ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil Turok - Physicist, education activist
Neil Turok is working on a model of the universe that explains the big bang -- while, closer to home, he's founded a network of math and science academies across Africa.

Why you should listen

Neil Turok works on understanding the universe's very beginnings. With Stephen Hawking, he developed the Hawking-Turok instanton solutions, describing the birth of an inflationary universe -- positing that, big bang or no, the universe came from something, not from utter nothingness.

Recently, with Paul Steinhardt at Princeton, Turok has been working on a cyclic model for the universe in which the big bang is explained as a collision between two “brane-worlds.” The two physicists cowrote the popular-science book Endless Universe.

In 2003, Turok, who was born in South Africa, founded the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) in Muizenberg, a postgraduate center supporting math and science. His TED Prize wish: Help him grow AIMS and promote the study and math and science in Africa, so that the world's next Einstein may be African.

Turok is the Director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Ontario, Canada. In 2010, the Canadian government funded a $20million expansion of the AIMS schools, working with the Perimeter Institute to start five new AIMS schools in different African nations.

In 2016, he won the Tate Medal for International Leadership in Physics

More profile about the speaker
Neil Turok | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Neil Turok: My wish: Find the next Einstein in Africa

尼爾.圖洛克的TED願望

Filmed:
609,381 views

在獲頒2008 TED大獎之後,物理學家尼爾.圖洛克發聲為天資聰穎的非洲年輕人爭取機會,他希望藉由解放並滋養這塊土地上的創造潛能,改變非洲的未來。
- Physicist, education activist
Neil Turok is working on a model of the universe that explains the big bang -- while, closer to home, he's founded a network of math and science academies across Africa. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
It was an incredible難以置信 surprise to me
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我很驚訝地發現,
00:16
to find out that there was actually其實 an organization組織 that cared照顧 about both parts部分 of my life.
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有一個組織同時關注在我人生的二個面向上。
00:22
Because, basically基本上,
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我是一個
00:23
I work as a theoretical理論 physicist物理學家.
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理論物理學家,
00:25
I develop發展 and test測試 models楷模 of the Big Bang,
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我用觀察得到的資料,針對宇宙生成的大爆炸理論
00:28
using運用 observational觀察 data數據.
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設計模型並加以測試,
00:31
And I've been moonlighting走穴 for the last five years年份
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最近五年來,我也參與了
00:34
helping幫助 with a project項目 in Africa非洲.
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某個援助非洲的計畫。
00:37
And, I get a lot of flak高射砲 for this at Cambridge劍橋.
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為此,我在劍橋遭受不少攻擊,
00:41
People wonder奇蹟, you know, "How do you have time to do this?" And so on.
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人們總是問我:「你哪兒來的時間做這個?」
00:45
And so it was simply只是 astonishing驚人 to me
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所以當我發現有一個組織
00:48
to find an organization組織 that actually其實 appreciated讚賞 both those sides雙方.
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同時在關懷這二方面時,我真的很驚訝。
00:52
So I thought I'd start開始 off by just telling告訴 you a little bit about myself
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我想我應該先告訴各位一些我的事情,
00:55
and why I lead this schizophrenic精神分裂症 life.
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好讓你們瞭解我這種人格分裂是怎麼來的。
00:59
Well, I was born天生 in South Africa非洲 and my parents父母 were imprisoned囚禁
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嗯,我在南非出生,我的父母因為反抗種族主義政權
01:04
for resisting抵制 the racist種族主義者 regime政權.
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而被捕入獄。
01:06
When they were released發布, we left and we went as refugees難民 to Kenya肯尼亞 and Tanzania坦桑尼亞.
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他們出獄之後,我們就離開南非去到肯亞和坦尚尼亞的難民營,
01:13
Both were very young年輕 countries國家 then,
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肯亞和坦尚尼亞那時都還是剛獨立的國家,
01:15
and full充分 of hope希望 for the future未來.
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人民對未來充滿了希望。
01:18
We had an amazing驚人 childhood童年. We didn't have any money,
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我的童年很精彩,雖然沒有錢,
01:20
but we were outdoors在戶外 most of the time.
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但我大部分時間都在戶外玩,
01:23
We had fantastic奇妙 friends朋友 and we saw the wonders奇蹟 of the world世界,
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我的朋友都很棒,我們一起探索了這個神奇的世界,
01:28
like Kilimanjaro乞力馬扎羅山, Serengeti塞倫蓋蒂 and the Olduvai奧杜威 Gorge峽谷.
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像是吉力馬札羅山、塞倫蓋蒂國家公園和奧度瓦伊狹谷。
01:34
Well, then we moved移動 to London倫敦 for high school學校.
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我在高中的時候搬到了倫敦,
01:36
And after that -- there's nothing much to say about that.
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在那之後就沒什麼好說的了,
01:41
It was rather dull平淡. But I came來了 back to Africa非洲
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很無聊,但我在17歲的時候,
01:45
at the age年齡 of 17, as a volunteer志願者 teacher老師
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回到了非洲,我志願到賴索托
01:49
to Lesotho萊索托, which哪一個 is a tiny country國家,
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擔任老師,賴索托很小,
01:52
surrounded包圍 at that time by apartheid種族隔離 South Africa非洲.
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幾乎被那時還採種族隔離政策的南非包圍住。
01:57
Well, 80 percent百分 of the men男人 in Lesotho萊索托
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在賴索托,有80%的男人
02:00
worked工作 in the mines礦山 over the border邊境,
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在邊境附近的礦場工作,
02:04
in brutal野蠻 conditions條件.
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環境很惡劣。
02:07
Nevertheless雖然, I -- as I'm sure -- as a rather irritating刺激性 young年輕, white白色 man
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不管怎樣,我很確定,當我這個憤世嫉俗的年輕白人
02:13
coming未來 into their village, I was welcomed歡迎 with incredible難以置信 hospitality待客 and warmth熱情.
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來到他們的村子裡時,他們是以無以倫比的熱忱來歡迎我的。
02:19
But the kids孩子 were the best最好 part部分.
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小孩子們更棒,
02:21
The kids孩子 were amazing驚人: extremely非常 eager急於 and often經常 very bright.
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那些小孩都很棒,非常願意學習,也很機靈。
02:26
And I'm just going to tell you one story故事,
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我要告訴各位
02:28
which哪一個 got through通過 to me.
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一個發生在我身上的故事,
02:31
I used to try to take the kids孩子 outside as often經常 as possible可能,
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我那時總是盡可能將孩子們帶到戶外,
02:33
to try to connect the academic學術的 stuff東東 with the real真實 world世界.
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讓他們將書本上的學問應用到現實世界,
02:38
And they weren't used to that.
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但他們並不習慣這麼做。
02:41
But I took them outside one day and I said,
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有一天,我把他們帶到戶外說:
02:43
"I want you to estimate估計 the height高度 of the building建造."
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「我要你們估計一下這個建築的高度。」
02:46
And I expected預期 them to put a ruler統治者 next下一個 to the wall,
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我本來以為他們會把尺放在牆上量,
02:49
size尺寸 it up with a finger手指, and make an estimate估計 of the height高度.
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用手指大約比出有幾倍,再估計出高度。
02:54
But there was one little boy男孩, very small for his age年齡.
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但其中有一個小男孩,身材比同齡小孩要小,
02:58
He was the son兒子 of one of the poorest最窮 families家庭 in the village.
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他家是村子裡最窮的家庭之一,
03:01
And he wasn't doing that. He was scribbling塗鴉 with chalk粉筆 on the pavement路面.
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他沒有這麼做,他只是用粉筆潦草地在路面上寫著東西,
03:06
And so, I said -- I was annoyed懊惱 -- I said, "What are you doing?
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我有點生氣,所以我說:「你在做什麼?
03:09
I want you to estimate估計 the height高度 of the building建造."
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我是要你估計這棟建築的高度耶...」
03:11
He said, "OK. I measured測量 the height高度 of a brick.
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他回說:「對啊!我量了一塊磚頭的高度,
03:14
I counted the number of bricks磚塊 and now I'm multiplying乘以."
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然後數了有幾塊磚頭,現在把他們乘起來就是了啊!」
03:19
Well -- (Laughter笑聲) -- I hadn't有沒有 thought of that one.
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(笑聲)...我以前沒有想過這個方法耶...
03:24
And many許多 experiences經驗 like this happened發生 to me.
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後來還有許多這一類的例子,
03:28
Another另一個 one is that I met會見 a miner礦工. He was home on his three-month三個月 leave離開 from the mines礦山.
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像是有天我去找一位礦工,他因為有三個月的休假而待在家裡,
03:36
Sitting坐在 next下一個 to him one day, he said, "There's only one thing that I really loved喜愛 at school學校.
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我坐在他旁邊,他說:「我在學校裡只喜歡一樣,
03:42
And you know what it was? Shakespeare莎士比亞." And he recited引用 some to me.
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你知道是什麼嗎?莎士比亞!」接著他背出了一些句子。
03:49
And these and many許多 similar類似 experiences經驗 convinced相信 me
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這些類似的經驗告訴我,
03:53
that there are just tons of bright kids孩子 in Africa非洲
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非洲有無數個聰明的孩子,
03:57
-- inventive發明的 kids孩子, intellectual知識分子 kids孩子 --
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有具發明天份的孩子,也有天資聰穎的孩子,
04:01
and starved飢餓 of opportunity機會.
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他們只差沒有機會表現而已。
04:02
And if Africa非洲 is going to get fixed固定, it's by them, not by us.
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如果有天非洲能強大起來,那一定是靠非洲人,而不是我們。
04:08
Well, after -- (Applause掌聲) -- that's the truth真相.
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(掌聲)...這是事實!
04:14
Well, after Lesotho萊索托, I traveled旅行 across橫過 Africa非洲
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在賴索托之後,我在回英國之前
04:17
before returning回國 to England英國
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又做了一趟橫越非洲之旅,
04:20
-- so gray灰色 and depressing壓抑, in comparison對照.
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對比起來,英國是相對灰暗與壓抑許多的。
04:23
And I went to Cambridge劍橋. And there, I fell下跌 for theoretical理論 physics物理.
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我回到劍橋,投入理論物理的研究,
04:30
Well, I'm not going to explain說明 this equation方程,
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我不打算講解這個方程式,
04:32
but theoretical理論 physics物理 is really an amazing驚人 subject學科.
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但理論物理學確實是一個很神奇的學科,
04:36
We can write down all the laws法律 of physics物理 we know in one line.
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我們可以把已知的所有物理定律寫在一條方程式裡,
04:42
And, admittedly固然, it's in a very shorthand速記 notation符號.
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雖然這個方程式很簡潔,
04:47
And it contains包含 18 free自由 parameters參數,
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其中包含了18個自由參數,
04:51
OK, which哪一個 we have to fit適合 to the data數據.
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我們必須將資料代入。
04:54
So it's not the final最後 story故事,
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這樣還不算完成,
04:56
but it's an incredibly令人難以置信 powerful強大 summary概要 of everything we know
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這個方程式所代表的,是我們對自然界最基本的認識,
05:01
about nature性質 at the most basic基本 level水平.
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也是最重要的彙總,
05:05
And apart距離 from a few少數 very important重要 loose疏鬆 ends結束, which哪一個 you've heard聽說 about here --
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其中有一些重要事項我們尚未有頭緒,就像各位所聽過的,
05:09
like dark黑暗 energy能源 and dark黑暗 matter --
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像是黑暗能量與黑暗物質這一類的。
05:12
this equation方程 describes介紹,
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這個方程式代表的是...
05:14
seems似乎 to describe描述 everything about the universe宇宙 and what's in it.
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它似乎代表了宇宙的一切,以及宇宙裡所含概的一切。
05:19
But there's one big puzzle難題 remaining其餘,
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但我們還有一個疑問,
05:21
and this was most succinctly簡潔地 put to me by my primary school學校 math數學 teacher老師 in
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一個再簡單不過的問題,那是我在坦尚尼亞中學的
05:26
Tanzania坦桑尼亞, who's誰是 a wonderful精彩 Scottish蘇格蘭的 lady淑女
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數學老師問我的,她是個很棒的蘇格蘭女士,
05:29
who I still stay in touch觸摸 with.
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我到現在都還持續和她聯絡,
05:32
And she's now in her 80s.
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她現在已經80多歲了,
05:34
And when I try to explain說明 my work to her, she waved揮手 away all the details細節, and she said,
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而當我試著要對她解釋我所做的工作時,她撇開所有繁瑣的細節,直接問我:
05:39
"Neil尼爾, there's only one question that really matters事項.
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「尼爾,真正重要的問題是:
05:44
What banged拍著?" (Laughter笑聲)
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到底什麼爆炸了?(笑聲)
05:48
"Everyone大家 talks會談 about the Big Bang. What banged拍著?"
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「每個人都在談宇宙大爆炸,那到底是什麼爆炸了?」
05:53
And she's right. It's a question we've我們已經 all been avoiding避免.
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她說得很對,那個問題是我們一直試圖迴避的問題,
05:58
The standard標準 explanation說明 is that the universe宇宙 somehow不知何故 sprang竄出 into existence存在,
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我們總是向大眾解釋說宇宙是突然成型的,
06:03
full充分 of a strange奇怪 kind of energy能源
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那時佈滿了各種奇異的能量,
06:05
-- inflationary通脹 energy能源 -- which哪一個 blew自爆 it up.
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會膨脹的能量,因此就爆炸成型了。
06:10
But the puzzle難題 of why the universe宇宙 emerged出現 in that peculiar奇特 state
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至於宇宙為什麼會成為這種特殊的狀態,
06:14
is completely全然 unsolved未解.
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卻沒人能解。
06:18
Now, I worked工作 on that theory理論 for a while, with Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金 and others其他.
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我已經和史蒂芬.霍金和其他人一起研究這個理論一段時間了,
06:22
But then I began開始 to explore探索 another另一個 alternative替代.
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我開始探索其他的可能性,
06:25
The alternative替代 is that the Big Bang wasn't the beginning開始.
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也就是或許宇宙大爆炸並不是宇宙的源起,
06:28
Perhaps也許 the universe宇宙 existed存在 before the bang,
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宇宙可能在大爆炸之前就存在了,
06:31
and the bang was just a violent暴力 event事件 in a pre-existing預先存在的 universe宇宙.
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大爆炸不過是先前那個宇宙所發生的一起劇烈變動而已。
06:36
Well, this possibility可能性 is actually其實 suggested建議
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最近的統一理論
06:39
by the latest最新 theories理論, the unified統一 theories理論,
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已經提出這個可能性,
06:42
which哪一個 try to explain說明 all those 18 free自由 parameters參數
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統一理論試圖以單一架構
06:45
in a single framework骨架, which哪一個 will hopefully希望 predict預測 all of them.
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來解釋這18個自由參數,並希望能加以預測。
06:52
And I'll just share分享 a cartoon動畫片 of this idea理念 here.
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我想用卡通畫面來解釋這個理論,
06:55
It's all I can convey傳達. According根據 to these theories理論,
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這是我能想到最好的方式。根據這些理論,
06:58
there are extra額外 dimensions尺寸 of space空間, not just the three we're familiar with,
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在太空裡,除了我們所熟知的三度空間外,還有其他維度,
07:01
but at every一切 point in the room房間 there are more dimensions尺寸.
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在這個房間裡的每一個點上,也都還有更多維度存在。
07:05
And in particular特定, there's one rather strange奇怪 one,
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最特別的是,在最美好的統一理論裡,
07:07
in the most elegant優雅 unified統一 theories理論 we have.
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我們也可以觀察到一個最奇特的維度,
07:10
The strange奇怪 one looks容貌 likes喜歡 this:
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這個奇特的維度是像這樣的:
07:12
that we live生活 in a three-dimensional三維 world世界.
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我們的世界是三度空間,
07:15
We live生活 in one of these worlds世界, and I can only show顯示 it as a sheet,
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宇宙中還有其他類似的空間,我現在只能用紙張呈現,
07:19
but it's really three-dimensional三維.
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但這其實是三度空間。
07:22
And a tiny distance距離 away, there's another另一個 sheet,
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而在鄰近這個空間之外,又有另一張紙,
07:26
also three-dimensional三維, and they're separated分離 by a gap間隙.
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上面也有個三度空間,他們中間有條小小的縫隙,
07:28
The gap間隙 is very tiny, and I've blown it up so you can see it.
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縫隙很小,我得把它放大你們才看得到。
07:31
But it's really a tiny fraction分數 of the size尺寸 of an atomic原子 nucleus.
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這個縫隙其實只有原子核的幾分之一大而已,
07:36
I won't慣於 go into the details細節 of why we think the universe宇宙 is like this,
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我不打算詳細說明為什麼我們覺得宇宙是長這個樣子,
07:39
but it comes out of the math數學 and trying to explain說明 the physics物理 that we know.
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但這是我們以數學計算出來的,用以解釋我們所知的物理現象。
07:43
Well, I got interested有興趣 in this because it seemed似乎 to me that it was an obvious明顯 question.
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我對這個現象很感興趣,因為裡頭有一個很明顯的問題,
07:47
Which哪一個 is, what happens發生 if these two, three-dimensional三維 worlds世界
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就是當這二個三度空間的世界碰撞在一起時,
07:50
should actually其實 collide碰撞?
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會發生什麼事?
07:54
And if they collide碰撞, it would look a lot like the Big Bang.
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他們二個如果真的碰撞在一起,就會產生類似大爆炸的情形,
07:57
But it's slightly different不同 than in the conventional常規 picture圖片.
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但和我們傳統上認知的大爆炸稍有不同,
08:00
The conventional常規 picture圖片 of the Big Bang is a point.
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傳統上我們認為大爆炸是在一個點上,
08:02
Everything comes out of a point;
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所有東西會從那個點上爆發出來,
08:04
you have infinite無窮 density密度. And all the equations方程 break打破 down.
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產生無限大的密度,沒有方程式可以解釋這個現象,
08:08
No hope希望 of describing說明 that.
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也無法具體描述。
08:10
In this picture圖片, you'll你會 notice注意,
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但在這裡,你會看到,
08:12
the bang is extended擴展. It's not a point.
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這個爆炸是延伸出來的,並不是在一個點上,
08:14
The density密度 of matter is finite有限, and we have a chance機會
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密度是有限的,而且我們可以
08:17
of a consistent一貫 set of equations方程 that can describe描述 the whole整個 process處理.
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用一組方程式來描述整個過程。
08:22
So, to cut a long story故事 short, we've我們已經 explored探討 this alternative替代.
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簡單來說,我們找到了另一種宇宙源起的可能性,
08:25
We've我們已經 shown顯示 that it can fit適合
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這個源起模型
08:27
all of the data數據 that we have about the formation編隊 of galaxies星系,
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與目前我們所知銀河生成的所有數據都能契合,
08:31
the fluctuations波動 in the microwave微波 background背景.
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也能與宇宙微波背景中的起伏變動相契合。
08:34
Furthermore此外, there's an experimental試驗 way
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而且,在我先前所講到的膨脹能量理論之外,
08:36
to tell this theory理論, apart距離 from the inflationary通脹 explanation說明 that I told you before.
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還可以用另一個實驗性質的方式來解釋這個理論,
08:43
It involves涉及 gravitational引力 waves波浪.
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也就是用引力波來解釋。
08:46
And in this scenario腳本, not only was the Big Bang not the beginning開始,
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如同你所看到的,在這個理論裡,
08:49
as you can see from the picture圖片,
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大爆炸不是宇宙的起源,
08:52
it can happen發生 over and over again.
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反而是一個週而復始的現象,
08:54
It may可能 be that we live生活 in an endless無窮 universe宇宙,
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因為我們所存在的宇宙,是一個無邊無際的宇宙,
08:57
both in space空間 and in time.
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不論是時間或空間,都是無邊無際。
09:01
And there've已經有 been bangs前劉海 in the past過去, and there will be bangs前劉海 in the future未來.
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以前曾經發生過大爆炸,以後也會再發生,
09:04
And maybe we live生活 in an endless無窮 universe宇宙.
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因此這是一個無邊無際的宇宙。
09:08
Well, making製造 and testing測試 models楷模 of the universe宇宙
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對我來說,為宇宙源起建立一個模型,
09:13
is, for me, the best最好 way I have of enjoying享受 and appreciating欣賞 the universe宇宙.
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再加以測試,這是我欣賞及讚嘆宇宙的最佳方式,
09:20
We need to make the best最好 mathematical數學的 models楷模 we can,
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我們要盡全力打造出最好的數學模型,
09:22
the most consistent一貫 ones那些.
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而且是最一致的模型。
09:24
And then we scrutinize細察 them, logically邏輯 and with data數據.
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接下來我們以邏輯及數據詳加檢視,
09:28
And we try to convince說服 ourselves我們自己 --
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試圖說服自己--
09:31
we really try to convince說服 ourselves我們自己 they're wrong錯誤.
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我們真的試圖說服自己這個模型是錯的,
09:33
That's progress進展: when we prove證明 things wrong錯誤.
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因為一旦我們證明某件事是錯的,
09:36
And gradually逐漸, we hopefully希望 move移動 closer接近 and closer接近 to understanding理解 the world世界.
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我們才能更加釐清這個世界。
09:42
As I pursued追求的 my career事業, something was always gnawing away inside me.
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當我在物理世界努力時,總有一件事縈繞在我心頭,
09:47
What about Africa非洲?
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非洲現在怎麼樣了?
09:50
What about those kids孩子 I'd left behind背後?
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我曾教導過的孩子現在怎麼樣了?
09:55
Instead代替 of developing發展, as we'd星期三 all hoped希望 in the '60s,
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我們自1960年代就希望能發展非洲,但事與願違,
09:58
things had gotten得到 worse更差.
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非洲變得更糟糕了,
10:00
Africa非洲 was gripped抓住 by poverty貧窮, disease疾病 and war戰爭.
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整個非洲被貧窮、疾病及戰爭拖垮了。
10:04
This is very graphically圖形 shown顯示 by the WorldmapperWorldmapper website網站 and project項目.
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Worldmapper網站有一個專案可以用圖形表達這個狀況,
10:10
And so the idea理念 is to represent代表 each country國家
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他們是以某些數據來衡量國家的大小,
10:13
on a map地圖, but scale規模 the area according根據 to some quantity數量.
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並將每個國家畫在地圖上。
10:19
So here's這裡的 just the standard標準 area map地圖 of the world世界.
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這一幅是標準的世界地圖,
10:21
By the way, Africa非洲 is very large.
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你可以看到非洲佔了非常大的面積。
10:23
And the next下一個 map地圖 now shows節目 Africa's非洲 GDPGDP in 1960,
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這一幅地圖則顯示了1960年代非洲的國內生產毛額GDP,
10:28
around the time of independence獨立 for many許多 African非洲人 states狀態.
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那時許多非洲國家才剛剛獨立。
10:33
Now, this is 1990, and then 2002. And here's這裡的 a projection投影 for 2015.
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接下來是1990及2002年的地點,這一幅則是2015年的預測圖。
10:44
Big changes變化 are happening事件 in the world世界,
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整個世界變化很大,
10:45
but they're not helping幫助 Africa非洲.
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但對非洲一點幫助也沒有。
10:48
What about Africa's非洲 population人口? The population人口 isn't out of proportion比例 to its area,
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非洲的人口怎麼樣?他們的人口與土地不成比例,
10:52
but Africa非洲 leads引線 the world世界 in deaths死亡 from often經常 preventable預防的 causes原因:
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因為非洲的死亡率居世界最高,但其原因在其他地區都是可以預防的:
10:57
malnutrition營養不良, simple簡單 infections感染 and birth分娩 complications並發症.
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營養不良、單純的感染與難產。
11:04
Then there's HIVHIV/AIDS艾滋病. And then there are deaths死亡 from war戰爭.
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接下來則是愛滋病死亡人數,還有因戰爭而死亡的人數。
11:09
OK, currently目前 there are 45,000 people a month dying垂死 in the Congo剛果,
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現在,剛果每個月都有4萬5千人
11:14
as a consequence後果 of the war戰爭
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因戰爭而死亡,
11:16
there over coltan鈳鉭鐵礦 and diamonds鑽石 and other things.
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這些戰爭都是為了爭奪鈳鉭鐵礦、鑽石和其他礦石所引發的,
11:20
It's still going on.
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現在還在打仗。
11:24
What about Africa's非洲 capacity容量 to do something about these problems問題?
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非洲有沒有能力自行處理這些問題呢?
11:27
Well, here's這裡的 the number of physicians醫師 in Africa非洲.
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這是非洲醫生的總人數,
11:32
Here's這裡的 the number of people in higher更高 education教育.
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還有非洲受過高等教育的人數,
11:37
And here -- most shocking觸目驚心 to me --
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還有...這真的很令人驚訝...
11:39
the number of scientific科學 research研究 papers文件 coming未來 out of Africa非洲.
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非洲發表的科學研究論文數量,
11:43
It just doesn't exist存在 scientifically科學.
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就科學上來說,這個數量可以說是零。
11:48
And this was very eloquently雄辯地 argued爭論 at TEDTED Africa非洲:
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在TED針對非洲的演講中,各位早已聽過這種論調:
11:51
that all of the aid援助 that's been given特定
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世界各國對非洲所提供的各式援助,
11:53
has completely全然 failed失敗 to put Africa非洲 onto its own擁有 two feet.
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都無法使非洲振作,自食其力。
12:01
Well, the transition過渡 to democracy民主 in South Africa非洲 in 1994
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南非1994年的民主轉變,
12:04
was literally按照字面 a dream夢想 come true真正 for many許多 of us.
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對我們許多人來說可算是美夢成真,
12:08
My parents父母 were both elected當選 to the first parliament議會,
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我的雙親都獲選擔任第一屆的國會議員,
12:11
alongside並肩 Nelson納爾遜 and Winnie小熊 Mandela曼德拉. They were the only other couple一對.
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和曼德拉夫婦一樣,他們是唯二的夫妻檔。
12:16
And in 2001, I took a research研究 leave離開 to visit訪問 them.
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2001年時,我趁研究之便去拜訪他們,
12:20
And while I was busy working加工 -- I was working加工 on these colliding碰撞 worlds世界, in the day.
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那時我在研究這些互相碰撞的世界,而當我埋首研究之時,
12:27
But I learned學到了 that there was a desperate殊死 shortage短缺 of skills技能,
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我突然發現非洲人民所欠缺的是技巧,
12:30
especially特別 mathematical數學的 skills技能, in industry行業, in government政府, in education教育.
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尤其是數學演算的技巧,不管是在工業界、政界或是教育界都一樣。
12:38
The ability能力 to make and test測試 models楷模 has become成為 essential必要,
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建立及測試模型的能力是最基本的,
12:42
not only to every一切 single area of science科學 today今天,
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不只科學領域重視這個能力,
12:45
but also to modern現代 society社會 itself本身.
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就連現代社會也重視這個能力。
12:49
And if you don't have math數學, you're not going to enter輸入 the modern現代 age年齡.
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如果不懂數學,就無法邁進現代社會。
12:55
So I had an idea理念. And the idea理念 was very simple簡單.
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所以我有一個想法,非常簡單的想法,
12:58
The idea理念 was to set up an African非洲人 Institute研究所 for Mathematical數學的 Sciences科學, or AIMSAIMS.
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就是設立非洲數學科學研究院,簡稱AIMS。
13:04
And let's recruit students學生們 from the whole整個 of Africa非洲,
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我打算對全非洲進行招生,
13:08
bring帶來 them together一起 with lecturers講師 from all over the world世界,
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再從世界各地邀請老師來這裡教學,
13:12
and we'll try to give them a fantastic奇妙 education教育.
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我希望能給他們一流的教育。
13:17
Well, as a Cambridge劍橋 professor教授, I had many許多 contacts往來.
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我本身是劍橋的教授,我認識很多人,
13:20
And to my astonishment驚愕, they backed已備份 me 100 percent百分.
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但出乎我意料之外,每一個人都很支持這個計畫,
13:23
They said, "Go and do it,
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大家都說:「你就去做吧!
13:25
and we'll come and lecture演講."
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我們會去非洲教課的!」
13:29
And I knew知道 it would be amazing驚人 fun開玩笑 to bring帶來 brilliant輝煌 students學生們
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我知道這一切會很有趣,把各國最聰明的學生聚集起來,
13:33
from these countries國家 -- where they don't have any opportunities機會 -- together一起
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他們原來是沒有機會受教育的,
13:37
with the best最好 lecturers講師 in the world世界 --
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再把世界上最好的老師
13:39
who I knew知道 would come, because of the interest利益 in Africa非洲 --
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也邀請到這裡,他們都是為了非洲的發展而來。
13:42
and put them together一起 and just let the sparks火花 fly.
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把他們集合在一起,自然就會有火花激盪出來。
13:49
So we bought a derelict被遺棄 hotel旅館 near Cape Town.
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我們買下開普敦附近一家廢棄的旅館,
13:53
It's an 80-room-房間 Art藝術 Deco德科 hotel旅館 from the 1920s.
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那是一間1920年代興建的裝飾藝術旅館,有80個房間,
13:56
The area was kind of seedy襤褸的, so we got an 80-room-房間 hotel旅館 for 100,000 dollars美元.
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旅館所在地區發展得並不是很好,所以我們只花了10萬美金就買到了,
14:02
It's a beautiful美麗 building建造. We decided決定 we would refurbish翻新 it
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那是一棟漂亮的建築物,我們打算重新整修一番,
14:06
and then put out the word:
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對外公告:
14:08
we're going to start開始 the best最好 math數學 institute研究所 in Africa非洲
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我們打算在這間旅館裡開設全非洲最好的
14:12
in this hotel旅館.
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數學研究院。
14:13
Well, the new South Africa非洲 is a very exciting扣人心弦 country國家.
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新的南非是一個很棒的國家,
14:16
And those of you who haven't沒有 been there, you should go.
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還沒有去過南非的人,應該去一趟,
14:19
It's very, very interesting有趣 what's happening事件.
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那裡真的很有趣。
14:22
And we recruited應徵 wonderful精彩 staff員工,
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我們招募了很棒的員工,
14:25
highly高度 motivated動機 staff員工.
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全都自動自發。
14:27
The other thing that's happened發生, which哪一個 was good for us, is the Internet互聯網.
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另一件很不錯的事,就是網路,
14:31
Even though雖然 the Internet互聯網 is very expensive昂貴 all over Africa非洲,
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雖然在非洲使用網路很昂貴,
14:34
there are Internet互聯網 cafes咖啡館 everywhere到處.
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但網咖還是在街頭林立。
14:36
And bright young年輕 Africans非洲人 are desperate殊死 to join加入 the global全球 community社區,
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聰明的非洲年輕人迫不及待想要加入全球社群,
14:41
to be successful成功 -- and they're very ambitious有雄心.
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他們非常想出人頭地,每一個人都很有野心,
14:44
They want to be the next下一個 Einstein愛因斯坦.
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他們想成為下一個愛因斯坦。
14:50
And so when word came來了 out that AIMSAIMS was opening開盤,
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當AIMS對外宣佈開始招生時,
14:53
it spread傳播 very quickly很快 via通過 e-mail電子郵件 and our website網站.
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很快就透過電子郵件及我們的網站傳開了,
14:57
And we got lots of applicants申請人.
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我們收到許多申請表。
14:59
Well, we designed設計 AIMSAIMS as a 24-hour-小時 learning學習 environment環境,
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我們把AIMS打造成一個24小時的學習環境,
15:02
and it was fantastic奇妙 to start開始 a university大學 from the beginning開始.
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從頭開始成立一間大學真是很棒的經驗,
15:06
You have to rethink反思, what is the university大學 for?
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你得要思考這間大學成立的目的是什麼?
15:10
And that's really exciting扣人心弦.
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那真的很棒!
15:12
So we designed設計 it to have interactive互動 teaching教學.
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所以我們把它設計成互動式的教學環境,
15:15
No droning嗡嗡 on at the chalkboard黑板.
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而不是在黑板上寫下密密麻麻的算式,
15:19
We emphasize注重 problem-solving解決問題, working加工 in groups,
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我們的重點是解決問題、團隊合作,
15:23
every一切 student學生 discovering發現 and maximizing最大化 their own擁有 potential潛在
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每一個學生都可以發掘出自己的潛能,並將之發揮到極致,
15:27
and not chasing grades等級.
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而不單單只追求分數的高低。
15:30
Everyone大家 lives生活 together一起 in this hotel旅館 -- lecturers講師 and students學生們 --
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不管是學生還是講師,都住在這間旅館裡,
15:32
and it's not surprising奇怪 at all to find an impromptu即興 tutorial教程 at 1 a.m.
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你甚至可以在凌晨1:00臨時找到個別指導你的老師。
15:38
The students學生們 don't usually平時 leave離開 the computer電腦 lab實驗室 till直到 2 or 3 a.m.
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學生們通常在電腦室裡待到凌晨2:00或3:00,
15:42
And then they're up again at eight in the morning早上.
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早上8:00又起床開始新的一天,
15:44
Lectures講座, problem-solving解決問題 and so on. It's an extraordinary非凡 place地點.
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聽課、解決問題等,這是一個很特別的地方。
15:51
We especially特別 emphasize注重 areas of great relevance關聯 to Africa's非洲 development發展,
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我們特別重視和非洲發展息息相關的學科領域,
15:56
because, in those areas, scientists科學家們 working加工 in Africa非洲 will have a competitive競爭的 advantage優點.
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因為在這個領域研究的人,在非洲將具有極佳的競爭優勢。
16:02
They'll他們會 publish發布, be invited邀請 to conferences會議.
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他們的作品將被出版,並應邀發表演講;
16:04
They'll他們會 do well. They'll他們會 have successful成功 careers職業生涯.
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他們會表現得很好,在這一行領先群倫。
16:10
And AIMSAIMS has doneDONE extremely非常 well.
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AIMS很成功,
16:12
Here is a list名單 of last year's年份 graduates畢業生, graduated畢業 in June六月,
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這是去年的畢業生名單,他們在六月畢業,
16:16
and what they're currently目前 doing -- 48 of them.
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這是他們現在從事的工作,總共有48個人,
16:19
And where they are is indicated指示 over here.
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他們現在所在的位置標註在這裡,
16:23
And where they've他們已經 gone走了. So these are all postgraduate研究生 students學生們.
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還有他們去過的地方,這些都是畢業後的學生,
16:27
And they've他們已經 all gone走了 on to master's碩士 and Ph博士.D. degrees in excellent優秀 places地方.
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他們全都在很棒的學校繼續攻讀碩士和博士。
16:34
Five students學生們 can be educated博學 at AIMSAIMS
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教育美國或歐洲的一個大學生的經費,
16:36
for the cost成本 of educating教育 one in the U.S. or Europe歐洲.
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在AIMS可以教育五個大學生,
16:40
But more important重要, the pan-African泛非 student學生 body身體
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更重要的是,非洲自己教育出來的學生,
16:43
is a continual持續 source資源 of strength強度, pride自豪 and commitment承諾 to Africa非洲.
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將為非洲持續帶來一股力量,讓非洲自豪,並全心奉獻給非洲。
16:49
We illustrate說明 AIMS'AIMS“ progress進展 by coloring染色 in the countries國家 of Africa非洲.
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我們依照AIMS的進程,將非洲各個國家以不同顏色標註,
16:54
So here you can see behind背後 this list名單.
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所以在這張表的後面,
16:56
When a county is colored有色 yellow黃色, we've我們已經 received收到 an application應用;
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你會看到某些國家是標成黃色,因為我們收到一張申請表;
17:00
orange橙子, we've我們已經 accepted公認 an application應用; and green綠色,
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橘色就表示我們核准一張申請表;
17:05
a student學生 has graduated畢業.
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綠色就表示有學生畢業了。
17:07
So here is where we were after the first graduation畢業 in 2004.
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這是我們在2004年首屆畢業生離校後的狀況,
17:11
And we set ourselves我們自己 a goal目標 of turning車削 the continent大陸 green綠色.
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我們希望能把整個非洲都變成綠色的,
17:15
So there's 2005, -6, -7, -8.
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接下來是2005、6、7、8。
17:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
17:29
We're well on the way to achieving實現 our initial初始 goal目標.
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我們正朝最初設定的目標前進,
17:33
We had some of the students學生們 filmed拍攝 at home before they came來了 to AIMSAIMS.
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在學生們來到AIMS之前,我們幫一些人在家鄉拍了一些短片,
17:37
And I'll just show顯示 you one.
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我想要給各位看其中一支影片。
17:40
Tendai天台 MugwagwaMugwagwa: My name名稱 is Tendai天台 MugwagwaMugwagwa.
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天代:我的名字是天代.穆格瓦格瓦,
17:44
I have a Bachelor單身漢 of Science科學 with an education教育 degree.
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我有科學學士學位,
17:47
I will be attending出席 AIMSAIMS.
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我要加入AIMS。
17:49
My understanding理解 of the course課程 is that it covers蓋子 quite相當 a lot.
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就我所知,那裡的課程涵蓋範圍很廣,
17:53
You know, from physics物理 to medicine醫學,
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從物理到醫學都有,
17:57
in particular特定, epidemiology流行病學 and also mathematical數學的 modeling造型.
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特別還有流行病學和數學模型學。
18:03
Neil尼爾 Turok圖羅克: So Tendai天台 came來了 to AIMSAIMS and did very well.
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尼爾:天代來AIMS上課後表現得很好,
18:08
And I'll let her take it from there.
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接下來就由她來演說。
18:16
TMTM值: My name名稱 is Tendai天台 MugwagwaMugwagwa
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天代:我的名字是天代.穆格瓦格瓦,
18:18
and I was a student學生 at AIMSAIMS in 2003 and 2004.
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我在2003年到2004年間在AIMS就讀。
18:22
After leaving離開 AIMSAIMS, I went on to do a master's碩士 in applied應用的 mathematics數學
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畢業之後,我則到南非開普敦大學
18:27
at the University大學 of Cape Town in South Africa非洲.
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繼續應用數學的碩士研究。
18:30
After that, I came來了 to the Netherlands荷蘭
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之後,我則到荷蘭
18:32
where I'm now doing a Ph博士.D. in theoretical理論 immunology免疫學.
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攻讀理論免疫學的博士學位。
18:35
Professor教授: Tendai天台 is working加工 very independently獨立地.
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教授:天代具有獨立研究的能力,
18:38
She communicates相通 well with the immunologists免疫學家 at the hospital醫院.
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她和醫院裡的免疫學家溝通無礙,
18:42
So all in all I have a very good Ph博士.D. student學生 from South Africa非洲.
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她是一個來自南非、很棒的博士生,
18:46
So I'm happy快樂 she's here.
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我很高興她能來這裡。
18:49
NTNT: Another另一個 student學生 in the first year of AIMSAIMS was Shehu謝胡.
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尼爾:席胡也是AIMS的首屆畢業生,
18:53
And he's shown顯示 here with his favorite喜愛 high school學校 teacher老師.
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他和他最敬愛的高中老師一起拍了這張照片,
18:58
And then entering進入 university大學 in northern北方 Nigeria尼日利亞.
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後來他在北奈及利亞就讀大學。
19:04
And after AIMSAIMS, Shehu謝胡 wanted to do high-energy高能量 physics物理,
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在AIMS畢業之後,席胡想要研究高能量物理學,
19:09
and he came來了 to Cambridge劍橋.
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所以他去了劍橋,
19:11
He's about to finish his Ph博士.D.,
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現在快要完成博士學位了,
19:14
and he was filmed拍攝 recently最近 with someone有人 you all know.
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他和一位各位都熟知的人一起拍了一段影片。
19:18
Shehu謝胡: And from there we will be able能夠 to,
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席胡:從這裡我們就可以
19:20
hopefully希望, make better predictions預測 and then we compare比較 it
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做出更好的預測,然後我們可以和這張圖比較,
19:23
to the graph圖形 and also make some predictions預測.
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再做出另一些預測。
19:28
Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金: That is nice不錯.
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史蒂芬.霍金:很好。
19:31
NTNT: Here are the current當前 students學生們 at AIMSAIMS. There are 53 of them
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尼爾:這是目前在AIMS就讀的學生,總共有53人,
19:34
from 20 different不同 countries國家, including包含 20 women婦女.
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他們來自20個不同的國家,包含20位女士。
19:38
So now I'm going to get to my TEDTED business商業.
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現在我要來談談TED的事了,
19:41
Well, we had a party派對. This is Africa非洲 --
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我們舉辦了一個派對,那是在非洲,
19:44
we have good parties派對 in Africa非洲. And last month, they threw a surprise party派對 for me.
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我們有許多很棒的派對,上個月,他們為我舉辦了一個驚喜派對,
19:48
Here's這裡的 somebody you've seen看到 already已經.
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其中有一個人你們已經認識了。
19:50
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
20:14
I want to point out a few少數 other exceptional優秀 people in this picture圖片.
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我要來介紹照片上的幾位傑出人士。
20:18
So, we were having a party派對,
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那時我們在派對狂歡,
20:19
as you can see they're completely全然 eclipsing遮蔽的 me at this point.
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你們看,他們把我完全擋住了,
20:23
This is Ezra以斯拉. She's from Darfur達爾富爾.
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這是伊茲拉,她來自蘇丹的達佛,
20:26
She's a physicist物理學家, and somehow不知何故 stays入住 smiling微笑,
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她是個物理學家,儘管家鄉發生了許多事,
20:30
in spite儘管 of everything going on back home.
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她永遠面帶微笑,
20:32
But she wants to continue繼續 in physics物理, and she's doing extremely非常 well.
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她希望繼續攻讀物理,她的表現真的很棒!
20:36
This is Lydia莉迪亞. Lydia莉迪亞 is the first ever woman女人
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這位是莉迪亞,莉迪亞是中非共和國
20:40
to graduate畢業 in mathematics數學 in the Central中央 African非洲人 Republic共和國.
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有史以來的第一位女性數學家,
20:43
And she's now at AIMSAIMS. (Applause掌聲)
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她現在在AIMS就讀。(掌聲)
20:49
So now let me get to our TEDTED wish希望.
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現在我要來談談我們的TED願望,
20:53
Well, it's not my TEDTED wish希望; it's our wish希望, as you've already已經 gathered雲集.
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不是我的願望,而是我們的,各位應該都明白。
20:58
And our wish希望 has two parts部分:
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我們的願望有二個部分,
21:01
one is a dream夢想 and the other's其他 a plan計劃. OK.
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一個是個夢想,另一個則是個計畫。
21:06
Our TEDTED dream夢想 is that the next下一個 Einstein愛因斯坦 will be African非洲人. (Applause掌聲)
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我們的夢想是希望下一個愛因斯坦將會是非洲人。(掌聲)
21:25
In striving努力 for the heights高度 of creative創作的 genius天才,
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在培育有創造力的天才這條路上,
21:26
we want to give thousands數千 of people the motivation動機,
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我們希望為千萬人打氣,
21:31
the encouragement鼓勵 and the courage勇氣
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鼓勵他們,給他們勇氣,
21:33
to obtain獲得 the high-level高水平 skills技能 they need to help Africa非洲.
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讓他們培養出振興非洲所需的高水準技能。
21:38
Among其中 them will be not only brilliant輝煌 scientists科學家們 --
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他們不會只是優秀的科學家,
21:41
I'm sure of that from what we've我們已經 seen看到 at AIMSAIMS --
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AIMS裡的情形讓我確信,
21:44
they'll他們會 also be the African非洲人 Gates蓋茨, BrinsBrins and Pages網頁 of the future未來.
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他們將會是非洲未來的比爾.蓋茲、布林和佩吉。
21:50
Well, I said we also have a plan計劃. And our plan計劃 is quite相當 simple簡單.
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我們還有一個計畫,這個計畫很簡單,
21:54
AIMSAIMS is now a proven證明 model模型.
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由於AIMS已經很成功了,
21:56
And what we need to do is to replicate複製 it.
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我們希望能複製這個經驗,
22:00
We want to roll out 15 AIMSAIMS centers中心 in the next下一個 five years年份, all over Africa非洲.
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我們希望在未來的5年內,在非洲境內推廣15個AIMS中心,
22:04
Each will have a pan-African泛非 student學生 body身體,
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每一個都為非洲學生而設置,
22:09
but specialize專攻 in a different不同 area of science科學.
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但將專注在不同的科學領域。
22:11
We want to use science科學 to overcome克服 the national國民 and cultural文化 barriers障礙,
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我們要用科學來克服國家和文化上的障礙,
22:16
as it does at AIMSAIMS.
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就像AIMS所做的一樣。
22:17
And we want to add elements分子 to the curriculum課程.
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我們還要在課程表上新增一些課程,
22:19
We want to add entrepreneurship創業 and policy政策 skills技能.
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像是企業管理與政治學等,
22:24
The expanded擴大 AIMSAIMS will be a coherent相干 pan-African泛非 institution機構,
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擴張後的AIMS仍會是一個以非洲為主的學院,
22:27
and its graduates畢業生 will form形成 a powerful強大 network網絡,
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畢業生將形成一個強大的人際網路,
22:31
working加工 together一起 for peace和平 and progress進展 across橫過 the continent大陸.
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為非洲大陸的和平與發展一同努力。
22:37
Over the last year,
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在去年一整年,
22:39
we've我們已經 been visiting訪問 sites網站 in Africa非洲,
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我們造訪了非洲幾個地點,
22:41
looking at potential潛在 sites網站 for new AIMSAIMS centers中心.
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尋找適合興建新的AIMS中心的據點,
22:44
And here are the ones那些 we've我們已經 selected.
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這是我們評選出來的幾個地點,
22:46
And each of these centers中心 has a strong強大 local本地 team球隊,
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每一個中心背後都有一支堅強的當地團隊,
22:50
each is in a beautiful美麗 place地點, an interesting有趣 place地點,
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每一個地點都很美,也很有趣,
22:52
which哪一個 international國際 lecturers講師 will be happy快樂 to visit訪問.
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國際學者會很高興來造訪這些中心。
22:55
And our partners夥伴 across橫過 Africa非洲 are extremely非常 enthusiastic熱情 about this.
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我們在非洲的友人對此都很興奮,
23:00
Everyone大家 wants an AIMSAIMS center中央 in their country國家.
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每一個人都希望AIMS落腳在他們的國家裡。
23:04
And last November十一月,
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去年十一月,
23:06
the conference會議 of all the African非洲人 ministers部長 of science科學 and technology技術,
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非洲各國科學與科技官員的聚會在孟巴薩舉行,
23:10
held保持 in Mombasa蒙巴薩, called for a comprehensive全面 plan計劃 to roll out AIMSAIMS.
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他們希望能在非洲全面推展AIMS,
23:15
So we have political政治 support支持 right across橫過 the continent大陸.
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所以我們現在也有政治支援了。
23:18
It won't慣於 be easy簡單.
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這很不容易,
23:21
At every一切 site現場 there will be huge巨大 challenges挑戰.
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每一個地點都是一個艱鉅的挑戰,
23:23
Local本地 scientists科學家們 must必須 play leading領導 roles角色
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當地的科學家必須扮演領導者的角色,
23:26
and governments政府 must必須 be persuaded說服了 to buy購買 in.
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我們也必須說服政府配合。
23:30
Conditions條件 are very difficult,
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每一種狀況都不容易解決,
23:32
but we cannot不能 afford給予 to compromise妥協 on those principles原則 which哪一個 made製作 AIMSAIMS work.
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但我們不能對我們當初設立AIMS的宗旨有任何妥協。
23:39
And we summarize總結 them this way:
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這些宗旨是:
23:41
the institutes機構 have got to be relevant相應, innovative創新,
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相關(R)、創新(I)、
23:44
cost-effective經濟有效 and high quality質量. Why?
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成本效益(C)與高品質(H)。為什麼?
23:46
Because we want Africa非洲 to be rich豐富.
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因為我們希望非洲富強(RICH)起來,
23:49
Easy簡單 to remember記得 the basic基本 rules規則 we need.
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這是我們最基本的原則,很容易記住。
23:56
So, just in ending結尾, let me say the only people who can fix固定 Africa非洲
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最後,我要說,唯一能拯救非洲的人
23:59
are talented天才 young年輕 Africans非洲人.
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就是非洲天資聰慧的年輕人。
24:02
By unlocking解鎖 and nurturing培育 their creative創作的 potential潛在,
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讓我們解放並滋養他們創造的天份,
24:05
we can create創建 a step change更改 in Africa's非洲 future未來.
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我們可以一步一步改變非洲的未來,
24:09
Over time, they will contribute有助於 to African非洲人 development發展
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最終他們將為非洲的發展做出貢獻,
24:13
and to science科學 in ways方法 we can only imagine想像.
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他們未來在科學上的成就將令我們望塵莫及。
24:16
Thank you.
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謝謝!
24:18
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marie Wu
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil Turok - Physicist, education activist
Neil Turok is working on a model of the universe that explains the big bang -- while, closer to home, he's founded a network of math and science academies across Africa.

Why you should listen

Neil Turok works on understanding the universe's very beginnings. With Stephen Hawking, he developed the Hawking-Turok instanton solutions, describing the birth of an inflationary universe -- positing that, big bang or no, the universe came from something, not from utter nothingness.

Recently, with Paul Steinhardt at Princeton, Turok has been working on a cyclic model for the universe in which the big bang is explained as a collision between two “brane-worlds.” The two physicists cowrote the popular-science book Endless Universe.

In 2003, Turok, who was born in South Africa, founded the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) in Muizenberg, a postgraduate center supporting math and science. His TED Prize wish: Help him grow AIMS and promote the study and math and science in Africa, so that the world's next Einstein may be African.

Turok is the Director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Ontario, Canada. In 2010, the Canadian government funded a $20million expansion of the AIMS schools, working with the Perimeter Institute to start five new AIMS schools in different African nations.

In 2016, he won the Tate Medal for International Leadership in Physics

More profile about the speaker
Neil Turok | Speaker | TED.com