TED2018
Faith Osier: The key to a better malaria vaccine
Faith Osier: Ufunguo wa chanjo bora ya malaria
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Chanjo ya malaria ilibuniwa zaidi ya karne iliyopita -- ila kila mwaka, mamia na maelfu ya watu bado wanakufa na ugonjwa huo. Tutawezaje kuboresha chanjo hii muhimu? Kwenye haya maongezi ya kujulisha, mkingamaradhi na jamaa wa TED Faith Osier aonyesha jinsi anachanganya teknolojia ya kisasa na fahamu za ukubwa wa karne kwa matumaini ya kujenga chanjo mpya itakayotokomeza malaria kabisa.
Faith Osier - Infectious disease doctor
Faith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines. Full bio
Faith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines. Full bio
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00:13
There are 200 million clinical cases
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Kuna kesi milioni 200 za ki-kliniki
00:18
of falciparum malaria
in Africa every year,
in Africa every year,
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za malaria ya falsiparam
Afrika kila mwaka,
Afrika kila mwaka,
00:22
resulting in half a million deaths.
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iliyosababisha vifo nusu millioni.
00:26
I would like to talk to you
about malaria vaccines.
about malaria vaccines.
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Ningependa kuongea nanyi
kuhusu chanjo ya malaria.
kuhusu chanjo ya malaria.
00:30
The ones that we have made to date
are simply not good enough.
are simply not good enough.
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Ambazo tumetengeneza mpaka sasa
hazina ubora wa kutosha.
hazina ubora wa kutosha.
00:36
Why?
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Kwanini?
00:38
We've been working at it
for 100 plus years.
for 100 plus years.
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Tumeifanyia kazi kwa
miaka 100 na zaidi.
miaka 100 na zaidi.
00:42
When we started, technology was limited.
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Tulivyoanza, teknolojia ilikuwa duni.
00:46
We could see just a tiny fraction
of what the parasite really looked like.
of what the parasite really looked like.
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Tuliweza kuona sehemu ndogo tu
ya jinsi kimelea kinavyoonekana.
ya jinsi kimelea kinavyoonekana.
00:54
Today, we are awash with technology,
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Leo, tunamiminika na teknolojia,
00:57
advanced imaging and omics platforms --
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upiga picha ulioendelea na jukwaa la
omiks --
omiks --
01:01
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics.
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genomiksi, transkriptomiksi, proteomiksi.
01:06
These tools have given us a clearer view
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Hizi zana zimetupa mtazamo wa wazi
01:10
of just how complex
the parasite really is.
the parasite really is.
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wa jinsi kimelea
kilivyo na utata.
kilivyo na utata.
01:15
However, in spite of this,
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Hata hivyo, licha ya hili,
01:18
our approach to vaccine design
has remained pretty rudimentary.
has remained pretty rudimentary.
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mbinu yetu ya kubuni chanjo
imebakia kuwa ya msingi.
imebakia kuwa ya msingi.
01:24
To make a good vaccine,
we must go back to basics
we must go back to basics
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Kutengeneza chanjo nzuri,
tunalazimika kurudi kwenye misingi
tunalazimika kurudi kwenye misingi
01:28
to understand how our bodies
handle this complexity.
handle this complexity.
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kuelewa jinsi miili yetu ina
shughulikia huu utata.
shughulikia huu utata.
01:34
People who are frequently
infected with malaria
infected with malaria
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Watu wanaoambukizwa na
malaria mara kwa mara
malaria mara kwa mara
01:38
learn to deal with it.
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hujifunza kukabiliana nayo.
01:40
They get the infection,
but they don't get ill.
but they don't get ill.
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Wanapata maambukizi,
lakini hawaumwi.
lakini hawaumwi.
01:44
The recipe is encoded in antibodies.
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Maagizo yameandikwa kwenye kinga mwili.
Timu yangu ilirudi kwenye kimelea
chetu tata,
chetu tata,
01:48
My team went back to our complex parasite,
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01:52
probed it with samples from Africans
who had overcome malaria
who had overcome malaria
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kikachunguzwa na sampuli kutoka kwa
Waafrika walioishinda malaria
Waafrika walioishinda malaria
01:57
to answer the question:
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kujibu swali:
01:59
"What does a successful
antibody response look like?"
antibody response look like?"
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"Mwitikio uliofanikiwa wa kingamwili
unafananaje?"
unafananaje?"
02:04
We found over 200 proteins,
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Tumepata zaidi ya protini 200,
02:07
many of which are not
on the radar for malaria vaccines.
on the radar for malaria vaccines.
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nyingi ambazo haziko
kwenye rada ya chanjo ya malaria.
kwenye rada ya chanjo ya malaria.
02:12
My research community may be missing out
important parts of the parasite.
important parts of the parasite.
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Jamii yangu ya utafiti inaweza kukosa
sehemu muhimu za kimelea.
sehemu muhimu za kimelea.
02:18
Until recently, when one had identified
a protein of interest,
a protein of interest,
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Mpaka hivi karibuni, pale mmoja
alipotambua protini yenye umuhimu,
alipotambua protini yenye umuhimu,
02:23
they tested whether it might be
important for a vaccine
important for a vaccine
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walijaribu kama itakuwa
muhimu kwa chanjo
muhimu kwa chanjo
02:27
by conducting a cohort study.
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kwa kuongoza utafiti wa kundi.
02:30
This typically involved about 300
participants in a village in Africa,
participants in a village in Africa,
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Hii kawaida inahusisha washiriki takribani
300 kwenye kijiji cha Afrika,
300 kwenye kijiji cha Afrika,
02:35
whose samples were analyzed to see
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ambao sampuli zao zilichambuliwa kuona
02:38
whether antibodies to the protein
would predict who got malaria
would predict who got malaria
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kama kingamwili kwa protini
zingetabiri nani kapata malaria
zingetabiri nani kapata malaria
02:44
and who did not.
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na nani hakupata.
02:46
In the past 30 years,
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Katika miaka 30 iliyopita,
02:48
these studies have tested
a small number of proteins
a small number of proteins
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hizi tafiti zimejaribu
namba ndogo ya protini
namba ndogo ya protini
02:53
in relatively few samples
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kwenye kiasi kichache cha sampuli
02:55
and usually in single locations.
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na kawaida kwenye eneo moja moja.
02:58
The results have not been consistent.
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Majibu hayakuwa thabiti.
03:02
My team essentially collapsed
30 years of this type of research
30 years of this type of research
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Timu yangu kimsingi ilivunja
miaka 30 ya aina hii ya tafiti
miaka 30 ya aina hii ya tafiti
03:09
into one exciting experiment,
conducted over just three months.
conducted over just three months.
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kwenye jaribio moja la kusisimua,
liliyofanywa zaidi ya miezi mitatu tu.
liliyofanywa zaidi ya miezi mitatu tu.
03:14
Innovatively, we assembled 10,000 samples
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Kiubunifu, tulikusanya sampuli 10,000
03:18
from 15 locations
in seven African countries,
in seven African countries,
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kutoka maeneo 15
kwenye nchi saba za Afrika,
kwenye nchi saba za Afrika,
03:23
spanning time, age
and the variable intensity
and the variable intensity
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ikiwa na upeo wa muda, umri
na kiwango kinachotofautiana
na kiwango kinachotofautiana
03:27
of malaria experienced in Africa.
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cha malaria kilichozoeleka Afrika.
03:30
We used omics intelligence
to prioritize our parasite proteins,
to prioritize our parasite proteins,
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Tulitumia akili za omiks
kuipa kipaumbele protini za vimelea,
kuipa kipaumbele protini za vimelea,
03:36
synthesize them in the lab
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kuziunganisha maabara
03:38
and in short, recreated
the malaria parasite on a chip.
the malaria parasite on a chip.
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na kiufupi, tulijenga upya
kimelea cha malaria kwenye chenga.
kimelea cha malaria kwenye chenga.
03:43
We did this in Africa,
and we're very proud of that.
and we're very proud of that.
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Tulifanya hivi Afrika,
na tuna fahari sana juu ya hilo.
na tuna fahari sana juu ya hilo.
03:47
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
03:53
The chip is a small glass slide,
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Hiyo chenga ni chembe ndogo ya bilauri,
03:56
but it gives us incredible power.
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lakini inatupa nguvu ya ajabu.
04:00
We simultaneously gathered data
on over 100 antibody responses.
on over 100 antibody responses.
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Wakati huo huo tulikusanya takwimu
ya zaidi ya majibu 100 ya kingamwili.
ya zaidi ya majibu 100 ya kingamwili.
04:06
What are we looking for?
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Nini tunachotafuta?
04:08
The recipe behind a successful
antibody response,
antibody response,
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Mchanganyiko maalumu unaohusu mrejesho kamilifu wa kingamwili,
04:13
so that we can predict
what might make a good malaria vaccine.
what might make a good malaria vaccine.
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ili tuweze kutabiri nini kinafanya
chanjo nzuri ya malaria.
chanjo nzuri ya malaria.
04:18
We're also trying to figure out
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Tunajaribu pia kufikiri
04:20
exactly what antibodies
do to the parasite.
do to the parasite.
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nini hasa kingamwili
inafanya kwenye kimelea.
inafanya kwenye kimelea.
04:24
How do they kill it?
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Jinsi wanavyoviua?
04:26
Do they attack from multiple angles?
Is there synergy?
Is there synergy?
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Wanashambulia kutoka pembe nyingi?
Kuna ushirikiano?
Kuna ushirikiano?
04:29
How much antibody do you need?
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Ni kiasi gani cha kingamwili kinahitajika?
04:32
Our studies suggest that having
a bit of one antibody won't be enough.
a bit of one antibody won't be enough.
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Tafiti zetu zinaonyesha kua kukiwa
na moja kingamwili kidogo haitoshi.
na moja kingamwili kidogo haitoshi.
04:38
It might take high
concentrations of antibodies
concentrations of antibodies
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Inaweza kuchukua viwango
vya juu vya kingamwili
vya juu vya kingamwili
04:41
against multiple parasite proteins.
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dhidi ya protini nyingi za vimelea.
04:44
We're also learning that antibodies
kill the parasite in multiple ways,
kill the parasite in multiple ways,
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Tunajifunza pia kingamwili
huua kimelea kwa njia nyingi,
huua kimelea kwa njia nyingi,
04:49
and studying any one of these in isolation
may not adequately reflect reality.
may not adequately reflect reality.
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na kusoma moja ya hizo yenyewe
inaweza isionyeshe ukweli wa kutosha.
inaweza isionyeshe ukweli wa kutosha.
04:56
Just like we can now see the parasite
in greater definition,
in greater definition,
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Kama tu jinsi tunaona sasa kimelea
kwa maelezo zaidi,
kwa maelezo zaidi,
05:00
my team and I are focused
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timu yangu na mimi tumelenga
05:02
on understanding how our bodies
overcome this complexity.
overcome this complexity.
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kwenye kuelewa jinsi miili yetu
inashinda utata huu.
inashinda utata huu.
05:08
We believe that this could provide
the breakthroughs that we need
the breakthroughs that we need
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Tunaamini kua hii italeta
mafanikio tunayohitaji
mafanikio tunayohitaji
05:12
to make malaria history
through vaccination.
through vaccination.
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na kufanya malaria iwe historia
kupitia chanjo.
kupitia chanjo.
05:16
Thank you.
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Asanteni.
05:17
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
05:19
(Cheers)
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(Shangwe)
05:22
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
05:27
Shoham Arad: OK, how close
are we actually to a malaria vaccine?
are we actually to a malaria vaccine?
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Shoham Arad: Sawa, tuko karibu
kiasi gani kupata chanjo cha malaria?
kiasi gani kupata chanjo cha malaria?
05:32
Faith Osier: We're just
at the beginning of a process
at the beginning of a process
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Faith Osier: Tuko mwanzo
tu wa mchakato huu
tu wa mchakato huu
05:35
to try and understand
what we need to put in the vaccine
what we need to put in the vaccine
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kujaribu kuelewa nini
tunahitaji kuweka kwenye chanjo
tunahitaji kuweka kwenye chanjo
05:39
before we actually start making it.
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kabla hatujaanza kuitengeneza kweli.
05:41
So, we're not really close to the vaccine,
but we're getting there.
but we're getting there.
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Hivyo, hatukokaribu sana na chanjo,
lakini tunaelekea huko.
lakini tunaelekea huko.
05:45
SA: And we're hopeful.
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SA: Na tuna matumaini.
05:46
FO: And we're very hopeful.
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FO: Na tuna matumaini kweli.
05:49
SA: Tell me about SMART,
tell me what does it stand for
tell me what does it stand for
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SA: Niambie kuhusu SMART,
niambie inasimama kwa nini
niambie inasimama kwa nini
05:52
and why is it important to you?
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na kwanini ni muhimu kwako?
05:54
FO: So SMART stands for South-South
Malaria Antigen Research Partnership.
Malaria Antigen Research Partnership.
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FO: SMART ni Ushirikiano wa Tafiti ya
Antijeni za Malaria Kusini-Kusini.
Antijeni za Malaria Kusini-Kusini.
06:01
The South-South
is referring to us in Africa,
is referring to us in Africa,
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Ile Kusini-Kusini
inarejea kwa sisi wa Afrika,
inarejea kwa sisi wa Afrika,
06:05
looking sideways to each other
in collaboration,
in collaboration,
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tukiangalia upande wa kila mmoja
kwa ushirikiano,
kwa ushirikiano,
06:10
in contrast to always looking to America
and looking to Europe,
and looking to Europe,
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tofauti na kuangalia daima kwa Marekani
na kuangalia kwa Ulaya,
na kuangalia kwa Ulaya,
06:14
when there is quite
some strength within Africa.
some strength within Africa.
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wakati kabisa kuna
nguvu fulani ndani ya Afrika.
nguvu fulani ndani ya Afrika.
06:17
So in SMART,
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Hivyo kwenye SMART,
06:19
apart from the goal that we have,
to develop a malaria vaccine,
to develop a malaria vaccine,
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licha ya lengo tulilonalo,
kuendeleza chanjo ya malaria,
kuendeleza chanjo ya malaria,
06:23
we are also training African scientists,
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tunafundisha pia wanasayansi wa
Kiafrika,
Kiafrika,
06:25
because the burden
of disease in Africa is high,
of disease in Africa is high,
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kwa sababu mzigo wa
ugonjwa Afrika uko juu,
ugonjwa Afrika uko juu,
06:28
and you need people who will continue
to push the boundaries
to push the boundaries
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na unahitaji watu watakaoendelea
kusukuma mipaka
kusukuma mipaka
06:32
in science, in Africa.
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kwenye sayansi, ndani ya Afrika.
06:34
SA: Yes, yes, correct.
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SA: Ndio, ndio, ni kweli.
06:36
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
06:40
OK, one last question.
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Sawa, swali moja la mwisho.
06:41
Tell me, I know you
mentioned this a little bit,
mentioned this a little bit,
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Niambie, najua
umeongelea hili kidogo,
umeongelea hili kidogo,
06:44
but how would things actually change
if there were a malaria vaccine?
if there were a malaria vaccine?
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lakini ni vipi hasa vitu vitabadilika
kama kutakua na chanjo ya malaria?
kama kutakua na chanjo ya malaria?
06:48
FO: We would save
half a million lives every year.
half a million lives every year.
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FO: Tungeokoa nusu
milioni ya maisha kila mwaka.
milioni ya maisha kila mwaka.
06:53
Two hundred million cases.
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Kesi milioni mia mbili.
06:55
It's estimated that malaria costs Africa
12 billion US dollars a year.
12 billion US dollars a year.
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Imekadiriwa kua malaria inagharimu Afrika
dola za Kimarekani bilioni 12 kwa mwaka.
dola za Kimarekani bilioni 12 kwa mwaka.
07:02
So this is economics.
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Hivyo hii ni uchumi.
07:03
Africa would simply thrive.
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Afrika ingestawi kirahisi.
07:06
SA: OK. Thank you, Faith.
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SA: Sawa. Asante, Faith.
07:08
Thank you so much.
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Asante sana.
07:09
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Faith Osier - Infectious disease doctorFaith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines.
Why you should listen
Faith Osier works to understand how humans acquire immunity to malaria and intends to use this knowledge to design highly effective vaccines. Her studies focus on infections with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which leads to nearly half a million deaths in Africa each year. She demonstrated that Kenyan children who did not get sick after a malaria infection had high levels of antibodies against combinations of specific proteins found within the parasite. Subsequently, her studies in immune African adults revealed that there were in fact many additional parasite proteins that could be considered for malaria vaccines. To verify her results, she designed a massive study involving children and adults from 15 different geographical locations in Africa. She designed KILchip, a custom protein microarray that enabled her team to analyze antibody responses to more than 100 intentionally selected malaria proteins in these human blood samples. Her research group also studies the mechanisms by which these antibodies kill malaria parasites.
Osier is a Professor of Malaria Immunology in the Nuffield Deptartment of Medicine at the University of Oxford, UK. She has two research laboratories: one in the Biosciences Deptartment of the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kilifi, Kenya, and the other in the Parasitology Deptartment of Heidelberg University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany. She has won multiple awards for her work including the Royal Society Pfizer Award (UK) and the prestigious Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She holds major research grants from the Wellcome Trust, is an MRC African Research Leader and an EDCTP Senior Fellow. She is also a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, an advisor to the Executive Committee of the Federation of African Immunological Societies and the vice-president/president-elect of the International Union of Immunological Societies. She was named a TED Fellow in 2018. She is passionate about training African scientists to excel and deliver the medical interventions that are urgently needed on the continent.
Faith Osier | Speaker | TED.com