ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mike Gil - Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, National Geographic Explorer and TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. This understanding, he says, is crucial for humankind to build a sustainable future. Gil has led research around the world: from coral reefs in the Caribbean, French Polynesia and Southeast Asia, to "microislands" of plastic garbage, teeming with life, in the middle of the Pacific. Currently, Gil uses novel multi-camera systems in the field combined with computer vision technology to explore, at an unprecedented scale and resolution, how coral reef fish behave, socialize and affect entire coral reef ecosystems. Gil's scientific discoveries and his often unorthodox approaches have garnered significant national and international media attention.

In addition to being a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of California, Davis, Gil is also an avid and award-winning science communicator. As a self-described "science-hater turned scientist" from humble beginnings, he is passionate about diversity and inclusion in STEM fields. To this end, Gil founded and runs the nonprofit SciAll.org, which uses free online videos to bring mass public audiences along for the adventures that come with a career in science. Through his research and outreach, Gil aims to deliver a timely message to humanity: science is exhilarating, accessible and in the service of all.

More profile about the speaker
Mike Gil | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Mike Gil: Could fish social networks help us save coral reefs?

Mike Gil: Como a vida social dos peixes poderia nos ajudar a salvar os recifes de corais?

Filmed:
1,010,095 views

Mike Gil espiona os peixes: usando novos sistemas de visão multicâmera e tecnologia de visão por computador, o bolsista TED e os colegas dele exploram como os peixes de recifes de corais se comportam, se socializam e afetam seus ecossistemas. Saiba mais sobre como peixes de diferentes espécies se comunicam por meio de redes sociais, e o que atrapalhar essas redes pode significar para a delicada ecologia dos recifes, que ajudam a alimentar milhões de nós e a sustentar a economia global.
- Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Who here is fascinated
by life under the sea?
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Quem aqui é fascinado
pela vida no fundo do mar?
00:18
Fantastic.
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Fantástico.
00:20
Now, what did we just do?
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O que acabamos de fazer?
00:22
Let's dissect this for a second.
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Vamos examinar isso por um instante.
00:24
The simple action
of an individual raising a hand
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O simples ato de uma pessoa levantar a mão
levou muitas outras a fazerem o mesmo.
00:28
led many others to do the same.
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00:30
Now, it's true that when individuals
in a social network
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É verdade que, quando as pessoas
de uma rede social
00:34
have common priorities,
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têm prioridades em comum,
00:35
it's often beneficial to copy one another.
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muitas vezes é benéfico imitar o outro.
00:38
Think back to grade school and dressing
like the cool kids made you "cool."
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Lembrem-se da escola, quando se vestir
como alguém estiloso era algo bem "legal".
00:42
But copying behavior
is also common in wild animals.
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Mas imitar o comportamento também
é comum entre os animais selvagens.
00:46
For example, some birds
copy the alarm calls of other birds
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Por exemplo, algumas aves imitam
os sinais de alarme de outras aves
00:50
to spread information
about approaching predators.
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para espalhar a informação
sobre predadores se aproximando.
00:53
But could copying behavior in wild animals
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Mas será que o fato dos animais selvagens
imitarem o comportamento
00:57
affect entire ecosystems
that we humans depend on?
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poderia afetar ecossistemas inteiros
de que nós, seres humanos, dependemos?
Fui levado a essa questão
enquanto estudava recifes de corais,
01:02
I was led to this question
while studying coral reefs,
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01:04
which support millions of people
through fisheries and tourism
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que sustentam milhões de pessoas
por meio da pesca e do turismo
01:08
here in Africa and around the world.
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aqui na África e em todo o mundo.
01:10
But coral reefs depend on fish
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Mas os recifes de corais
dependem dos peixes,
01:14
that perform a critical job
by eating algae.
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que desempenham um papel
fundamental alimentando-se de algas.
01:17
Because if left unchecked,
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Se não houver controle,
01:18
these algae can kill coral
and take over entire coral reefs,
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essas algas podem matar os corais
e dominar recifes de corais inteiros,
01:22
a costly change that is difficult
or impossible to reverse.
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uma mudança desastrosa
e difícil ou impossível de reverter.
01:28
So to understand
how fish may prevent this,
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Para entender como os peixes
podem evitar isso,
01:31
I spy on them
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eu os espiono
01:33
while they're eating algae,
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enquanto estão comendo algas,
01:35
which can be difficult for them to do
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o que pode ser difícil para eles
01:37
in open parts of the reef
exposed to predators,
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em partes abertas do recife
expostas a predadores,
01:41
some of which, on rare occasion,
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alguns dos quais, em raras ocasiões,
parecem perceber que os estou observando.
01:42
appear to realize I'm watching them.
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01:45
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:52
So clearly, clearly, for reef fish,
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Então, muito claramente,
para os peixes do recife,
01:55
dining out can be scary.
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comer fora pode ser assustador.
01:57
But I wanted to understand
how these fish do their job
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Mas eu queria entender como os peixes
faziam o trabalho em situações arriscadas.
02:00
in risky situations.
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02:01
So my colleagues and I
put massive video camera stands
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Então, meus colegas e eu colocamos
suportes enormes de câmeras de vídeo
02:06
in a coral reef
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em um recife de coral
02:07
to remotely monitor entire feeding grounds
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para monitorar remotamente
áreas inteiras de alimentação,
02:10
that produce a lot of algae
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que produzem muitas algas,
mas estão expostas a predadores.
02:11
but are exposed to predators.
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02:15
And this perspective from above
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Esta perspectiva de cima
02:17
shows us the feeding behavior
and precise movements
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mostra o comportamento alimentar
e os movimentos precisos
02:21
of many different fish,
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de muitos peixes diferentes,
mostrados aqui com pontos coloridos.
02:22
shown here with colored dots.
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02:25
And by analyzing
thousands of fish movements
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Analisando milhares de movimentos
dos peixes nas áreas de alimentação,
02:28
to and from feeding grounds,
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02:30
we discovered a pattern.
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descobrimos um padrão.
02:32
These fish, despite being
from different species
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Esses peixes, apesar de serem
de espécies diferentes
02:35
and not swimming in schools,
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e não nadarem em cardumes,
02:37
were copying one another,
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estavam imitando os outros,
02:39
such that one fish entering
these dangerous feeding grounds
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de modo que um peixe, ao entrar
nessas áreas de alimentação perigosas,
02:42
could lead many others to do the same.
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poderia levar muitos outros
a fazerem o mesmo.
02:45
And fish stayed for longer
and ate more algae
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Os peixes permaneciam por mais tempo
e comiam mais algas
02:48
when they were surrounded
by more feeding fish.
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quando eram rodeados
por mais peixes se alimentando.
02:51
Now, this could be happening
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Isso poderia estar acontecendo
02:53
because even simple movements
by individual fish
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porque, mesmo os movimentos
simples de um peixe
02:55
can inadvertently communicate
vital information.
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podem, sem querer,
passar informação vital.
02:59
For example, if even one fish
sees a predator and flees,
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Por exemplo, mesmo que apenas
um peixe veja um predador e fuja,
03:03
this can alert many others to danger.
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isso poderá alertar
muitos outros sobre o perigo.
03:06
And a fish safely entering feeding grounds
can show others that the coast is clear.
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Um peixe entrando com segurança em áreas
de alimentação indica que não há perigo.
03:11
So it turns out that even when
these fish are different species,
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Acontece que, mesmo quando
esses peixes são de espécies diferentes,
03:15
they are connected within social networks
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eles estão conectados
dentro de redes sociais,
03:19
which can provide information
on when it's safe to eat.
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que podem fornecer a informação
sobre quando é seguro se alimentar.
03:22
And our analyses indicate that fish simply
copying other fish in their social network
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Nossas análises indicam que os peixes,
apenas imitando os outros da rede social,
03:27
could account for over 60 percent
of the algae eaten by the fish community,
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poderiam representar mais de 60% das algas
consumidas pela comunidade de peixes,
03:32
and thus could be critical
to the flow of energy and resources
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e, portanto, poderia ser fundamental
para o fluxo de energia e os recursos
03:37
through coral reef ecosystems.
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por meio dos ecossistemas
dos recifes de corais.
03:40
But these findings also suggest
that overfishing,
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Mas essas descobertas sugerem
que a pesca predatória,
03:43
a common problem in coral reefs,
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um problema comum nos recifes de corais,
03:45
not only removes fish,
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não apenas remove os peixes,
03:47
but it could break up
the social network of remaining fish,
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mas poderia romper a rede social
dos peixes remanescentes,
03:50
which may hide more and eat less algae
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que podem se esconder mais
e comer menos algas
03:53
because they're missing
critical information.
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devido à falta de informações
muito importantes.
03:56
And this would make coral reefs
more vulnerable than we currently predict.
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Isso tornaria os recifes de corais
mais vulneráveis do que prevemos hoje.
04:02
So remarkably, fish social networks
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Então, notavelmente,
as redes sociais de peixes
04:06
allow the actions of one to spread to many
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permitem que as ações de um
sejam divulgadas a muitos
04:09
and could affect entire coral reefs,
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e poderiam afetar recifes de corais
inteiros que alimentam milhões de nós
04:11
which feed millions of us
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04:14
and support the global economy
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e sustentam a economia global
para todos nós.
04:16
for all of us.
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04:18
Now, our discovery
points us towards better ways
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Nossa descoberta nos indica
melhores caminhos
04:21
to sustainably manage coral reefs,
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para gerir os recifes
de forma sustentável,
04:23
but it also shows us,
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mas também mostra que nós, seres humanos,
04:24
we humans are not just affected
by the actions of other humans,
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não somos apenas afetados
pela ação de outros seres humanos,
04:29
but we could be affected
by the actions of individual fish
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mas podemos ser afetados
pelas ações de um único peixe
04:32
on a distant coral reef
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em um recife de coral distante
04:33
through their simple copying behavior.
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por meio do simples
comportamento de imitação dele.
04:36
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
(Aplausos)
04:37
(Applause)
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Translated by Maurício Kakuei Tanaka
Reviewed by Maricene Crus

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mike Gil - Marine biologist
TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, National Geographic Explorer and TED Fellow Mike Gil conducts field experiments and builds mathematical models to understand how marine ecosystems function. This understanding, he says, is crucial for humankind to build a sustainable future. Gil has led research around the world: from coral reefs in the Caribbean, French Polynesia and Southeast Asia, to "microislands" of plastic garbage, teeming with life, in the middle of the Pacific. Currently, Gil uses novel multi-camera systems in the field combined with computer vision technology to explore, at an unprecedented scale and resolution, how coral reef fish behave, socialize and affect entire coral reef ecosystems. Gil's scientific discoveries and his often unorthodox approaches have garnered significant national and international media attention.

In addition to being a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of California, Davis, Gil is also an avid and award-winning science communicator. As a self-described "science-hater turned scientist" from humble beginnings, he is passionate about diversity and inclusion in STEM fields. To this end, Gil founded and runs the nonprofit SciAll.org, which uses free online videos to bring mass public audiences along for the adventures that come with a career in science. Through his research and outreach, Gil aims to deliver a timely message to humanity: science is exhilarating, accessible and in the service of all.

More profile about the speaker
Mike Gil | Speaker | TED.com