ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Faith Osier - Infectious disease doctor
Faith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines.

Why you should listen

Faith Osier works to understand how humans acquire immunity to malaria and intends to use this knowledge to design highly effective vaccines. Her studies focus on infections with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which leads to nearly half a million deaths in Africa each year. She demonstrated that Kenyan children who did not get sick after a malaria infection had high levels of antibodies against combinations of specific proteins found within the parasite. Subsequently, her studies in immune African adults revealed that there were in fact many additional parasite proteins that could be considered for malaria vaccines. To verify her results, she designed a massive study involving children and adults from 15 different geographical locations in Africa. She designed KILchip, a custom protein microarray that enabled her team to analyze antibody responses to more than 100 intentionally selected malaria proteins in these human blood samples. Her research group also studies the mechanisms by which these antibodies kill malaria parasites.

Osier is a Professor of Malaria Immunology in the Nuffield Deptartment of Medicine at the University of Oxford, UK. She has two research laboratories: one in the Biosciences Deptartment of the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kilifi, Kenya, and the other in the Parasitology Deptartment of Heidelberg University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany. She has won multiple awards for her work including the Royal Society Pfizer Award (UK) and the prestigious Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She holds major research grants from the Wellcome Trust, is an MRC African Research Leader and an EDCTP Senior Fellow. She is also a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, an advisor to the Executive Committee of the Federation of African Immunological Societies and the vice-president/president-elect of the International Union of Immunological Societies. She was named a TED Fellow in 2018. She is passionate about training African scientists to excel and deliver the medical interventions that are urgently needed on the continent.

More profile about the speaker
Faith Osier | Speaker | TED.com
TED2018

Faith Osier: The key to a better malaria vaccine

費絲奧西: 更佳瘧疾疫苗的關鍵

Filmed:
1,593,424 views

雖然有瘧疾疫苗已經超過一個世紀了,每年仍有數十萬人因為這種疾病而死。要如何改善這麼重要的疫苗?在這場充滿資訊的演說中,免疫學者及 TED 學會會員費絲奧西說明她如何結合先進的科技與有百年歷史的古老洞見,希望能創造出新的疫苗,一舉消滅瘧疾。
- Infectious disease doctor
Faith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
There are 200 million百萬 clinical臨床 cases
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每年,在非洲都有兩億個
00:18
of falciparum惡性 malaria瘧疾
in Africa非洲 every一切 year,
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惡性瘧疾的臨床案例,
00:22
resulting造成 in half a million百萬 deaths死亡.
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造成五十萬人死亡。
00:26
I would like to talk to you
about malaria瘧疾 vaccines疫苗.
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我想要和各位談的是瘧疾疫苗。
00:30
The ones那些 that we have made製作 to date日期
are simply只是 not good enough足夠.
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目前我們已經製造出來的疫苗,
就是還不夠好。
00:36
Why?
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為什麼?
00:38
We've我們已經 been working加工 at it
for 100 plus years年份.
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我們已經花了超過
一百年的時間在疫苗上。
00:42
When we started開始, technology技術 was limited有限.
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一開始,科技很有限。
00:46
We could see just a tiny fraction分數
of what the parasite寄生物 really looked看著 like.
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我們看到的只是寄生蟲
真正樣貌的極小一部分。
00:54
Today今天, we are awash充斥著 with technology技術,
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現今,處處都是科技、
00:57
advanced高級 imaging成像 and omics組學 platforms平台 --
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先進成像技術,以及組學平台——
01:01
genomics基因組學, transcriptomics轉錄組學, proteomics蛋白質組學.
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基因組學、轉錄組學、
蛋白質組學。
01:06
These tools工具 have given特定 us a clearer更清晰 view視圖
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這些工具讓我們能更清楚看到
01:10
of just how complex複雜
the parasite寄生物 really is.
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寄生蟲實際上有多麼複雜。
01:15
However然而, in spite儘管 of this,
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然而,儘管如此,
01:18
our approach途徑 to vaccine疫苗 design設計
has remained保持 pretty漂亮 rudimentary初步.
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我們的疫苗設計方法
仍然停留在很初階的程度。
01:24
To make a good vaccine疫苗,
we must必須 go back to basics基本
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若要做出好的疫苗,
我們必須要回到基礎,
01:28
to understand理解 how our bodies身體
handle處理 this complexity複雜.
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去了解我們的身體
如何處理這種複雜性。
01:34
People who are frequently經常
infected感染 with malaria瘧疾
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經常感染到瘧疾的人
01:38
learn學習 to deal合同 with it.
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學會處理瘧疾。
01:40
They get the infection感染,
but they don't get ill生病.
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他們會被感染,但他們不會生病。
01:44
The recipe食譜 is encoded編碼 in antibodies抗體.
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秘方就藏在抗體當中。
01:48
My team球隊 went back to our complex複雜 parasite寄生物,
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我的團隊回頭研究複雜的寄生蟲,
01:52
probed探測 it with samples樣本 from Africans非洲人
who had overcome克服 malaria瘧疾
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從已經克服了瘧疾的非洲人
身上取得樣本來探究,
01:57
to answer回答 the question:
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希望能回答這個問題:
01:59
"What does a successful成功
antibody抗體 response響應 look like?"
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「成功的抗體反應
看起來是什麼樣子的?」
02:04
We found發現 over 200 proteins蛋白質,
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我們找到超過兩百種蛋白質,
02:07
many許多 of which哪一個 are not
on the radar雷達 for malaria瘧疾 vaccines疫苗.
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當中有許多種還沒
被瘧疾疫苗注意到。
02:12
My research研究 community社區 may可能 be missing失踪 out
important重要 parts部分 of the parasite寄生物.
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我的研究圈可能遺漏了
寄生蟲的某些重要部分。
02:18
Until直到 recently最近, when one had identified確定
a protein蛋白 of interest利益,
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直到最近,當一種讓人
感興趣的蛋白質被找出來時,
02:23
they tested測試 whether是否 it might威力 be
important重要 for a vaccine疫苗
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他們測試看它對於疫苗是否重要,
02:27
by conducting開展 a cohort隊列 study研究.
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用的方法是群體研究。
02:30
This typically一般 involved參與 about 300
participants參與者 in a village in Africa非洲,
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這項研究涉及了非洲
一個村落中約三百位受試者,
02:35
whose誰的 samples樣本 were analyzed分析 to see
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研究分析他們的樣本,
02:38
whether是否 antibodies抗體 to the protein蛋白
would predict預測 who got malaria瘧疾
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看看這種蛋白質的抗體
是否能用來預測
誰得了瘧疾、誰沒有得。
02:44
and who did not.
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02:46
In the past過去 30 years年份,
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在過去三十年,
02:48
these studies學習 have tested測試
a small number of proteins蛋白質
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這些研究已經測試了幾種蛋白質,
02:53
in relatively相對 few少數 samples樣本
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用的樣本數量相對比較少,
02:55
and usually平時 in single locations地點.
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且通常只在單一地點測試。
02:58
The results結果 have not been consistent一貫.
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結果並沒有一致性。
03:02
My team球隊 essentially實質上 collapsed倒塌
30 years年份 of this type類型 of research研究
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基本上,我的團隊是把
三十年的這類研究通通摺疊起來,
03:09
into one exciting扣人心弦 experiment實驗,
conducted進行 over just three months個月.
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成為一項讓人興奮的實驗,
只花了三個月的時間進行。
03:14
Innovatively創新, we assembled組裝 10,000 samples樣本
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我們以創新的方式,
組合一萬個樣本,
03:18
from 15 locations地點
in seven African非洲人 countries國家,
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這些樣本來自七個非洲國家的
十五個不同地點,
03:23
spanning跨越 time, age年齡
and the variable變量 intensity強度
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包含非洲發生瘧疾的各時間點、
年齡層,以及變數強度。
03:27
of malaria瘧疾 experienced有經驗的 in Africa非洲.
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03:30
We used omics組學 intelligence情報
to prioritize優先 our parasite寄生物 proteins蛋白質,
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我們用組學智慧
來排定寄生蟲蛋白質的優先順序,
03:36
synthesize合成 them in the lab實驗室
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在實驗室中合成它們,簡言之,
03:38
and in short, recreated重建
the malaria瘧疾 parasite寄生物 on a chip芯片.
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我們在一片晶片上
重建瘧疾寄生蟲。
03:43
We did this in Africa非洲,
and we're very proud驕傲 of that.
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我們在非洲做了這些,
我們感到非常驕傲。
03:47
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
03:53
The chip芯片 is a small glass玻璃 slide滑動,
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晶片是一片小的玻璃載片,
03:56
but it gives us incredible難以置信 power功率.
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但它給我們很大的能力。
04:00
We simultaneously同時 gathered雲集 data數據
on over 100 antibody抗體 responses回复.
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我們同時收集
超過一百種抗體反應的資料。
04:06
What are we looking for?
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我們在找什麼?
04:08
The recipe食譜 behind背後 a successful成功
antibody抗體 response響應,
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成功抗體反應背後的秘方,
04:13
so that we can predict預測
what might威力 make a good malaria瘧疾 vaccine疫苗.
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有了它,我們就能預測
用什麼能製造出好的瘧疾疫苗。
04:18
We're also trying to figure數字 out
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我們也試圖找出
04:20
exactly究竟 what antibodies抗體
do to the parasite寄生物.
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抗體對寄生蟲會有什麼影響。
04:24
How do they kill it?
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它們如何殺死寄生蟲?
它們從多個角度攻擊嗎?
04:26
Do they attack攻擊 from multiple angles?
Is there synergy協同效應?
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它們會協力嗎?你需要多少抗體?
04:29
How much antibody抗體 do you need?
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04:32
Our studies學習 suggest建議 that having
a bit of one antibody抗體 won't慣於 be enough足夠.
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我們的研究指出,
只有少量的一種抗體是不夠的。
04:38
It might威力 take high
concentrations濃度 of antibodies抗體
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可能會需要高濃度的抗體
04:41
against反對 multiple parasite寄生物 proteins蛋白質.
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來對抗多種寄生蟲蛋白質。
04:44
We're also learning學習 that antibodies抗體
kill the parasite寄生物 in multiple ways方法,
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我們也發現,抗體會以
多種方式殺死寄生蟲,
04:49
and studying研究 any one of these in isolation隔離
may可能 not adequately充分 reflect反映 reality現實.
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只單獨研究其中一種,
可能無法適當地反映出真實狀況。
04:56
Just like we can now see the parasite寄生物
in greater更大 definition定義,
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就如同現在我們會用
更廣的定義來看待寄生蟲,
05:00
my team球隊 and I are focused重點
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我和我的團隊把焦點放在去了解
05:02
on understanding理解 how our bodies身體
overcome克服 this complexity複雜.
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我們的身體如何克服這種複雜度。
05:08
We believe that this could provide提供
the breakthroughs突破 that we need
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我們相信這個答案能協助我們突破,
05:12
to make malaria瘧疾 history歷史
through通過 vaccination疫苗接種.
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讓我們能用疫苗將瘧疾送入歷史。
05:16
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:17
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
05:19
(Cheers乾杯)
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(歡呼)
05:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
05:27
Shoham肖海姆 Arad阿拉德: OK, how close
are we actually其實 to a malaria瘧疾 vaccine疫苗?
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休哈姆阿拉德:我們現在
有多接近成功研發瘧疾疫苗?
05:32
Faith信仰 Osier奧西耶: We're just
at the beginning開始 of a process處理
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費絲奧西:我們還在
一個過程的開端,
05:35
to try and understand理解
what we need to put in the vaccine疫苗
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試圖了解我們需要
在疫苗中加入什麼,
05:39
before we actually其實 start開始 making製造 it.
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接下來才能真正開始製造疫苗。
05:41
So, we're not really close to the vaccine疫苗,
but we're getting得到 there.
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所以我們其實離疫苗並不近,
但我們在朝那裡前進。
休:而我們抱有希望。
費:而我們抱有希望。
05:45
SASA: And we're hopeful有希望.
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05:46
FO: And we're very hopeful有希望.
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05:49
SASA: Tell me about SMART聰明,
tell me what does it stand for
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休:跟我們談談 SMART,
它是什麼的縮寫?
05:52
and why is it important重要 to you?
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為什麼它對你這麼重要?
05:54
FO: So SMART聰明 stands站立 for South-South南南
Malaria瘧疾 Antigen抗原 Research研究 Partnership合夥.
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費:SMART 代表的是
南南瘧疾抗原研究合夥集團。
06:01
The South-South南南
is referring to us in Africa非洲,
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南南指的是非洲的我們,
06:05
looking sideways側身 to each other
in collaboration合作,
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以從旁協助彼此的方式來合作,
06:10
in contrast對比 to always looking to America美國
and looking to Europe歐洲,
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而不是總是要
指望美國、指望歐洲,
06:14
when there is quite相當
some strength強度 within Africa非洲.
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在非洲本身就有不少長處。
06:17
So in SMART聰明,
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在 SMART,除了我們的目標,
06:19
apart距離 from the goal目標 that we have,
to develop發展 a malaria瘧疾 vaccine疫苗,
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也就是開發瘧疾疫苗,
06:23
we are also training訓練 African非洲人 scientists科學家們,
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我們也會訓練非洲科學家,
因為在非洲,疾病的負擔很高,
06:25
because the burden負擔
of disease疾病 in Africa非洲 is high,
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06:28
and you need people who will continue繼續
to push the boundaries邊界
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在非洲,需要有人持續不斷
把科學的界線向外推。
06:32
in science科學, in Africa非洲.
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06:34
SASA: Yes, yes, correct正確.
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休:是的,是的,沒錯。
06:36
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
06:40
OK, one last question.
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好,最後一個問題。
06:41
Tell me, I know you
mentioned提到 this a little bit,
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告訴我,我知道
你剛才有提到一點點,
06:44
but how would things actually其實 change更改
if there were a malaria瘧疾 vaccine疫苗?
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但,如果研發出了瘧疾疫苗,
會帶來什麼改變?
06:48
FO: We would save保存
half a million百萬 lives生活 every一切 year.
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費:每年我們可以
拯救五十萬人的性命。
06:53
Two hundred million百萬 cases.
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兩千萬個案例。
06:55
It's estimated預計 that malaria瘧疾 costs成本 Africa非洲
12 billion十億 US dollars美元 a year.
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據估計,非洲一年就要花
120 億美金的成本在瘧疾上。
07:02
So this is economics經濟學.
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所以,這是經濟。非洲會繁榮。
07:03
Africa非洲 would simply只是 thrive興旺.
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07:06
SASA: OK. Thank you, Faith信仰.
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休:好,謝謝你,
費絲,非常謝謝你。
07:08
Thank you so much.
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07:09
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Helen Chang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Faith Osier - Infectious disease doctor
Faith Osier is studying how humans acquire immunity to malaria and developing new malaria vaccines.

Why you should listen

Faith Osier works to understand how humans acquire immunity to malaria and intends to use this knowledge to design highly effective vaccines. Her studies focus on infections with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which leads to nearly half a million deaths in Africa each year. She demonstrated that Kenyan children who did not get sick after a malaria infection had high levels of antibodies against combinations of specific proteins found within the parasite. Subsequently, her studies in immune African adults revealed that there were in fact many additional parasite proteins that could be considered for malaria vaccines. To verify her results, she designed a massive study involving children and adults from 15 different geographical locations in Africa. She designed KILchip, a custom protein microarray that enabled her team to analyze antibody responses to more than 100 intentionally selected malaria proteins in these human blood samples. Her research group also studies the mechanisms by which these antibodies kill malaria parasites.

Osier is a Professor of Malaria Immunology in the Nuffield Deptartment of Medicine at the University of Oxford, UK. She has two research laboratories: one in the Biosciences Deptartment of the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kilifi, Kenya, and the other in the Parasitology Deptartment of Heidelberg University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany. She has won multiple awards for her work including the Royal Society Pfizer Award (UK) and the prestigious Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She holds major research grants from the Wellcome Trust, is an MRC African Research Leader and an EDCTP Senior Fellow. She is also a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, an advisor to the Executive Committee of the Federation of African Immunological Societies and the vice-president/president-elect of the International Union of Immunological Societies. She was named a TED Fellow in 2018. She is passionate about training African scientists to excel and deliver the medical interventions that are urgently needed on the continent.

More profile about the speaker
Faith Osier | Speaker | TED.com