ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mike Gil - Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, National Geographic Explorer and TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. This understanding, he says, is crucial for humankind to build a sustainable future. Gil has led research around the world: from coral reefs in the Caribbean, French Polynesia and Southeast Asia, to "microislands" of plastic garbage, teeming with life, in the middle of the Pacific. Currently, Gil uses novel multi-camera systems in the field combined with computer vision technology to explore, at an unprecedented scale and resolution, how coral reef fish behave, socialize and affect entire coral reef ecosystems. Gil's scientific discoveries and his often unorthodox approaches have garnered significant national and international media attention.

In addition to being a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of California, Davis, Gil is also an avid and award-winning science communicator. As a self-described "science-hater turned scientist" from humble beginnings, he is passionate about diversity and inclusion in STEM fields. To this end, Gil founded and runs the nonprofit SciAll.org, which uses free online videos to bring mass public audiences along for the adventures that come with a career in science. Through his research and outreach, Gil aims to deliver a timely message to humanity: science is exhilarating, accessible and in the service of all.

More profile about the speaker
Mike Gil | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Mike Gil: Could fish social networks help us save coral reefs?

麦克·吉尔: 鱼的社群交流会帮助我们拯救珊瑚礁吗?

Filmed:
1,010,095 views

麦克·吉尔观察鱼类:通过全新的多个摄像机系统以及计算机视觉技术,TED成员麦克和他的同事探索珊瑚鱼的行为、社交是怎样并且是如何影响它们的生态系统的。一起来了解不同物种的鱼类如何通过社交网络交流,以及破坏这些网络对于脆弱的珊瑚生态可能意味着什么 ——珊瑚礁协助哺育了数百万人并支撑着全球经济。
- Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Who here is fascinated入迷
by life under the sea?
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在座的各位有多少人
对海洋生物感兴趣呢?
00:18
Fantastic奇妙.
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很好。
00:20
Now, what did we just do?
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我们都做过什么相关的事情呢?
00:22
Let's dissect解剖 this for a second第二.
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让我们快速的剖析一下这件事。
简单的举动——一个人举起了手
00:24
The simple简单 action行动
of an individual个人 raising提高 a hand
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会带领许多人跟着一起举手。
00:28
led many许多 others其他 to do the same相同.
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可以确定的是在同一社交网络
00:30
Now, it's true真正 that when individuals个人
in a social社会 network网络
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00:34
have common共同 priorities优先,
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有共同偏好的人们
会更倾向于去复制别人的行为。
00:35
it's often经常 beneficial有利 to copy复制 one another另一个.
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00:38
Think back to grade年级 school学校 and dressing敷料
like the cool kids孩子 made制作 you "cool."
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回想下小学时模仿学校酷哥的打扮
使你也看起来很酷。
但跟风行为也普遍存在于野生动物之中。
00:42
But copying仿形 behavior行为
is also common共同 in wild野生 animals动物.
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00:46
For example, some birds鸟类
copy复制 the alarm报警 calls电话 of other birds鸟类
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例如(发生险情时)许多鸟儿
会跟着别的鸟儿一起报警
00:50
to spread传播 information信息
about approaching接近 predators大鳄.
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来传递关于靠近的捕食者的信息。
00:53
But could copying仿形 behavior行为 in wild野生 animals动物
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但是存在于野生动物之间的
这种跟风行为
会影响人类所依赖的
整个生态系统吗?
00:57
affect影响 entire整个 ecosystems生态系统
that we humans人类 depend依靠 on?
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我在研究珊瑚礁的时候想到了这个问题,
01:02
I was led to this question
while studying研究 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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01:04
which哪一个 support支持 millions百万 of people
through通过 fisheries渔业 and tourism旅游
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珊瑚礁在非洲以及世界其他地方
为数以百万计从事渔业和
旅游业的人提供了生计。
01:08
here in Africa非洲 and around the world世界.
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01:10
But coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 depend依靠 on fish
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但是珊瑚礁的生存
依赖鱼类吃海藻这一特殊工作。
01:14
that perform演出 a critical危急 job工作
by eating algae藻类.
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01:17
Because if left unchecked未选中,
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因为如果海藻的生长没有得到控制,
01:18
these algae藻类 can kill coral珊瑚
and take over entire整个 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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珊瑚礁将被它们杀死并完全取代,
这种变化很难甚至不可逆转,代价高昂。
01:22
a costly昂贵 change更改 that is difficult
or impossible不可能 to reverse相反.
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01:28
So to understand理解
how fish may可能 prevent避免 this,
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所以为了了解鱼群如何预防这种变化,
在它们吃海藻的时候,
01:31
I spy间谍 on them
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01:33
while they're eating algae藻类,
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我“监视”了它们,
尽管对于它们来说
01:35
which哪一个 can be difficult for them to do
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在一个珊瑚礁对捕食者
开放的环境下这很难,
01:37
in open打开 parts部分 of the reef
exposed裸露 to predators大鳄,
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不过在一些很偶然的情况下,
01:41
some of which哪一个, on rare罕见 occasion场合,
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01:42
appear出现 to realize实现 I'm watching观看 them.
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它们会发现我在暗中观察。
(笑)
01:45
(Laughter笑声)
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01:52
So clearly明确地, clearly明确地, for reef fish,
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所以显而易见,对珊瑚鱼来说,
外出就餐可能会是相当可怕的。
01:55
dining用餐 out can be scary害怕.
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01:57
But I wanted to understand理解
how these fish do their job工作
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但是我想弄明白这些鱼
是如何在如此危险的情况下
完成这项工作的。
02:00
in risky有风险 situations情况.
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02:01
So my colleagues同事 and I
put massive大规模的 video视频 camera相机 stands站立
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所以我和同事们
把海量视频摄像机
放到珊瑚礁上,
02:06
in a coral珊瑚 reef
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去远程监控整个进食区,
02:07
to remotely远程 monitor监控 entire整个 feeding馈送 grounds理由
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那里有很多海藻
02:10
that produce生产 a lot of algae藻类
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但却是暴露给捕食者的。
02:11
but are exposed裸露 to predators大鳄.
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02:15
And this perspective透视 from above以上
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这个俯视的视角
02:17
shows节目 us the feeding馈送 behavior行为
and precise精确 movements运动
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向我们展示了不同鱼类的
02:21
of many许多 different不同 fish,
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捕食行为和精确活动,
用这些彩色的点表示。
02:22
shown显示 here with colored有色 dots.
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通过分析数以千计的
02:25
And by analyzing分析
thousands数千 of fish movements运动
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02:28
to and from feeding馈送 grounds理由,
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往来于食物区的鱼类活动,
02:30
we discovered发现 a pattern模式.
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我们发现了一个规律。
这些鱼尽管种类不同,
02:32
These fish, despite尽管 being存在
from different不同 species种类
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而且不是在成群游泳,
02:35
and not swimming游泳的 in schools学校,
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在互相学习对方的行为,
02:37
were copying仿形 one another另一个,
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02:39
such这样 that one fish entering进入
these dangerous危险 feeding馈送 grounds理由
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就比如说一条鱼进入这些危险的食物区
可能会导致其他鱼跟风做同样的事情。
02:42
could lead many许多 others其他 to do the same相同.
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02:45
And fish stayed for longer
and ate more algae藻类
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并且当鱼的周围
有更多觅食的鱼的时候,
02:48
when they were surrounded包围
by more feeding馈送 fish.
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它们在食物区就待得越久,
吃的海藻也越多。
02:51
Now, this could be happening事件
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这个现象正在发生着,
02:53
because even simple简单 movements运动
by individual个人 fish
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因为即使是单个鱼类的简单动作
也会在无意中传递重要信息。
02:55
can inadvertently不经意间 communicate通信
vital重要 information信息.
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例如,假设有一条鱼
看到捕食者及正在逃跑的鱼,
02:59
For example, if even one fish
sees看到 a predator捕食者 and flees逃离,
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03:03
this can alert警报 many许多 others其他 to danger危险.
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这会提醒其他鱼注意安全。
03:06
And a fish safely安然 entering进入 feeding馈送 grounds理由
can show显示 others其他 that the coast is clear明确.
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当一条鱼进入食物区,
其他鱼就会认为那里是安全的。
03:11
So it turns out that even when
these fish are different不同 species种类,
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结果证明,即使是不同种类的鱼
03:15
they are connected连接的 within social社会 networks网络
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也可以通过社交网络交流,
03:19
which哪一个 can provide提供 information信息
on when it's safe安全 to eat.
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这样他们就知道何时进食是安全的。
另外我们的分析表明,
鱼通过复制社交网络中其他鱼的行为,
03:22
And our analyses分析 indicate表明 that fish simply只是
copying仿形 other fish in their social社会 network网络
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03:27
could account帐户 for over 60 percent百分
of the algae藻类 eaten吃过 by the fish community社区,
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可以使超过60%的海藻被鱼群吃掉,
因此,这对通过珊瑚礁生态系统的
03:32
and thus从而 could be critical危急
to the flow of energy能源 and resources资源
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03:37
through通过 coral珊瑚 reef ecosystems生态系统.
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能量和资源的流动是至关重要的。
但是这些发现也表明过度捕鱼,
03:40
But these findings发现 also suggest建议
that overfishing过度捕捞,
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这个对于珊瑚礁来说很常见的问题,
03:43
a common共同 problem问题 in coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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不仅可以减少鱼的数量,
03:45
not only removes移除了 fish,
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也会打破剩下的鱼之间的社交网络,
03:47
but it could break打破 up
the social社会 network网络 of remaining其余 fish,
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03:50
which哪一个 may可能 hide隐藏 more and eat less algae藻类
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这也会导致更多的鱼
躲藏起来并吃掉更少的海藻,
03:53
because they're missing失踪
critical危急 information信息.
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因为它们缺失了重要的信息。
03:56
And this would make coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁
more vulnerable弱势 than we currently目前 predict预测.
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这就会导致珊瑚礁受到的威胁
比我们以往预计的要大。
所以不难看出,鱼群的交流网络
04:02
So remarkably异常, fish social社会 networks网络
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能够使一条鱼的行为传播给许多鱼,
04:06
allow允许 the actions行动 of one to spread传播 to many许多
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并且影响到整个珊瑚礁,
04:09
and could affect影响 entire整个 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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这些珊瑚礁哺育了数量庞大的人口,
04:11
which哪一个 feed饲料 millions百万 of us
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并且支撑着
04:14
and support支持 the global全球 economy经济
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04:16
for all of us.
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全球经济。
我们的发现指引我们以更好的
04:18
Now, our discovery发现
points us towards better ways方法
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04:21
to sustainably可持续 manage管理 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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可持续的方式管理珊瑚礁,
同时也向我们揭示了
04:23
but it also shows节目 us,
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我们人类不只被其他人类的行为所影响,
04:24
we humans人类 are not just affected受影响
by the actions行动 of other humans人类,
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我们也可能被身处遥远海洋中的
04:29
but we could be affected受影响
by the actions行动 of individual个人 fish
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鱼在珊瑚丛中
04:32
on a distant遥远 coral珊瑚 reef
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04:33
through通过 their simple简单 copying仿形 behavior行为.
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简单的复制行为所影响。
04:36
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
(掌声)
04:37
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Wanqiao Zou
Reviewed by Guangsen Xu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mike Gil - Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, National Geographic Explorer and TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. This understanding, he says, is crucial for humankind to build a sustainable future. Gil has led research around the world: from coral reefs in the Caribbean, French Polynesia and Southeast Asia, to "microislands" of plastic garbage, teeming with life, in the middle of the Pacific. Currently, Gil uses novel multi-camera systems in the field combined with computer vision technology to explore, at an unprecedented scale and resolution, how coral reef fish behave, socialize and affect entire coral reef ecosystems. Gil's scientific discoveries and his often unorthodox approaches have garnered significant national and international media attention.

In addition to being a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of California, Davis, Gil is also an avid and award-winning science communicator. As a self-described "science-hater turned scientist" from humble beginnings, he is passionate about diversity and inclusion in STEM fields. To this end, Gil founded and runs the nonprofit SciAll.org, which uses free online videos to bring mass public audiences along for the adventures that come with a career in science. Through his research and outreach, Gil aims to deliver a timely message to humanity: science is exhilarating, accessible and in the service of all.

More profile about the speaker
Mike Gil | Speaker | TED.com