TED2019
Sheperd Doeleman: Inside the black hole image that made history
謝普 · 多勒曼: 創造歷史的黑洞影像
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在 5500 萬光年之外的銀河系中央有一個超級大質量的黑洞，達七十億個太陽質量。這是有史以來第一次，我們能看見它了。天體物理學家謝普 · 多勒曼是事相面望遠鏡合作案的領導人，他與 TED 的克里斯 · 安德森暢談這張前所未見的代表性黑洞影像，也談到捕捉這個影像的背後涉及多少全世界的努力。
Sheperd Doeleman - Astrophysicist
Sheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole. Full bio
Sheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Chris Anderson: Shep,
thank you so much for coming.
thank you so much for coming.
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克里斯安德森：謝普，
非常謝謝你來訪。
非常謝謝你來訪。
你的飛機應該是兩小時前
才在溫哥華降落的吧。
才在溫哥華降落的吧。
00:15
I think your plane landed
literally two hours ago in Vancouver.
literally two hours ago in Vancouver.
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00:19
Such a treat to have you.
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你能來真的太好了。
00:21
So, talk us through how do you get
from Einstein's equation to a black hole?
from Einstein's equation to a black hole?
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跟我們談談你是如何
從愛因斯坦的方程式走到黑洞的？
從愛因斯坦的方程式走到黑洞的？
00:27
Sheperd Doeleman: Over 100 years ago,
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謝普多勒曼：至少一百年前，
00:29
Einstein came up with this
geometric theory of gravity
geometric theory of gravity
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愛因斯坦提出了這個
關於重力的幾何理論，
關於重力的幾何理論，
00:32
which deforms space-time.
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它會讓空間－時間變形。
00:34
So, matter deforms space-time,
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物質會讓空間－時間變形，
00:36
and then space-time tells matter in turn
how to move around it.
how to move around it.
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接著換成空間－時間告訴物質
要如何在它周圍移動。
要如何在它周圍移動。
00:39
And you can get enough matter
into a small enough region
into a small enough region
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當你把足夠的物質
放入一個足夠小的區域中，
放入一個足夠小的區域中，
00:42
that it punctures space-time,
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它會打穿空間－時間，
00:45
and that even light can't escape,
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即使光也無法逃脫，
00:46
the force of gravity
keeps even light inside.
keeps even light inside.
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重力會讓光被留在裡面。
00:49
CA: And so, before that,
the reason the Earth moves around the Sun
the reason the Earth moves around the Sun
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克：所以，在那之前，
地球繞行太陽的原因，
地球繞行太陽的原因，
00:52
is not because the Sun
is pulling the Earth as we think,
is pulling the Earth as we think,
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並不是我們所想的那樣，
太陽在拉著地球，
太陽在拉著地球，
00:54
but it's literally changed
the shape of space
the shape of space
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而是它改變了空間的形狀，
00:57
so that we just
sort of fall around the Sun.
sort of fall around the Sun.
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所以我們只算是掉到太陽的周圍。
00:59
SD: Exactly, the geometry of space-time
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謝：沒錯，空間－時間的幾何學
01:01
tells the Earth
how to move around the Sun.
how to move around the Sun.
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告訴地球要如何在太陽周圍移動。
01:03
You're almost seeing a black hole
puncture through space-time,
puncture through space-time,
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你幾乎看見一個黑洞
打穿了空間－時間，
打穿了空間－時間，
01:06
and when it goes so deeply in,
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當非常深入時，
01:08
then there's a point at which
light orbits the black hole.
light orbits the black hole.
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會到達一個點，在這個點，
光會繞著黑洞運轉。
光會繞著黑洞運轉。
01:12
CA: And so that's, I guess,
is what's happening here.
is what's happening here.
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克：所以，我猜，
畫面上的狀況就是如此。
畫面上的狀況就是如此。
01:14
This is not an image,
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這不是影像，
01:15
this is a computer simulation
of what we always thought,
of what we always thought,
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這是把我們過去的想法
用電腦模擬出來，
用電腦模擬出來，
01:18
like, the event horizon
around the black hole.
around the black hole.
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黑洞周圍的事相面
（event horizon）。
（event horizon）。
01:21
SD: Until last week, we had no idea
what a black hole really looked like.
what a black hole really looked like.
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謝：直到上週，我們都還不知道
黑洞看起來是什麼樣子的。
黑洞看起來是什麼樣子的。
01:25
The best we could do were simulations
like this in supercomputers,
like this in supercomputers,
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用超級電腦來做這類模擬，
已經是我們所能做到最好的了，
已經是我們所能做到最好的了，
01:29
but even here you see this ring of light,
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但，就算在這裡，可以看見這光環，
01:31
which is the orbit of photons.
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這是光子的軌道。
01:33
That's where photons
literally move around the black hole,
literally move around the black hole,
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也就是光子繞著黑洞移動的位置，
01:36
and around that is this hot gas
that's drawn to the black hole,
that's drawn to the black hole,
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周圍則是被吸向黑洞的熱氣，
01:39
and it's hot because of friction.
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之所以是熱的，是因為磨擦。
01:41
All this gas is trying to get
into a very small volume, so it heats up.
into a very small volume, so it heats up.
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所有這些氣體都試著擠進
極小的體積中，溫度變會上升。
極小的體積中，溫度變會上升。
克：幾年前，你開始了這項任務，
01:45
CA: A few years ago,
you embarked on this mission
you embarked on this mission
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01:47
to try and actually image
one of these things.
one of these things.
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試著真的把黑洞畫出來。
01:50
And I guess you took --
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我想你把——
01:52
you focused on this galaxy way out there.
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你把焦點放在這個銀河系。
01:54
Tell us about this galaxy.
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跟我們談談這銀河。
01:56
SD: This is the galaxy --
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謝：這個銀河系——
01:58
we're going to zoom into the galaxy M87,
it's 55 million light-years away.
it's 55 million light-years away.
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我們要放大看的是 M87 銀河系，
它位于 5500 萬光年之外。
它位于 5500 萬光年之外。
02:02
CA: Fifty-five million.
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克：5500 萬。
02:03
SD: Which is a long way.
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謝：非常的遠。
02:05
And at its heart,
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在它的心臟地帶，
02:07
there's a six-and-a-half-billion-
solar-mass black hole.
solar-mass black hole.
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有一個黑洞，
質量為 65 億太陽質量。
質量為 65 億太陽質量。
02:09
That's hard for us
to really fathom, right?
to really fathom, right?
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我們很難揣摸，對吧？
02:12
Six and a half billion suns
compressed into a single point.
compressed into a single point.
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65 億太陽質量壓縮到單一個點中。
02:16
And it's governing some of the energetics
of the center of this galaxy.
of the center of this galaxy.
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它會影響到這個銀河系
中心的一些能量學。
中心的一些能量學。
02:21
CA: But even though that thing is so huge,
because it's so far away,
because it's so far away,
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克：但，雖然它很巨大，
因為太實在太遠了，
因為太實在太遠了，
02:24
to actually dream
of getting an image of it,
of getting an image of it,
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無法想像要如何取得它的影像，
02:27
that's incredibly hard.
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那太困難了。
02:28
The resolution would be incredible
that you need.
that you need.
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需要的解析度會非常高。
02:31
SD: Black holes are the smallest
objects in the known universe.
objects in the known universe.
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謝：就我們所知，
黑洞是宇宙中最小的物體。
黑洞是宇宙中最小的物體。
02:34
But they have these outsize effects
on whole galaxies.
on whole galaxies.
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但它們對於整個銀河
有特別大的影響。
有特別大的影響。
02:37
But to see one,
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但若要看見黑洞，
02:38
you would need to build a telescope
as large as the Earth,
as large as the Earth,
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你得要打造一個
和地球一樣大的望遠鏡。
和地球一樣大的望遠鏡。
02:41
because the black hole
that we're looking at
that we're looking at
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因為我們看到的這個黑洞，
會放出大量無線電波。
會放出大量無線電波。
02:43
gives off copious radio waves.
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02:44
It's emitting all the time.
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它隨時都在釋放。
02:46
CA: And that's exactly what you did.
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克：那正是你所做的。
謝：沒錯。各位在這裡看到的，
02:47
SD: Exactly. What you're seeing here
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是我們借用全世界的望遠鏡，
02:49
is we used telescopes
all around the world,
all around the world,
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用原子鐘將它們做到完美的同步，
02:51
we synchronized them perfectly
with atomic clocks,
with atomic clocks,
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02:54
so they received the light waves
from this black hole,
from this black hole,
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讓它們接收來自這個黑洞的光波，
02:56
and then we stitched all of that data
together to make an image.
together to make an image.
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我們再把所有的資料縫起來，
做出一張影像。
做出一張影像。
03:00
CA: To do that
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克：要做到這件事，
03:03
the weather had to be right
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那些地點全部同時都要有好天氣，
03:04
in all of those locations
at the same time,
at the same time,
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03:06
so you could actually get a clear view.
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才能有清晰的視野。
03:08
SD: We had to get lucky
in a lot of different ways.
in a lot of different ways.
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謝：在許多方面
我們都需要很好的運氣。
我們都需要很好的運氣。
03:11
And sometimes, it's better
to be lucky than good.
to be lucky than good.
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有時，功力高不如運氣好。
03:14
In this case, we were both,
I like to think.
I like to think.
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在這個情況中，
我傾向認為我們兩者兼備。
我傾向認為我們兩者兼備。
03:16
But light had to come from the black hole.
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但光必須要是來自黑洞的。
03:19
It had to come
through intergalactic space,
through intergalactic space,
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它必須要通過銀河間的空間，
03:23
through the Earth's atmosphere,
where water vapor can absorb it,
where water vapor can absorb it,
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通過地球的大氣，
大氣中的水汽可能會吸收它，
大氣中的水汽可能會吸收它，
03:27
and everything worked out perfectly,
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而一切都很順利圓滿，
03:29
the size of the Earth
at that wavelength of light,
at that wavelength of light,
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地球的尺寸，
搭配那樣的光波波長，
搭配那樣的光波波長，
03:31
one millimeter wavelength,
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一毫米的波長，
03:33
was just right to resolve that black hole,
55 million light-years away.
55 million light-years away.
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就剛好是對的組合，可以解析
5500 萬光年之外的那個黑洞。
5500 萬光年之外的那個黑洞。
03:37
The universe was telling us what to do.
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宇宙在告訴我們該怎麼做。
03:40
CA: So you started capturing
huge amounts of data.
huge amounts of data.
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克：所以你開始
捕捉極大量的資料。
捕捉極大量的資料。
03:43
I think this is like half the data
from just one telescope.
from just one telescope.
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這應該只是一台望遠鏡
收集到的一半資料吧。
收集到的一半資料吧。
03:46
SD: Yeah, this is one of the members
of our team, Lindy Blackburn,
of our team, Lindy Blackburn,
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謝：是的，這位是我們的
團隊成員林迪布萊克本，
團隊成員林迪布萊克本，
03:49
and he's sitting with half the data
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他身邊的資料是
03:51
recorded at the Large
Millimeter Telescope,
Millimeter Telescope,
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大型毫米波望遠鏡
記錄下來的一半資料，
記錄下來的一半資料，
03:53
which is atop a 15,000-foot
mountain in Mexico.
mountain in Mexico.
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這台望遠鏡位在墨西哥
一萬五千英呎的高山上。
一萬五千英呎的高山上。
03:56
And what he's holding there
is about half a petabyte.
is about half a petabyte.
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他身邊的資料量大約是五百兆位元
（500 000 000 000 000 位元）。
（500 000 000 000 000 位元）。
03:59
Which, to put it in terms
that we might understand,
that we might understand,
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用大家能懂的用語來說，
04:03
it's about 5,000 people's
lifetime selfie budget.
lifetime selfie budget.
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大概是五千個人自拍
一輩子的預算量。
一輩子的預算量。
04:07
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:09
CA: It's a lot of data.
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克：好大的資料量。
04:10
So this was all shipped,
you couldn't send this over the internet.
you couldn't send this over the internet.
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所以這要用運送的，
不能透過網路來傳輸。
不能透過網路來傳輸。
所有這些資料被運送到一個地方，
04:13
All this data was shipped to one place
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04:15
and the massive computer effort began
to try and analyze it.
to try and analyze it.
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再用電腦花非常大的努力
來試圖分析這些資料。
來試圖分析這些資料。
04:19
And you didn't really know
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且你當時並不知道
04:20
what you were going to see
coming out of this.
coming out of this.
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你會從這些資料中看到什麼。
04:23
SD: The way this technique
works that we used --
works that we used --
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謝：我們使用的
這種技術的運作方式——
這種技術的運作方式——
04:25
imagine taking an optical mirror
and smashing it
and smashing it
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想像把一個光學反射鏡打破，
04:28
and putting all the shards
in different places.
in different places.
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把所有的碎片放到不同的地方。
正常鏡子的運作方式是：
光線在鏡面上完美地反彈，
光線在鏡面上完美地反彈，
04:30
The way a normal mirror works
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04:32
is the light rays bounce
off the surface, which is perfect,
off the surface, which is perfect,
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04:35
and they focus in a certain point
at the same time.
at the same time.
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所有光線同時聚焦在同一個點上。
04:38
We take all these recordings,
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我們取得所有這些記錄，
04:40
and with atomic clock precision
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再加上原子時鐘的精準度，
04:41
we align them perfectly,
later in a supercomputer.
later in a supercomputer.
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後續便能在超級電腦上
把資料完美地對應起來。
把資料完美地對應起來。
04:45
And we recreate
kind of an Earth-sized lens.
kind of an Earth-sized lens.
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我們便重新創造出了
地球尺寸的鏡片。
地球尺寸的鏡片。
04:47
And the only way to do that
is to bring the data back by plane.
is to bring the data back by plane.
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唯一行得通的方式就是
用飛機把資料帶回來。
用飛機把資料帶回來。
04:50
You can't beat the bandwidth
of a 747 filled with hard discs.
of a 747 filled with hard discs.
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裝滿硬碟的 747 是最大的頻寬。
04:54
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:55
CA: And so, I guess a few weeks
or a few months ago,
or a few months ago,
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克：我猜幾週或幾個月前，
04:58
on a computer screen somewhere,
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在某處的電腦螢幕上，
04:59
this started to come into view.
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這樣的影像開始出現了。
05:03
This moment.
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這個時刻。
05:04
SD: Well, it took a long time.
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謝：花了很長的時間。
05:06
CA: I mean, look at this.
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克：我是指，看看它。
05:09
That was it.
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這就是它。
05:11
That was the first image.
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第一張影像。
05:12
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
05:18
So tell us what
we're really looking at there.
we're really looking at there.
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告訴我們，我們在看的是什麼。
05:20
SD: I still love it.
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謝：我仍然很愛它。
05:22
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:25
So what you're seeing
is that last orbit of photons.
is that last orbit of photons.
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各位看到的，是光子最後的軌道。
05:29
You're seeing Einstein's
geometry laid bare.
geometry laid bare.
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各位看到的是赤裸裸的
愛因斯坦幾何學。
愛因斯坦幾何學。
05:32
The puncture in space-time is so deep
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打穿空間－時間的
這個洞非常之深，
這個洞非常之深，
05:35
that light moves around in orbit,
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以致於光繞著它移動，形成軌道，
05:37
so that light behind the black hole,
as I think we'll see soon,
as I think we'll see soon,
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我想我們很快就能看到
在黑洞後面的光
在黑洞後面的光
05:40
moves around and comes to us
on these parallel lines
on these parallel lines
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一邊移動一邊朝我們行進，
且正是沿著那軌道上的平行線。
05:43
at exactly that orbit.
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05:44
It turns out, that orbit is
the square root of 27
the square root of 27
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結果發現那軌道是 27 開根號，
05:49
times just a handful
of fundamental constants.
of fundamental constants.
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乘以少數幾個基本常數。
05:52
It's extraordinary
when you think about it.
when you think about it.
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如果仔細想想，
這是很不可思議的。
這是很不可思議的。
05:54
CA: When ...
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克：當……
05:56
In my head, initially,
when I thought of black holes,
when I thought of black holes,
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一開始，我在腦海中想像黑洞時，
05:59
I'm thinking that is the event horizon,
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我在想的是，那是事相面，
06:01
there's lots of matter and light
whirling around in that shape.
whirling around in that shape.
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那是很多物質和光，
以那種形狀繞著轉。
以那種形狀繞著轉。
06:05
But it's actually
more complicated than that.
more complicated than that.
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但其實是更複雜的。
06:08
Well, talk us through this animation,
because it's light being lensed around it.
because it's light being lensed around it.
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帶我們了解這段動畫，
因為拍攝到的是它周圍的光。
因為拍攝到的是它周圍的光。
06:12
SD: You'll see here that some light
from behind it gets lensed,
from behind it gets lensed,
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謝：你們在這裡看到的，
是它背後的光被拍攝到，
是它背後的光被拍攝到，
06:16
and some light does a loop-the-loop
around the entire orbit of the black hole.
around the entire orbit of the black hole.
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還有一些光是繞圈的方式
繞著整個黑洞在轉。
繞著整個黑洞在轉。
06:20
But when you get enough light
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但如果有足夠的光，
06:22
from all this hot gas
swirling around the black hole,
swirling around the black hole,
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來自繞著黑洞打轉的熱氣，
06:24
then you wind up seeing
all of these light rays
all of these light rays
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那麼你就能夠看到這些光線，
06:27
come together on this screen,
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在螢幕上顯示出來，
06:29
which is a stand-in
for where you and I are.
for where you and I are.
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這是你我所在的視角。
06:31
And you see the definition of this ring
begin to come into shape.
begin to come into shape.
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會看到這個環的輪廓開始成形。
06:36
And that's what Einstein predicted
over 100 years ago.
over 100 years ago.
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至少一百年前，
愛因斯坦就已經預測到了。
愛因斯坦就已經預測到了。
06:40
CA: Yeah, that is amazing.
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克：是的，那很了不起。
06:42
So tell us more about
what we're actually looking at here.
what we're actually looking at here.
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多跟我們說一些，
我們看到的是什麼。
我們看到的是什麼。
06:48
First of all, why is part of it
brighter than the rest?
brighter than the rest?
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首先，為什麼有些部分
比其他部分明亮？
比其他部分明亮？
06:50
SD: So what's happening
is that the black hole is spinning.
is that the black hole is spinning.
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謝：這裡發生的狀況是黑洞在旋轉。
06:54
And you wind up with some of the gas
moving towards us below
moving towards us below
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結果就是，底部的
一些氣體會朝向我們移動，
一些氣體會朝向我們移動，
06:57
and receding from us on the top.
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上面的氣體則是在遠離我們。
06:59
And just as the train whistle
has a higher pitch
has a higher pitch
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就像火車在靠近你的時候
汽笛聲的音高較高，
汽笛聲的音高較高，
07:02
when it's coming towards you,
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07:03
there's more energy from the gas
coming towards us than going away from us.
coming towards us than going away from us.
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相對的，氣體朝我們而來時的能量
會比遠離我們時更高。
會比遠離我們時更高。
07:07
You see the bottom part brighter
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下面看起來比較亮，
07:08
because the light is actually
being boosted in our direction.
being boosted in our direction.
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是因為光被朝向我們的方向推進。
07:12
CA: And how physically big is that?
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克：它實體上有多大？
07:14
SD: Our entire solar system
would fit well within that dark region.
would fit well within that dark region.
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謝：我們的整個太陽系可以塞進
那黑色區域。
07:20
And if I may,
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可以讓我說一句嗎，
07:22
that dark region is the signature
of the event horizon.
of the event horizon.
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黑色區域其實就是事相面的特徵。
07:26
The reason we don't see light from there,
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我們看不到那個區域的光，
07:28
is that the light that would come
to us from that place
to us from that place
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是因為從那個區域朝我們過來的光
07:30
was swallowed by the event horizon.
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都被事相面吞噬了。
07:32
So that -- that's it.
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所以，就這樣。
07:34
CA: And so when we think of a black hole,
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克：想到黑洞時，
會想到這些大型射線從黑洞噴出，
07:36
you think of these huge rays
jetting out of it,
jetting out of it,
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07:39
which are pointed
directly in our direction.
directly in our direction.
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直接指向我們的方向。
07:41
Why don't we see them?
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為什麼我們看不到？
07:42
SD: This is a very powerful black hole.
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謝：這是一個非常強大的黑洞。
07:44
Not by universal standards,
it's still powerful,
it's still powerful,
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不是根據通用標準，
它仍然非常強大，
它仍然非常強大，
07:48
and from the north and south poles
of this black hole
of this black hole
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我們認為，噴流來自
這個黑洞的北極和南極。
07:50
we think that jets are coming.
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07:52
Now, we're too close
to really see all the jet structure,
to really see all the jet structure,
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我們太靠近了，
無法看到整個噴流的結構，
無法看到整個噴流的結構，
07:56
but it's the base of those jets
that are illuminating the space-time.
that are illuminating the space-time.
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但，照亮空間－時間的，
就是這些噴流的基部。
就是這些噴流的基部。
07:59
And that's what's being bent
around the black hole.
around the black hole.
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而它在黑洞的附近會被彎曲。
08:03
CA: And if you were in a spaceship
whirling around that thing somehow,
whirling around that thing somehow,
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克：如果我們在太空船中，
以某種方式繞行那東西，
以某種方式繞行那東西，
08:07
how long would it take
to actually go around it?
to actually go around it?
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要花多長的時間才能繞過它？
08:09
SD: First, I would give anything
to be in that spaceship.
to be in that spaceship.
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謝：首先，我會
不計代價上那台太空船。
不計代價上那台太空船。
08:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:14
Sign me up.
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我要報名。
08:16
There’s something called the --
if I can get wonky for one moment --
if I can get wonky for one moment --
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有樣東西叫做——
讓我偏離中心一下——
讓我偏離中心一下——
最內層的穩定圓形軌道
是最內層的軌道，
是最內層的軌道，
08:19
the innermost stable circular orbit,
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08:21
that's the innermost orbit at which
matter can move around a black hole
matter can move around a black hole
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物質在被旋進黑洞之前
可以在這個軌道上繞著黑洞移動。
可以在這個軌道上繞著黑洞移動。
08:25
before it spirals in.
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08:26
And for this black hole, it's going to be
between three days and about a month.
between three days and about a month.
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就這個黑洞來說，
可能要三天到一個月的時間。
可能要三天到一個月的時間。
08:32
CA: It's so powerful,
it's weirdly slow at one level.
it's weirdly slow at one level.
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克：它太強大了，
在一個層面上，它慢得很奇怪。
在一個層面上，它慢得很奇怪。
08:35
I mean, you wouldn't even notice
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我是指，如果你人在那裡，
08:38
falling into that event horizon
if you were there.
if you were there.
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你甚至不會注意到
你正在落入事相面。
你正在落入事相面。
08:42
SD: So you may have heard
of "spaghettification,"
of "spaghettification,"
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謝：你可能聽過「麵條化」，
08:45
where you fall into a black hole
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當你在落入黑洞時，
08:46
and the gravitational field on your feet
is much stronger than on your head,
is much stronger than on your head,
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3601
你的腳所承受的重力場
比你的頭還要強太多，
比你的頭還要強太多，
08:50
so you're ripped apart.
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所以你被扯斷了。
08:51
This black hole is so big
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這個黑洞太大了，
08:54
that you're not going to become
a spaghetti noodle.
a spaghetti noodle.
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你不會變成義大利麵條。
08:57
You're just going to drift
right through that event horizon.
right through that event horizon.
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你會直接漂過事相面。
09:00
CA: So, it's like a giant tornado.
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克：所以，它就像巨型的龍捲風。
09:02
When Dorothy was whipped by a tornado,
she ended up in Oz.
she ended up in Oz.
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桃樂絲被龍捲風掃走，
最後到了奧茲國。
最後到了奧茲國。
09:05
Where do you end up
if you fall into a black hole?
if you fall into a black hole?
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如果你掉進黑洞，最後會到哪裡？
09:08
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:09
SD: Vancouver.
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謝：溫哥華。
09:11
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:13
CA: Oh, my God.
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克：喔，我的天。
09:14
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:16
It's the red circle, that's terrifying.
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這就是那個紅色的圓圈，好嚇人。
09:20
No, really.
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不，是說真的。
09:21
SD: Black holes really are
the central mystery of our age,
the central mystery of our age,
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謝：黑洞真的是我們
這個時代的重要謎題，
這個時代的重要謎題，
09:25
because that's where the quantum world
and the gravitational world come together.
and the gravitational world come together.
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因為那是量子世界
和重力世界交集的地方。
和重力世界交集的地方。
黑洞裡面有一個奇異點。
09:29
What's inside is a singularity.
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09:30
And that's where
all the forces become unified,
all the forces become unified,
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所有的力量都在那裡統一，
09:33
because gravity finally is strong enough
to compete with all the other forces.
to compete with all the other forces.
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因為重力終於強到
足以和其他力量競爭。
足以和其他力量競爭。
09:37
But it's hidden from us,
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但我們看不見，
09:39
the universe has cloaked it
in the ultimate invisibility cloak.
in the ultimate invisibility cloak.
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宇宙用隱形斗篷把它蓋住了。
09:43
So we don't know what happens in there.
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所以我們不知道那裡發生什麼事。
09:45
CA: So there's a smaller one of these
in our own galaxy.
in our own galaxy.
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克：在我們自己的銀河系中
有一個比較小的黑洞。
有一個比較小的黑洞。
我們能不能回到
我們自己的美麗銀河系？
我們自己的美麗銀河系？
09:47
Can we go back
to our own beautiful galaxy?
to our own beautiful galaxy?
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09:49
This is the Milky Way, this is home.
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這個銀河系是我們的家園。
09:51
And somewhere in the middle of that
there's another one,
there's another one,
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這之間的某處有另一個黑洞，
你也在試著找到它。
你也在試著找到它。
09:54
which you're trying to find as well.
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謝：我們已經知道它在那裡，
我們已經取得它的資料。
我們已經取得它的資料。
09:56
SD: We already know it's there,
and we've already taken data on it.
and we've already taken data on it.
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我們正在處理那些資料。
09:59
And we're working on those data right now.
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10:01
So we hope to have something
in the near future, I can't say when.
in the near future, I can't say when.
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我們希望不久的將來
能有所成果，我不敢說何時。
能有所成果，我不敢說何時。
10:05
CA: It's way closer
but also a lot smaller,
but also a lot smaller,
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克：它近很多，但也小很多，
10:07
maybe the similar kind of size
to what we saw?
to what we saw?
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也許大小和我們剛看到的差不多？
10:09
SD: Right. So it turns out
that the black hole in M87,
that the black hole in M87,
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謝：對。結果發現，
M87 的那個黑洞，
M87 的那個黑洞，
10:13
that we saw before,
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我們剛看到的那個，
是 65 億太陽質量。
是 65 億太陽質量。
10:14
is six and a half billion solar masses.
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10:16
But it's so far away
that it appears a certain size.
that it appears a certain size.
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但它太遠了，以致於
看起來是某個大小。
看起來是某個大小。
10:20
The black hole in the center of our galaxy
is a thousand times less massive,
is a thousand times less massive,
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我們的銀河系中間的黑洞，
在質量上小了一千倍，
在質量上小了一千倍，
10:23
but also a thousand times closer.
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但也近了一千倍。
10:25
So it looks the same
angular size on the sky.
angular size on the sky.
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所以在天空中看起來的
角度大小是相同的。
角度大小是相同的。
10:29
CA: Finally, I guess,
a nod to a remarkable group of people.
a nod to a remarkable group of people.
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克：最後，我想要對
這群了不起的人致敬。
這群了不起的人致敬。
10:32
Who are these guys?
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這些人是誰？
10:33
SD: So these are only some of the team.
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謝：他們是團隊的其中一些人。
10:36
We marveled at the resonance
that this image has had.
that this image has had.
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這張影像產生的迴響
讓我們感到驚嘆。
讓我們感到驚嘆。
10:42
If you told me that it would be
above the fold in all of these newspapers,
above the fold in all of these newspapers,
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如果你告訴我，
它會在所有這些報紙上，
它會在所有這些報紙上，
10:45
I'm not sure I would
have believed you, but it was.
have believed you, but it was.
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我不確定我會相信你，
但確實發生了。
但確實發生了。
因為這是個偉大的謎，
10:48
Because this is a great mystery,
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10:49
and it's inspiring for us,
and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.
and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.
238
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它激勵了我們，
我希望它也能激勵所有人。
我希望它也能激勵所有人。
10:53
But the more important thing is that
this is just a small number of the team.
this is just a small number of the team.
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但，更重要的是，
這些人只是團隊的一小部分。
這些人只是團隊的一小部分。
10:57
We're 200 people strong with 60 institutes
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我們有兩百個成員，六十個機構
10:59
and 20 countries and regions.
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和二十個國家及地區。
11:01
If you want to build a global telescope
you need a global team.
you need a global team.
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如果你要打造一台全球望遠鏡，
你就需要一個全球團隊。
你就需要一個全球團隊。
11:04
And this technique that we use
of linking telescopes around the world
of linking telescopes around the world
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我們把世界各地的望遠鏡
連結起來所用的技術
連結起來所用的技術
11:08
kind of effortlessly sidesteps
some of the issues that divide us.
some of the issues that divide us.
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毫不費力地避開了
會分裂我們的一些議題。
會分裂我們的一些議題。
11:13
And as scientists, we naturally
come together to do something like this.
come together to do something like this.
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身為科學家，我們很自然就會
聯手一起做像這樣的事。
聯手一起做像這樣的事。
11:17
CA: Wow, boy, that's inspiring
for our whole team this week.
for our whole team this week.
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克：哇，天，這對我們本週的
整個團隊都很有激勵作用。
整個團隊都很有激勵作用。
11:21
Shep, thank you so much for what you did
and for coming here.
and for coming here.
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謝普，謝謝你所做的一切，
也謝謝你的來訪。
也謝謝你的來訪。
11:24
SD: Thank you.
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謝：謝謝你。
11:25
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sheperd Doeleman - AstrophysicistSheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole.
Why you should listen
Sheperd Doeleman is the project director of the Event Horizon Telescope and an astrophysicist with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. His research focuses on problems in astrophysics that require ultra-high resolving power. His work employs the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), synchronizing geographically distant radio dishes into an Earth-sized virtual telescope. In addition to his work at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and for the Event Horizon Telescope, Doeleman is a Harvard senior research fellow and a project coleader of Harvard's Black Hole Initiative.
Doeleman's research includes work at the McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica and as assistant director of the MIT Haystack Observatory. He is a Guggenheim Fellow and was the recipient of the DAAD German Academic Exchange grant for research at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie. He leads and coleads research programs supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory ALMA-NA Development Fund, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the MIT International Science & Technology Initiatives (MISTI), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. Doeleman received his BA from Reed College and completed a PhD in astrophysics at MIT.
Sheperd Doeleman | Speaker | TED.com