, President Carter,
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讲述过在他小的时候，
砂眼在乔治亚地区
砂眼在乔治亚地区
04:23
he talks about how trachoma
was a real problem in Georgia
was a real problem in Georgia
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是个多么严重的问题。
04:27
when he was a little boy.
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04:29
And in the UK, the famous
eye hospital, Moorfields,
eye hospital, Moorfields,
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而且在英国，这个非常有名的
眼科医院，摩菲医院，
眼科医院，摩菲医院，
最初是一个砂眼专科医院。
04:33
was originally a trachoma hospital.
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04:36
What we do is teach kids like this
how important it is to wash their faces.
how important it is to wash their faces.
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我们教这样的孩子洗脸的重要性。
04:42
And finally, "E" stands for "environment,"
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最后，“E”代表环境。
我们帮助部落建造公共厕所，
04:46
where we help the communities
build latrines,
build latrines,
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并且教他们要把动物
从他们的住所分离开，
从他们的住所分离开，
04:48
and we teach them to separate
their animals from their living quarters
their animals from their living quarters
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从而减少苍蝇的数量。
04:52
in order to reduce the fly population.
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04:56
So we know how to tackle the disease.
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所以，我们知道
如何去对付这个疾病，
如何去对付这个疾病，
但是，我们需要知道
这个疾病都分布在哪儿。
这个疾病都分布在哪儿。
04:59
But we need to know where it is.
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其实我们是知道的，
05:01
And we do,
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05:03
because a few years ago,
Sightsavers led an incredible program
Sightsavers led an incredible program
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因为在数年前，护眼使者们
发起过一项不可思议的项目，
发起过一项不可思议的项目，
叫做“全球砂眼测绘项目”。
05:07
called the Global Trachoma
Mapping Project.
Mapping Project.
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05:11
It took us three years,
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虽然只花了三年的时间，
但我们已经走过了29个国家，
05:13
but we went through 29 countries,
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05:16
and we taught local health workers
to go district by district,
to go district by district,
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教当地的医疗工作者挨家挨户寻访，
检查了超过250万人的眼睑，
05:21
and they examined the eyelids
of over two and a half million people.
of over two and a half million people.
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05:27
And they used Android phones
in order to download the data.
in order to download the data.
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并且用安卓手机下载数据。
05:31
And from that, we were able to build a map
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由此，我们可以绘制一个
疾病的分布图。
05:34
that showed us where the disease was.
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这是一个显示哪些国家
05:37
Now, this is a very high-level map
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05:39
that shows you which countries
had a problem with trachoma.
had a problem with trachoma.
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存在砂眼问题的非常准确的地图。
也许你们会问我，
“这个策略真的有用吗？”
“这个策略真的有用吗？”
05:43
And you may ask me,
"Well, does this strategy actually work?"
"Well, does this strategy actually work?"
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是的，有用。
05:47
Yes, it does.
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05:49
This map shows you the progress
that we've made to date.
that we've made to date.
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这个地图显示了
至今为止我们的进度。
至今为止我们的进度。
05:52
The green countries believe
they've already eliminated trachoma,
they've already eliminated trachoma,
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绿色的国家相信
他们已经消灭了砂眼症，
他们已经消灭了砂眼症，
他们的进展已经或者正在
05:56
and they have either been through
or are in the process of
or are in the process of
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被世界卫生组织证实。
05:59
having that validated by the WHO.
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黄色的国家拥有所需资金，
06:02
Countries in yellow
have the money they need,
have the money they need,
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06:05
they have the resources
to eliminate trachoma.
to eliminate trachoma.
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也有资源去消灭砂眼症。
06:08
And some of them are really nearly there.
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这其中的一些国家
已经非常接近这个目标了。
已经非常接近这个目标了。
06:11
But the red countries,
they don't have enough funding.
they don't have enough funding.
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但是红色的国家没有足够资金，
除非他们有更多钱，
否则无法消灭砂眼。
否则无法消灭砂眼。
06:14
They cannot eliminate trachoma
unless they get more.
unless they get more.
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06:18
And we're quite concerned, though,
that the progress to date may stall.
that the progress to date may stall.
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我们非常担心进度会被拖延。
06:23
So when we were talking
to the Audacious ideas guys,
to the Audacious ideas guys,
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所以，当我们和喜欢提出
大胆设想的人讨论时，
大胆设想的人讨论时，
我们也会自问：
06:28
we asked ourselves:
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在之后的四或五年，
如果我们非常非常努力，
如果我们非常非常努力，
06:30
If we really, really pushed ourselves
over the next four or five years
over the next four or five years
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并且有足够的钱，
06:34
and we had the money,
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我们会实现什么样的成就？
06:36
what do we think we could achieve?
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06:39
Well, we believe
that we can eliminate trachoma
that we can eliminate trachoma
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我们相信，我们可以消灭
12个非洲国家的砂眼症，
06:44
in 12 African countries
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06:47
and across the Americas
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和美洲的砂眼症，
以及全太平洋地区的砂眼症。
06:50
and all across the Pacific.
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06:53
And we can make significant progress
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我们可以在两个砂眼症最严重的国家，
06:56
in two countries which have
the highest burden of the disease,
the highest burden of the disease,
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埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚
取得显著的进展。
07:00
which is Ethiopia and Nigeria.
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07:03
And in doing all of that,
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与此同时，
07:05
we can leverage more than two
billion dollars' worth of donated drugs.
billion dollars' worth of donated drugs.
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我们可以有效利用超过
二十亿美元的捐赠药品。
二十亿美元的捐赠药品。
07:11
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
07:17
Now, this map here shows you
the impact that we'll have --
the impact that we'll have --
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这张地图显示了
我们将会产生的影响 ——
我们将会产生的影响 ——
07:20
look how many countries are going green.
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有这么多国家将要变成绿色。
07:22
And there, you can see progress
in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
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你们也可以看到埃塞俄比亚
和尼日利亚的进度。
和尼日利亚的进度。
07:25
Now, yes, there are some countries
that are still red.
that are still red.
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是的，有一些国家仍是红色。
07:28
These are mainly countries
which are in conflict --
which are in conflict --
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主要是那些有战争冲突的国家，
比如也门，南苏丹——
在这些地区难于展开工作。
在这些地区难于展开工作。
07:31
places like Yemen, South Sudan --
where it's very difficult to work.
where it's very difficult to work.
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07:35
So, we have the team,
the strategy and the map.
the strategy and the map.
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所以，我们有团队，策略和地图。
07:40
And we also have the relationships
with the governments
with the governments
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我们与政府也建立了合作关系，
以确保我们的项目
和其他的疾病控制项目
和其他的疾病控制项目
07:44
so that we can make sure
that our program is coordinated
that our program is coordinated
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可以相互协调，
07:48
with other disease-control programs,
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从而提高效率。
07:50
so that we can be efficient.
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07:53
Wouldn't it be amazing
if we could do this?
if we could do this?
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这听起来是不是很棒？
07:57
We'd have trachoma on the run.
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我们可以让砂眼疲于奔命，
07:59
We would be on the home straight
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我们可以以迅雷之势
08:02
to eliminate this disease
from the whole world.
from the whole world.
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让这个疾病在世界范围内彻底消失。
08:06
But before I finish,
I just want to share with you
I just want to share with you
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但是在演讲结束之前，
我想要与你们分享，
我想要与你们分享，
08:09
some words from
the founder of Sightsavers,
the founder of Sightsavers,
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“护眼使者”创始人的一些话，
08:12
a guy called Sir John Wilson.
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他叫 约翰 · 威尔逊爵士。
08:14
Now, he was blinded at the age of 12.
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他在12岁的时候失明了。
他说过，
08:16
And he said,
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“失明不会一夜之间
发生在成千上万的人身上，
发生在成千上万的人身上，
08:18
"People don't go blind by the million.
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08:21
They go blind one by one."
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而是会互相传染。”
08:24
And in the excitement of being able to say
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如果我们能说我们已经
消灭了一个国家的砂眼症，
消灭了一个国家的砂眼症，
08:27
we've got rid of trachoma
for the whole country,
for the whole country,
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那自然让人无比兴奋。
08:30
let's not forget that, actually,
this is a devastating disease
this is a devastating disease
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但不要忘记，这其实
是一个毁灭性的疾病，
是一个毁灭性的疾病，
它摧毁的是许多个体的生活，
08:35
that destroys the lives
of individual people.
of individual people.
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08:39
People like Twiba.
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比如像Twiba这样的人。
08:40
Now, I met Twiba last year in Tanzania.
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我于去年在坦桑尼亚遇到Twiba。
08:43
She had had trachoma
for as long as she could remember.
for as long as she could remember.
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她自从记事起就得了砂眼，
在我见到她的几个月前，
她已经做了手术。
她已经做了手术。
08:46
And a couple of months before I met her,
she'd had the operation.
she'd had the operation.
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08:50
It's no exaggeration to say
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不夸张地说，
这完全转变了她的人生。
08:53
that this had totally
transformed her life.
transformed her life.
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08:57
We'd saved the sight that she had left,
and she was free of pain.
and she was free of pain.
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我们拯救了她剩余的视力，
而且帮助她摆脱了疼痛。
而且帮助她摆脱了疼痛。
09:01
She could sleep.
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她可以正常睡觉，
09:03
She could work, she could socialize.
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工作，以及社交。
09:05
And she said to me,
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她对我说，
09:08
"I have my life back."
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“我的人生回来了。”
09:10
And it was impossible
not to be moved by her story.
not to be moved by her story.
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她的故事很难不让人动容。
09:14
But there are so many Twibas.
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但是有太多像Twiba一样的人了。
09:16
I want to find all the Twibas,
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我想要找到所有像Twiba一样的人，
我不希望任何人再在痛苦中失明。
09:19
and I don't want anyone
to go blind in agony anymore.
to go blind in agony anymore.
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09:23
Now, you know, there are so many
intractable problems in this world.
intractable problems in this world.
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众所周知，这个世界上
有太多棘手的问题，
有太多棘手的问题，
09:29
But this is not one of them.
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但砂眼症并不是其中之一。
09:31
This is something that we can solve.
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这是我们可以解决的问题。
09:34
And we can ensure
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我们可以确保
09:36
that kids like this can grow up
free from the fear of trachoma.
free from the fear of trachoma.
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这些孩子们不会在砂眼的恐惧中成长。
09:42
So, for the sake of kids like this,
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所以为了孩子们，
为了像Twiba一样的人们，
09:45
and for the sake of people like Twiba,
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09:48
let's get rid of trachoma.
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让我们消灭砂眼。
09:52
Do you think we can?
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你们觉得我们能做到吗？
09:55
Well, yeah, if we really, really want to.
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如果我们对此坚定不移——
09:58
Yes, we can.
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是的，我们做得到。
10:00
So thank you.
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谢谢。
（鼓掌）
10:01
(Applause)
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Translated by Sabrina Gong
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Caroline Harper - Advocate for visually impaired peopleAt Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights.
Why you should listen
Dr. Caroline Harper's ultimate goal is to see herself out of a job. She runs Sightsavers, an organization with global offices that strives to eliminate avoidable blindness and ensure that people with disabilities have equal rights. Up to 75 percent of sight loss can be cured or prevented, and her team hopes to achieve their goals so spectacularly that the organization is no longer needed.
Harper worked in the gas industry until 2002, before co-founding a management business that specialized on turnaround sales of energy companies. But during what she describes as a mid-life gap year, she visited a number of developing countries and felt drawn to international development. "My own family has a lot of blindness, so the mission of Sightsavers really resonated for me," she said. "I have now been its CEO for 13 years, and every year something more incredible happens. The best moments are when I visit some of the countries where we work, sit with people in their communities and realize that what we do has a massive impact. I am so lucky."
Harper is a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her work to protect the sight of people in developing countries. Sightsavers works with a range of partners and is supported by organizations such as The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and UK aid through the UK government's Department for International Development.
Caroline Harper | Speaker | TED.com