TEDWomen 2017
Anushka Naiknaware: A teen scientist's invention to help wounds heal
阿纽什卡 · 奈克纳维尔: 一位少年科学家促进伤口愈合的发明
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阿纽什卡 · 奈克纳维尔在自家的车库中设计出了一种传感器，能追踪伤口愈合情况，从而成为了最年轻的（13岁）谷歌全球科学展获奖者。她的发明瞄准的是长期性伤口这一全球性难题，因为其它先发疾病，比如糖尿病而引发的伤口无法正常愈合，每年会导致全球数百亿美元的医疗费用支出。听听奈克纳维尔的“智慧绷带”是如何发挥作用的，以及她如何通过分享自己的故事来激励更多的人带来改变。
Anushka Naiknaware - Scientist
In 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed. Full bio
In 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Ever since I was a young girl,
I was always fascinated --
I was always fascinated --
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我从小就非常好奇——
（笑声）
00:16
(Laughter)
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哦！
00:17
Oh!
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00:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:21
OK, I meant younger and more short.
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好吧，我是说更年轻，更矮的时候。
00:23
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
如果你可以想象到的话。
00:24
If that's possible to imagine.
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00:27
But ever since I was a young girl,
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从我还是个小姑娘的时候开始，
00:29
I was always fascinated with how
the world worked exactly how it did.
the world worked exactly how it did.
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我就对这个世界
是如何运转感到非常好奇。
是如何运转感到非常好奇。
00:34
So this, very early on,
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这一点让我从很早开始，
00:36
led me to the fields
of mathematics and chemistry.
of mathematics and chemistry.
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就对数学和化学很感兴趣。
00:41
I would keep going further and further,
and as I kept going,
and as I kept going,
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我努力学习，而随着学习的深入，
00:45
I realized that all the fields
of science are interconnected.
of science are interconnected.
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我意识到所有科学领域
都是互相关联的。
都是互相关联的。
00:48
And without one, the others
have little or no value.
have little or no value.
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如果离开某一学科，其他的学科的价值
就会大大下降，甚至毫无价值。
就会大大下降，甚至毫无价值。
00:54
So, inspired by Marie Curie
and my local science museum,
and my local science museum,
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于是，受居里夫人
和我老家的科学博物馆的启发，
和我老家的科学博物馆的启发，
00:58
I decided to start asking
these questions myself
these questions myself
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我决定开始在我家的车库里，
或者我的卧室中
或者我的卧室中
01:01
and engage in my own independent research,
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思考这些问题，
01:04
whether it be out
of my garage or my bedroom.
of my garage or my bedroom.
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并进行独立研究。
01:08
I started reading journal papers,
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我开始阅读期刊论文，
01:10
started doing science competitions,
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参加科学竞赛，
01:12
started participating in science fairs,
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参加科学展会，
01:15
doing anything I could
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用尽一切办法
01:17
to get the knowledge
that I so desperately wanted.
that I so desperately wanted.
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获取我渴望的知识。
01:21
So while I was studying anatomy
for a competition,
for a competition,
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有一次为了参加竞赛，
我开始研究解剖学，
我开始研究解剖学，
01:25
I came across the topic
of something called chronic wounds.
of something called chronic wounds.
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我遇到了一个名词，
叫长期性伤口。
叫长期性伤口。
01:30
And one thing that stood out
to me was a statistic
to me was a statistic
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引起我注意的是一项数据统计，
01:34
that said that the number of people
in the United States with chronic wounds
in the United States with chronic wounds
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在美国有长期性伤口的人数
01:39
exceeds the number of people
with breast cancer,
with breast cancer,
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比患乳腺癌，
结肠癌、肺癌和白血病的人
加起来还多。
加起来还多。
01:43
colon cancer, lung cancer
and leukemia, combined.
and leukemia, combined.
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01:49
Hold up.
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先等一下。
01:51
So what is a chronic wound?
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什么是长期性伤口呢？
01:52
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:53
And why haven't I heard
about a 5K walk for chronic wounds,
about a 5K walk for chronic wounds,
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我怎么从没听过为支持
长期性伤口患者进行的5公里步行活动，
长期性伤口患者进行的5公里步行活动，
01:57
why haven't I even heard
about a chronic wound in general?
about a chronic wound in general?
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甚至从没听过长期性伤口这回事？
02:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:04
So after I got past
those preliminary questions,
those preliminary questions,
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在我搞清楚这些初级问题之后，
02:07
and one that I will clarify for you,
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我要说清楚一点，
02:09
a chronic wound is essentially
when someone gets a normal wound,
when someone gets a normal wound,
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长期性伤口本质上就是普通的伤口，
02:13
except it fails to heal normally
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只是它无法正常愈合，
02:16
because the patient has some kind
of preexisting condition,
of preexisting condition,
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因为病人在受伤之前
就已经有其他病症会影响愈合，
就已经有其他病症会影响愈合，
02:19
which in most cases is diabetes.
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大部分情况是糖尿病。
02:25
So more staggering statistics
were to be found
were to be found
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随着研究的不断深入，
02:28
as I kept going on in this research.
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我找到了更多令人震惊的数据。
02:31
In the year 2010 alone,
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仅在2010年，
02:32
50 billion dollars were spent worldwide
to treat chronic wounds.
to treat chronic wounds.
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全球范围内用于治疗长期性伤口的
费用就高达500亿美元。
费用就高达500亿美元。
02:39
In addition, it's estimated
that about two percent of the population
that about two percent of the population
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除此之外，据估计，有2%的人口
02:43
will get a chronic wound
at some point in their lifetime.
at some point in their lifetime.
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会在一生中的某个时刻
遭遇长期性伤口。
遭遇长期性伤口。
02:46
This was absurd.
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这真的有点难以置信。
02:49
So as I started doing more research,
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于是我开始更深入的研究，
我发现长期性伤口的出现与否
02:51
I found that there was a correlation
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与伤口包扎物的潮湿程度
02:52
between the moisture level
inside a wound dressing
inside a wound dressing
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02:55
and the stage of healing
that the chronic wound would be at.
that the chronic wound would be at.
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和伤口治疗所处的
阶段之间存在关联。
阶段之间存在关联。
03:00
So I decided, why don't I design something
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于是我就想，
为什么不设计一件产品，
为什么不设计一件产品，
03:02
to measure the moisture level
within the wound
within the wound
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可以测量伤口的湿度，
03:04
so this can help doctors and patients
treat their wounds better.
treat their wounds better.
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就能让医生和病人
更好地对伤口进行治疗。
更好地对伤口进行治疗。
这样一来就能加快治疗进程。
03:09
And essentially, expedite
the healing process.
the healing process.
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03:13
So that's exactly what I set out to do.
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这就是我决定要做的事情。
03:16
Being a 14-year-old working
out of her garage-turned-lab,
out of her garage-turned-lab,
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一个14岁女孩，
在自己家的车库实验室工作，
在自己家的车库实验室工作，
03:20
I had a lot of constraints.
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面临着许多限制。
03:22
Most being that I wasn't given a grant,
I wasn't given a lot of money,
I wasn't given a lot of money,
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最主要的是我没有经费，没什么钱，
03:26
and I wasn't given a lot of resources.
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也没有什么资源。
03:28
In addition, I had
a lot of criteria, as well.
a lot of criteria, as well.
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除此之外，我的设计
还需要符合许多标准。
还需要符合许多标准。
03:32
Since this product would be
readily interacting with the body,
readily interacting with the body,
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因为这个产品需要跟人体发生作用，
03:36
it had to be biocompatible,
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因此它必须具备生物兼容性，
03:38
it also had to be low-cost,
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而且成本要低，
03:40
as I was designing it
and paying for it myself.
and paying for it myself.
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因为我是自己设计并自费生产。
03:44
It also had to be mass-manufacturable,
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而且它还需要能够量产，
03:46
because I wanted it to be made
anywhere, for anyone.
anywhere, for anyone.
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因为我想让它能
在任何地方生产，人人都能使用。
在任何地方生产，人人都能使用。
03:51
Thus, I drafted up a schematic.
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因此，我画了个示意图。
03:53
What you see on the left hand-side
is the early schematics in my design,
is the early schematics in my design,
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左手边的图是我早期的设计，
03:57
showing both a bird's-eye view
and also one stacking variant.
and also one stacking variant.
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同时显示了鸟瞰图和堆叠变体。
04:03
A stacking variant means
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堆叠变体的意思是，
04:04
that the entire product is consisted
of different individual parts
of different individual parts
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整个产品由不同的独立部分组成
04:09
that have to work in unison.
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需要协同发挥作用。
04:11
And what's shown there
is one possible arrangement.
is one possible arrangement.
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图上显示的是某种可行的方案。
04:18
So what exactly is this?
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那这些到底是什么呢？
04:20
So I had gone on to testing my sensors
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我对我的传感器进行了实验，
04:22
and as all scientists have
stumbles along their work,
stumbles along their work,
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但凡科学家，总会遇到挫折，
04:26
I also had a couple of problems
in my first generation of sensors.
in my first generation of sensors.
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我也不例外，第一代
传感器出现了不少问题。
传感器出现了不少问题。
04:29
First of all, I couldn't figure out
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首先，我想不出好办法
04:31
how to get a nanoparticle ink
into a printcheck cartridge
into a printcheck cartridge
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把纳米墨水精确地
注入打印墨盒里面，
注入打印墨盒里面，
04:34
without spilling it all over my carpet.
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而不会撒得地毯上到处都是。
04:36
That was problem number one.
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这是第一个问题。
04:38
Problem number two was,
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第二个问题，
04:40
I couldn't exactly control
the sensitivity of my sensors.
the sensitivity of my sensors.
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我没法控制传感器的灵敏度。
04:43
I couldn't scale them up or down,
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无法将它调高或者调低，
04:46
I couldn't really do
anything of that sort.
anything of that sort.
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一点办法都没有。
我要想办法解决问题。
04:48
So I wanted something to solve it.
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第一个问题很容易，
我搜了一下易趣网和亚马逊，
我搜了一下易趣网和亚马逊，
04:49
Problem one was easily solved
by some scouting on eBay and Amazon
by some scouting on eBay and Amazon
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找到了我可以用的注射器。
04:52
for syringes that I could use.
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04:54
Problem two, however,
required a lot more thought.
required a lot more thought.
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第二个问题就需要
更多的思考来解决了。
更多的思考来解决了。
04:57
So this is where this factors in.
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下面就是我要谈的。
05:00
So what a space-filling curve does
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所谓的空间填充曲线，
05:01
is it aims to take up all the area it can
within one unit square.
within one unit square.
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其目标是占据一个
平方单位内所有的空间。
平方单位内所有的空间。
05:06
And by writing a computer program,
you can have different iterations
you can have different iterations
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通过编写计算机程序，
你可以得到以不同方式重复的
你可以得到以不同方式重复的
05:10
of the different curve,
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不同曲线，
05:12
which increasingly get close
to one unit square,
to one unit square,
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它们会越来越接近
填满一个平方单位，
填满一个平方单位，
05:14
but never quite reaches there.
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但永远也无法完全填满。
05:18
So now I could control
the thickness, the size,
the thickness, the size,
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于是我就可以控制它的厚度、尺寸，
05:20
I could do whatever I want with it,
and I could predict my results.
and I could predict my results.
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做我想做的一切，
也可以对结果进行预测。
也可以对结果进行预测。
05:25
So I started constructing my sensors
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于是我开始制造我的传感器
05:27
and testing them more rigorously,
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并且更严格地测试，
05:30
using money that I had gotten
from previous science fair awards.
from previous science fair awards.
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实验花费来自我以前
参加科学展会的奖金。
参加科学展会的奖金。
05:34
Lastly, I had to connect this data
in order to be read.
in order to be read.
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最后，我需要建立输出，让数据可读。
05:38
So I interfaced it with a Bluetooth chip,
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于是我用蓝牙芯片做了个交互界面，
05:40
which you can see here
by the app screenshots on the right.
by the app screenshots on the right.
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就是右边的应用截屏的样子。
05:44
And what this does is that anyone
can monitor the progress of their wound,
can monitor the progress of their wound,
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它可以让我们
监控自己伤口愈合的过程，
监控自己伤口愈合的过程，
05:48
and it can be transmitted
over a wireless connection
over a wireless connection
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也可以通过无线连接的方式
05:52
to the doctor, the patient
or whoever needs it.
or whoever needs it.
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传给医生、病人或者任何需要的人。
05:57
[Continued Testing and Refinement]
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【持续测试和改进中】
05:59
So in conclusion, my design
was successful --
was successful --
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总结来说，我的设计是成功的，
06:02
however, science never ends.
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当然，科学永无止尽。
总有事情可以做，总有地方可以改进。
06:06
There's always something to be done,
something to be refined.
something to be refined.
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06:09
So that's what I'm currently
in the process of doing.
in the process of doing.
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这就是我现在正在做的。
06:12
However, what I learned was
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然而，我真正学到的是
06:14
what's more important
than the actual thing I designed
than the actual thing I designed
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比起我设计出来的东西，更重要的
06:18
is an attitude that I had
taken on while doing this.
taken on while doing this.
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是我在这过程中所持的态度。
06:22
And that attitude was,
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这个态度就是，
06:24
even though I'm a 14-year-old
working in her garage
working in her garage
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尽管我是一个14岁的孩子，
在自己家的车库中工作，
在自己家的车库中工作，
06:27
on something that she doesn't
completely understand,
completely understand,
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做的也是自己不完全懂的事情，
06:31
I could still make a difference
and contribute to the field.
and contribute to the field.
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但我还是能做出点成绩，
对这个领域有所贡献。
对这个领域有所贡献。
06:35
And that's what inspired me to keep going,
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这一点鼓励我继续前进，
06:38
and I hope it inspires many others
to also do work like this
to also do work like this
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我也希望能鼓励更多的人
来做同样的事情，
来做同样的事情，
06:42
even though they're not
very sure about it.
very sure about it.
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尽管他们对此还不太确定。
06:45
So I hope that's a message
that you all take on today.
that you all take on today.
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这就是我今天想
传递给大家的信息。
传递给大家的信息。
06:48
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
06:49
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anushka Naiknaware - ScientistIn 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed.
Why you should listen
When Anushka Naiknaware was young, she would spend hours at the chemistry lab at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in Portland and not leave until she had finished every experiment available. Her early interest was chemistry and mathematics, but she quickly learned that every branch of science is connected, including physics, biology and computer science. In fact, her winning Google Science Fair project loops together materials science, fractal math and biology.
Naiknaware has won many awards in notable science and math competitions. She was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair in 2016, and she won the first-place Mathematics STEM Award at Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering Rising Stars), a premier competition run by the Society for Science and the Public. Naiknaware is inspired by Marie Curie, whose work contributed to major advances in modern medicine. Anushka admires her spirit and enthusiasm to continue her work in a time when women's contributions in science weren't appreciated.
Anushka Naiknaware | Speaker | TED.com