TEDWomen 2017
Nancy Rabalais: The "dead zone" of the Gulf of Mexico
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Ocean expert Nancy Rabalais tracks the ominously named "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico -- where there isn't enough oxygen in the water to support life. The Gulf has the second largest dead zone in the world; on top of killing fish and crustaceans, it's also killing fisheries in these waters. Rabalais tells us about what's causing it -- and how we can reverse its harmful effects and restore one of America's natural treasures.
Nancy Rabalais - Marine scientist, educator
Nancy Rabalais has studied coastal marine ecosystems for more than 40 years now and loves to share that knowledge. Full bio
Nancy Rabalais has studied coastal marine ecosystems for more than 40 years now and loves to share that knowledge. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Good evening, welcome to New Orleans.
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I don't know if you knew this,
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but you are sitting within 15 minutes
of one of the largest rivers in the world:
of one of the largest rivers in the world:
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the Mississippi river.
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Old Man River, Big Muddy.
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And it goes as far north
as the state of Minnesota,
as the state of Minnesota,
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as far east as the state of New York,
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as far west as Montana.
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And 100 miles from here, river miles,
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it empties its fresh water and sediments
into the Gulf of Mexico.
into the Gulf of Mexico.
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That's the end of Geography 101.
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(Laughter)
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Now we're going to go
to what is in that water.
to what is in that water.
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Besides the sediment, there are dissolved
molecules, nitrogen and phosphorus.
molecules, nitrogen and phosphorus.
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And those, through a biological process,
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lead to the formation
of areas called dead zones.
of areas called dead zones.
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Now, dead zone is a quite ominous word
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if you're a fish or a crab.
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(Laughter)
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Even a little worm in the sediments.
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Which means that there's not enough oxygen
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for those animals to survive.
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So, how does this happen?
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The nitrogen and the phosphorus
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stimulate the growth of microscopic plants
called phytoplankton.
called phytoplankton.
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And small animals called zooplankton
eat the phytoplankton,
eat the phytoplankton,
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small fish eat the zooplankton,
large fish eat the small fish
large fish eat the small fish
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and it goes on up into the food web.
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The problem is that there's just too much
nitrogen and phosphorus right now,
nitrogen and phosphorus right now,
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too much phytoplankton
falling to the bottom
falling to the bottom
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and decomposed by bacteria
that use up the oxygen.
that use up the oxygen.
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That's the biology.
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Now, you can't see it
from the surface of the water,
from the surface of the water,
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you can't see it in satellite images,
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so how do we know it's there?
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Well, a trawler can tell you,
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when she puts her net over the side
and drags for 20 minutes
and drags for 20 minutes
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and comes up empty,
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that she knows she's in the dead zone.
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And she has to go somewhere else.
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But where else do you go
if this area is 8,000 square miles big?
if this area is 8,000 square miles big?
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About the size of the state of New Jersey.
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Well, you either make
a decision to go further,
a decision to go further,
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without much economic return,
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or go back to the dock.
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As a scientist, I have access
to high-tech equipment
to high-tech equipment
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that we can put over the side
of the research vessel,
of the research vessel,
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and it measures oxygen
and many more things.
and many more things.
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We start at the Mississippi River,
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we crisscross the Gulf of Mexico
all the way to Texas,
all the way to Texas,
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and even I sneak into Texas
every now and then and test their waters.
every now and then and test their waters.
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And you can tell by the bottom oxygen --
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you can draw a map
of everything that's less than two,
of everything that's less than two,
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which is the magic number
for when the fish start to leave the area.
for when the fish start to leave the area.
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I also dive in this dead zone.
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We have oxygen meters
that we have to deploy offshore
that we have to deploy offshore
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that tell us continuous measurements
of low oxygen or high oxygen.
of low oxygen or high oxygen.
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And when you get into the water,
there's a lot of fish.
there's a lot of fish.
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Tons of fish, all kinds of fish,
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including my buddy here,
the barracuda that I saw one day.
the barracuda that I saw one day.
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Everybody else swam this way
and I went this way with my camera.
and I went this way with my camera.
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(Laughter)
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And then, down at 30 feet
you start to see fewer fish.
you start to see fewer fish.
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And then you get to the bottom.
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And you don't see any fish.
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There's no life on the platform,
there's no life swimming around.
there's no life swimming around.
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And you know you're in the dead zone.
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So, what's the connection
between the middle of the United States
between the middle of the United States
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and the Gulf of Mexico?
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Well, most of the watershed is farmland.
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And in particular, corn-soybean rotation.
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The nitrogen that is put in fertilizers
and the phosphorus goes on the land
and the phosphorus goes on the land
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and drains off into the Mississippi River
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and ends up in the Gulf of Mexico.
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There's three times more
nitrogen in the water
nitrogen in the water
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in the Mississippi now,
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than there was in the 1950s.
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Three times.
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And phosphorus has doubled.
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And what that means is more phytoplankton
and more sinking sails and lower oxygen.
and more sinking sails and lower oxygen.
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This is not a natural feature of the Gulf;
it's been caused by human activities.
it's been caused by human activities.
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The landscape is not what it used to be.
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It used to be prairies and forests
and prairie potholes
and prairie potholes
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and duck areas and all kinds of stuff.
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But not anymore -- it's row crops.
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And there are ways that we can address
this type of agriculture
this type of agriculture
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by using less fertilizer,
maybe precision fertilizing.
maybe precision fertilizing.
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And trying some sustainable agriculture
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such as perennial wheatgrass,
which has much longer roots
which has much longer roots
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than the six inches of a corn plant,
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that can keep the nitrogen on the soil
and keep the soil from running off.
and keep the soil from running off.
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And how do we convince
our neighbors to the north,
our neighbors to the north,
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maybe 1,000 miles away or more,
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that their activities are causing problems
with water quality in the Gulf of Mexico?
with water quality in the Gulf of Mexico?
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First of all, we can take them
to their own backyard.
to their own backyard.
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If you want to go swimming
in Wisconsin in the summer
in Wisconsin in the summer
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in your favorite watering hole,
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you might find something like this
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which looks like spilled green paint
and smells like it,
and smells like it,
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growing on the surface of the water.
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This is a toxic blue-green algal bloom
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and it is not good for you.
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Similarly, in Lake Erie,
couple of summers ago
couple of summers ago
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there was hundreds of miles
of this blue-green algae
of this blue-green algae
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and the city of Toledo, Ohio,
couldn't use it for their drinking water
couldn't use it for their drinking water
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for several days on end.
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And if you watch the news,
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you know that lots of communities
are having trouble with drinking water.
are having trouble with drinking water.
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I'm a scientist.
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I don't know if you could tell that.
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(Laughter)
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And I do solid science,
I publish my results,
I publish my results,
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my colleagues read them,
I get citations of my work.
I get citations of my work.
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But I truly believe that, as a scientist,
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using mostly federal funds
to do the research,
to do the research,
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I owe it to the public,
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to agency heads and congressional people
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to share my knowledge with them
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so they can use it,
hopefully to make better decisions
hopefully to make better decisions
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about our environmental policy.
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(Applause)
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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07:43
One of the ways that I was able to do this
is I brought in the media.
is I brought in the media.
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And Joby Warrick
from the "Washington Post"
from the "Washington Post"
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put this picture in an article
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on the front page, Sunday morning,
two inches above the fold.
two inches above the fold.
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That's a big deal.
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And Senator John Breaux, from Louisiana,
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said, "Oh my gosh, that's what they think
the Gulf of Mexico looks like?"
the Gulf of Mexico looks like?"
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And I said, "Well, you know,
there's the proof."
there's the proof."
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And we've go to do something about it.
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At the same time,
Senator Olympia Snowe from Maine
Senator Olympia Snowe from Maine
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was having trouble with harmful
algal blooms in the Gulf of Maine.
algal blooms in the Gulf of Maine.
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They joined forces -- it was bipartisan --
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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And invited me to give
congressional testimony,
congressional testimony,
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and I said, "Oh, all I've done
is chase crabs around south Texas,
is chase crabs around south Texas,
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I don't know how to do that."
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(Laughter)
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But I did it.
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(Cheers)
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And eventually, the bill passed.
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And it was called -- yeah, yay!
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It was called The Harmful Algal Bloom
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and Hypoxia Research
and Control Act of 1998.
and Control Act of 1998.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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Thank you.
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Which is why we call it
the Snowe-Breaux Bill.
the Snowe-Breaux Bill.
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(Laughter)
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The other thing is
that we had a conference in 2001
that we had a conference in 2001
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that was put on by
the National Academy of Sciences
the National Academy of Sciences
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that looked at fertilizers,
nitrogen and poor water quality.
nitrogen and poor water quality.
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Our plenary speaker
was the former governor
was the former governor
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of the state of New Jersey.
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And she ...
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There was no thinking she wasn't serious
when she peered at the audience,
when she peered at the audience,
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and I thought,
"Surely she's looking at me."
"Surely she's looking at me."
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"You know, I'm really tired
of this thing being called New Jersey.
of this thing being called New Jersey.
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Pick another state, any state,
I just don't want to hear it anymore."
I just don't want to hear it anymore."
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But she was able to move the action plan
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across President George H.W. Bush's desk
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so that we had environmental goals
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and that we were working to solve them.
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The Midwest does not feed the world.
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It feeds a lot of chickens, hogs, cattle
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and it generates ethanol
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to put into our gasoline,
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which is regulated by federal policy.
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We can do better than this.
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We need to make decisions
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that make us less consumptive
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and reduce our reliance on nitrogen.
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It's like a carbon footprint.
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But you can reduce
your nitrogen footprint.
your nitrogen footprint.
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I do it by not eating much meat --
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I still like a little
every now and then --
every now and then --
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not using corn oil,
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driving a car that I can put
nonethanol gas in
nonethanol gas in
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and get better gas mileage.
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Just things like that
that can make a difference.
that can make a difference.
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So I'm challenging, not just you,
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but I challenge a lot of people,
especially in the Midwest --
especially in the Midwest --
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think about how you're treating your land
and how you can make a difference.
and how you can make a difference.
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So my steps are very small steps.
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To change the type
of agriculture in the US
of agriculture in the US
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is going to be many big steps.
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And it's going to take political
and social will for that to happen.
and social will for that to happen.
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But we can do it.
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I strongly believe
we can translate the science,
we can translate the science,
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bridge it to policy and make
a difference in our environment.
a difference in our environment.
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We all want a clean environment.
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And we can work together to do this
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so that we no longer have
these dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico.
these dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nancy Rabalais - Marine scientist, educatorNancy Rabalais has studied coastal marine ecosystems for more than 40 years now and loves to share that knowledge.
Why you should listen
Nancy Rabalais has worked in Louisiana ever since she got her PhD in 1983, studying aspects of marine ecology relevant to environmental health. As she writes: "I work on areas called 'dead zones' that are coastal waters lacking in oxygen in which animals such as fish, shrimp and crabs cannot live. I am also, since 2011, studying the long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on coastal waters and Louisiana wetlands.
"I fell in love with biology in the 8th grade and then marine biology in college. My education was not quite the typical 'academic' training. I worked my way through college, beginning at a two-year college, a regional university for my BS and MS, then worked at the University of Texas Marine Science Institute in Port Aransas, Texas, for three years. My desire for further education sent me back to work on my PhD at The University of Texas at Austin. My first job as a PhD was at the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, starting in 1983. I am now a professor and Shell Endowed Chair of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences at Louisiana State University."
Nancy Rabalais | Speaker | TED.com