TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Tiffany Watt Smith: The history of human emotions
蒂芬妮．瓦特．史密斯: 人類情緒的歷史
Filmed:
Readability: 4.5
3,518,597 views
我們用來描述自己情緒的字詞會影響我們的感受，歷史學家蒂芬妮．瓦特．史密斯如是說，且情緒會因應新的文化期待以及想法而改變（有時改變很大）。以鄉愁為例：最初在1688 年被定義為疾病，且會致命，現今，它似乎只是個不太嚴重的苦惱。從這場關於情緒歷史的迷人演說，可以了解我們用來描述我們感受的語言如何持續在演化，並選用一些其他不同文化的新字詞來用文字捕捉那些轉瞬即逝的感受。
Tiffany Watt Smith - Cultural historian
Tiffany Watt Smith investigates the hidden cultural forces which shape our emotions. Full bio
Tiffany Watt Smith investigates the hidden cultural forces which shape our emotions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I would like to begin
with a little experiment.
with a little experiment.
0
856
2675
我想要從一個小實驗開始。
00:15
In a moment, I'm going to ask
if you would close your eyes
if you would close your eyes
1
3555
3091
等一下，我會請各位閉上眼睛，
00:18
and see if you can work out
2
6670
1472
看看你們是否能搞懂
00:20
what emotions you're feeling right now.
3
8166
2910
你們感受到的情緒是什麼。
00:23
Now, you're not going
to tell anyone or anything.
to tell anyone or anything.
4
11100
2312
你不能跟任何人說任何話。
00:25
The idea is to see how easy
or perhaps hard you find it
or perhaps hard you find it
5
13436
4427
我是想讓各位了解，
要指出自己的感受是什麼
要指出自己的感受是什麼
00:29
to pinpoint exactly what you're feeling.
6
17887
2592
有多容易或困難。
00:32
And I thought I'd give you
10 seconds to do this.
10 seconds to do this.
7
20503
3441
我想我就給各位十秒鐘來做這件事。
00:35
OK?
8
23968
1444
好嗎？
00:37
Right, let's start.
9
25436
1687
好，咱們開始吧。
00:48
OK, that's it, time's up.
10
36150
1377
好，時間到。
00:49
How did it go?
11
37551
1224
進行得如何？
00:51
You were probably feeling
a little bit under pressure,
a little bit under pressure,
12
39113
2568
你可能覺得有一點壓力，
00:53
maybe suspicious
of the person next to you.
of the person next to you.
13
41705
2166
也許對旁邊的人感到有點懷疑。
00:55
Did they definitely
have their eyes closed?
have their eyes closed?
14
43895
2723
他們真的有把眼睛閉上嗎？
00:58
Perhaps you felt some
strange, distant worry
strange, distant worry
15
46642
3210
也許你感受到的是
奇怪又遙遠的擔心，
奇怪又遙遠的擔心，
01:01
about that email you sent this morning
16
49876
2330
擔心你今天早上寄出的電子郵件，
01:04
or excitement about something
you've got planned for this evening.
you've got planned for this evening.
17
52230
3154
或是對你今晚計畫
要做的事感到興奮。
要做的事感到興奮。
01:07
Maybe you felt that exhilaration
that comes when we get together
that comes when we get together
18
55408
3145
也許你感受到的是像
這麼一大群人聚集在一起時
這麼一大群人聚集在一起時
01:10
in big groups of people like this;
19
58577
1743
會產生的愉快感；
01:12
the Welsh called it "hwyl,"
20
60344
2168
威爾斯人稱之為
「hwyl（熾熱感情）」，
「hwyl（熾熱感情）」，
01:14
from the word for boat sails.
21
62536
2350
這個字是來自船帆。
01:17
Or maybe you felt all of these things.
22
65660
2654
也許以上的感受你通通都有。
01:20
There are some emotions
which wash the world in a single color,
which wash the world in a single color,
23
68338
3425
有一些情緒會用
單一顏色來洗滌世界，
單一顏色來洗滌世界，
01:23
like the terror felt as a car skids.
24
71787
3009
比如當車子打滑時感受到的恐懼。
01:27
But more often, our emotions
crowd and jostle together
crowd and jostle together
25
75344
2598
但通常，我們的情緒
會聚集緊貼在一起，
會聚集緊貼在一起，
01:29
until it is actually quite hard
to tell them apart.
to tell them apart.
26
77966
2837
最後變得很難將它們分開。
01:33
Some slide past so quickly
you'd hardly even notice them,
you'd hardly even notice them,
27
81351
3791
有些情緒一閃即逝，
你幾乎不會注意到，
你幾乎不會注意到，
01:37
like the nostalgia
that will make you reach out
that will make you reach out
28
85166
2428
就像鄉愁，它會讓你想要伸出手，
01:39
to grab a familiar brand
in the supermarket.
in the supermarket.
29
87618
2590
在超級市場中去拿起熟悉的品牌。
01:42
And then there are others
that we hurry away from,
that we hurry away from,
30
90949
2402
還有其他情緒，是我們急著脫離的，
01:45
fearing that they'll burst on us,
31
93375
1890
害怕它們會從我們身上蹦出來，
01:47
like the jealousy that causes you
to search a loved one's pockets.
to search a loved one's pockets.
32
95956
3999
比如嫉妒，會讓你想去搜索
你愛人的口袋中有什麼。
你愛人的口袋中有什麼。
01:52
And of course, there are some emotions
which are so peculiar,
which are so peculiar,
33
100860
2908
當然，還有些情緒相當奇怪，
01:55
you might not even know what to call them.
34
103792
2075
你甚至不知道它們叫什麼。
01:57
Perhaps sitting there, you had
a little tingle of a desire
a little tingle of a desire
35
105891
2879
也許坐在這裡，
你會有小小的慾望，
你會有小小的慾望，
02:00
for an emotion one eminent
French sociologist called "ilinx,"
French sociologist called "ilinx,"
36
108794
4318
想要被著名法國社會學家
稱為「ilinx」的情緒刺激，
稱為「ilinx」的情緒刺激，
02:05
the delirium that comes
with minor acts of chaos.
with minor acts of chaos.
37
113136
3526
這是種因為製造混亂的小行為
所產生的興奮感。
所產生的興奮感。
02:08
For example, if you stood up right now
and emptied the contents of your bag
and emptied the contents of your bag
38
116686
3650
比如，你現在站起來，
掏出你包包中的所有東西，
掏出你包包中的所有東西，
隨便丟在地上。
02:12
all over the floor.
39
120360
1196
02:13
Perhaps you experienced one of those odd,
untranslatable emotions
untranslatable emotions
40
121580
3927
也許你有經歷過那些怪異、
無法解譯的情緒，
無法解譯的情緒，
02:17
for which there's no obvious
English equivalent.
English equivalent.
41
125531
2785
沒有明確的英文字可以用來描述。
02:20
You might have felt the feeling
the Dutch called "gezelligheid,"
the Dutch called "gezelligheid,"
42
128340
3285
你可能會有一種荷蘭人稱為
「gezelligheid」的感受，
「gezelligheid」的感受，
02:23
being cozy and warm inside with friends
when it's cold and damp outside.
when it's cold and damp outside.
43
131649
4132
當外在環境又冷又濕時，
內在因為朋友而感到舒服和溫暖。
內在因為朋友而感到舒服和溫暖。
02:28
Maybe if you were really lucky,
44
136273
2316
也許你非常幸運，
02:30
you felt this:
45
138613
1194
你感覺到這個：
02:32
"basorexia,"
46
140358
1347
「basorexia」，
02:33
a sudden urge to kiss someone.
47
141729
2037
是種突然想親吻某人的衝動。
02:35
(Laughter)
48
143790
2054
（笑聲）
02:38
We live in an age
49
146799
1803
在我們所處的時代，
02:40
when knowledge of emotions
is an extremely important commodity,
is an extremely important commodity,
50
148626
4184
關於情緒的知識
是極重要且有用的東西，
是極重要且有用的東西，
02:45
where emotions are used
to explain many things,
to explain many things,
51
153530
3022
情緒會被用來解釋許多事物，
02:49
exploited by our politicians,
52
157192
1917
會被我們的政客利用，
02:51
manipulated by algorithms.
53
159133
2131
會被演算法操縱。
02:53
Emotional intelligence, which is the skill
of being able to recognize and name
of being able to recognize and name
54
161288
4850
情緒智慧是種技能，
能夠認出且說出你自己的情緒
以及他人的情緒，
以及他人的情緒，
02:58
your own emotions
and those of other people,
and those of other people,
55
166162
2476
03:00
is considered so important, that this
is taught in our schools and businesses
is taught in our schools and businesses
56
168662
4187
情緒智慧被認為相當重要，
所以在我們的學校和企業中都會教，
所以在我們的學校和企業中都會教，
03:04
and encouraged by our health services.
57
172873
2327
連我們的保健服務
都會鼓勵要有情緒智慧。
都會鼓勵要有情緒智慧。
03:07
But despite all of this,
58
175962
1823
但，儘管上述這些，
03:09
I sometimes wonder
59
177809
1179
我有時還會納悶，
03:11
if the way we think about emotions
is becoming impoverished.
is becoming impoverished.
60
179012
3883
我們去思考情緒的方式
是否變得沒創意了。
是否變得沒創意了。
03:15
Sometimes, we're not even that clear
what an emotion even is.
what an emotion even is.
61
183491
4359
有時，我們甚至不清楚情緒是什麼。
03:21
You've probably heard the theory
62
189509
1946
你們可能有聽過一個理論，
03:23
that our entire emotional lives
can be boiled down
can be boiled down
63
191479
2584
我們的整個情緒生活可以被濃縮
03:26
to a handful of basic emotions.
64
194087
3234
成為少數幾種基本情緒。
03:29
This idea is actually
about 2,000 years old,
about 2,000 years old,
65
197345
2465
這個想法其實已經有兩千年歷史，
但在我們自己的時代，
一些演化心理學家指出，
一些演化心理學家指出，
03:31
but in our own time,
66
199834
1164
03:33
some evolutionary psychologists
have suggested that these six emotions --
have suggested that these six emotions --
67
201022
4265
這六種情緒──
03:37
happiness, sadness, fear,
disgust, anger, surprise --
disgust, anger, surprise --
68
205311
4754
快樂、悲傷、恐懼、
反感、生氣、驚訝──
反感、生氣、驚訝──
03:42
are expressed by everyone across the globe
in exactly the same way,
in exactly the same way,
69
210089
3539
全世界所有人表達
這些情緒的方式完全一樣，
這些情緒的方式完全一樣，
03:45
and therefore represent
the building blocks
the building blocks
70
213652
2683
因此，這幾種基本情緒就代表了
03:48
of our entire emotional lives.
71
216359
2659
堆疊出我們整個情緒生活的幾種積木。
03:51
Well, if you look at an emotion like this,
72
219042
2167
如果你們用這種方式來看情緒，
03:53
then it looks like a simple reflex:
73
221233
2129
情緒看起來就會像是簡單的反射：
03:55
it's triggered by an external predicament,
74
223386
2236
它是由外在困境所觸發，
03:57
it's hardwired,
75
225646
1781
它是與生俱來的，
03:59
it's there to protect us from harm.
76
227451
2598
它是用來保護我們不受傷害的。
04:02
So you see a bear,
your heart rate quickens,
your heart rate quickens,
77
230073
2464
所以你看到熊時，心跳就會加速，
04:04
your pupils dilate, you feel frightened,
you run very, very fast.
you run very, very fast.
78
232561
4201
瞳孔會放大，覺得害怕，
然後你就會跑得非常非常快。
然後你就會跑得非常非常快。
04:09
The problem with this picture is,
79
237878
2087
這個寫照的問題是，
04:11
it doesn't entirely capture
what an emotion is.
what an emotion is.
80
239989
4098
它並沒有完全捕捉到情緒的本質。
04:16
Of course, the physiology
is extremely important,
is extremely important,
81
244592
2958
當然，生理學是相當重要的，
04:19
but it's not the only reason
why we feel the way we do
why we feel the way we do
82
247574
3151
但並不是在任何時候
我們有任何感覺時，
我們有任何感覺時，
04:22
at any given moment.
83
250749
1575
原因都一定是生理學。
04:26
What if I was to tell you
that in the 12th century,
that in the 12th century,
84
254102
2978
我可以告訴各位，在十二世紀，
04:29
some troubadours didn't see yawning
85
257104
3752
有些吟遊詩人並不認為打哈欠
04:32
as caused by tiredness
or boredom like we do today,
or boredom like we do today,
86
260880
3750
是因為太累或太無聊所造成，
和我們現今認知不同，
和我們現今認知不同，
04:36
but thought it a symbol
of the deepest love?
of the deepest love?
87
264654
3354
他們認為打哈欠象徵的是最深的愛。
04:40
Or that in that same period,
brave men -- knights --
brave men -- knights --
88
268907
4239
還有，在同樣那個時期，
勇敢的人、騎士，
勇敢的人、騎士，
04:45
commonly fainted out of dismay?
89
273170
3289
常常會因為驚慌而昏倒。
04:49
What if I was to tell you
90
277474
1242
我還可以告訴各位，
04:50
that some early Christians
who lived in the desert
who lived in the desert
91
278740
2763
早期一些住在沙漠的基督徒
04:53
believed that flying demons
who mainly came out at lunchtime
who mainly came out at lunchtime
92
281527
3888
相信會飛的惡魔通常
都會在午餐時間出來，
都會在午餐時間出來，
04:57
could infect them with an emotion
they called "accidie,"
they called "accidie,"
93
285439
4862
這些惡魔會讓他們感染到
所謂「accidie」的情緒，
所謂「accidie」的情緒，
是一種昏睡狀態，
05:02
a kind of lethargy
that was sometimes so intense
that was sometimes so intense
94
290325
2594
這狀態有時候強到足以致人於死。
05:04
it could even kill them?
95
292943
1489
05:07
Or that boredom,
as we know and love it today,
as we know and love it today,
96
295234
4136
或是我們現今所知且熱愛的無聊，
05:11
was first really only felt
by the Victorians,
by the Victorians,
97
299394
3027
最初只有維多利亞女王時代的人
才會感覺到它，
才會感覺到它，
05:14
in response to new ideas
about leisure time and self-improvement?
about leisure time and self-improvement?
98
302445
5176
是針對關於閒暇時間
和自我改善的新點子所做出的反應。
和自我改善的新點子所做出的反應。
05:20
What if we were to think again
99
308570
1500
我們可以再重新想想
05:22
about those odd,
untranslatable words for emotions
untranslatable words for emotions
100
310094
2818
那些怪異、無法解譯的情緒，
05:24
and wonder whether some cultures
might feel an emotion more intensely
might feel an emotion more intensely
101
312936
4230
並且思忖是否有些文化對於
某種情緒的感受更強一些，
某種情緒的感受更強一些，
05:29
just because they've bothered
to name and talk about it,
to name and talk about it,
102
317190
3796
只因為他們花了心力去
把那情緒命名，然後去談論它？
把那情緒命名，然後去談論它？
05:33
like the Russian "toska,"
103
321010
2469
就像俄國人有「toska」，
05:35
a feeling of maddening dissatisfaction
104
323503
2707
一種讓人不滿意到發火的感覺，
05:38
said to blow in from the great plains.
105
326234
2534
據說是從北美大平原吹來的情緒。
05:43
The most recent developments
in cognitive science show
in cognitive science show
106
331111
3965
在認知科學領域中
最近期的發展顯示，
最近期的發展顯示，
05:47
that emotions are not simple reflexes,
107
335100
3391
情緒並非僅是反射，
05:50
but immensely complex, elastic systems
108
338515
3110
而是相當複雜、有彈性的系統，
05:53
that respond both to the biologies
that we've inherited
that we've inherited
109
341649
3148
這些系統對於我們繼承的生物學，
05:56
and to the cultures that we live in now.
110
344821
2649
以及我們現在所處的文化都會有反應。
05:59
They are cognitive phenomena.
111
347494
2096
它們是認知現象。
06:01
They're shaped not just by our bodies,
but by our thoughts,
but by our thoughts,
112
349614
2949
它們不只是由我們的身體，
也由我們的思想、
觀念、語言形塑出來。
觀念、語言形塑出來。
06:04
our concepts, our language.
113
352587
2829
06:07
The neuroscientist Lisa Feldman Barrett
has become very interested
has become very interested
114
355979
4430
神經科學家麗莎．費德曼．巴瑞特
對於言詞和情緒間的動態關係
很感興趣。
很感興趣。
06:12
in this dynamic relationship
between words and emotions.
between words and emotions.
115
360433
3744
06:16
She argues that when we learn
a new word for an emotion,
a new word for an emotion,
116
364558
3453
她主張，當我們學到關於
一種情緒的一個新單字時，
一種情緒的一個新單字時，
06:20
new feelings are sure to follow.
117
368035
2898
接著就一定會有新感覺出現。
06:24
As a historian, I've long suspected
that as language changes,
that as language changes,
118
372272
3980
身為歷史學家，我長久以來
一直猜想，隨著語言的改變，
一直猜想，隨著語言的改變，
06:28
our emotions do, too.
119
376276
1683
我們的情緒也會改變。
06:30
When we look to the past, it's easy
to see that emotions have changed,
to see that emotions have changed,
120
378527
3899
當我們回頭看過去，
很容易看到情緒的改變，
很容易看到情緒的改變，
06:34
sometimes very dramatically,
121
382450
1924
有時候改變得很大，
06:36
in response to new cultural expectations
and religious beliefs,
and religious beliefs,
122
384398
3493
以因應新的文化期待、宗教信仰，
06:39
new ideas about gender, ethnicity and age,
123
387915
3126
以及對性別、種族、年齡的新想法，
06:43
even in response to new political
and economic ideologies.
and economic ideologies.
124
391065
4271
甚至因應新的政治和經濟意識形態。
06:48
There is a historicity to emotions
125
396106
3398
情緒是有史實性的，
06:51
that we are only recently
starting to understand.
starting to understand.
126
399528
3412
我們直到最近才開始了解這一點。
06:56
So I agree absolutely that it does us good
to learn new words for emotions,
to learn new words for emotions,
127
404228
4171
我絕對同意學習關於情緒的新字詞
對我們來說是有益的，
對我們來說是有益的，
07:00
but I think we need to go further.
128
408423
2396
但我認為我們還要再進一步。
07:02
I think to be truly
emotionally intelligent,
emotionally intelligent,
129
410843
2674
我認為，若要真正有情緒智慧，
07:05
we need to understand
where those words have come from,
where those words have come from,
130
413541
4312
我們就得要了解那些字詞的來源，
07:09
and what ideas about how
we ought to live and behave
we ought to live and behave
131
417877
4178
以及它們偷偷夾帶著哪些想法，
關於我們該如何過生活、
關於我們該如何過生活、
07:14
they are smuggling along with them.
132
422079
2172
該做出什麼行為舉止的想法。
07:17
Let me tell you a story.
133
425753
1805
讓我告訴各位一個故事。
07:19
It begins in a garret
in the late 17th century,
in the late 17th century,
134
427582
4130
故事始於十七世紀末的一間閣樓，
07:23
in the Swiss university town of Basel.
135
431736
2526
在瑞士的大學鎮巴塞爾。
07:26
Inside, there's a dedicated student
living some 60 miles away from home.
living some 60 miles away from home.
136
434286
5665
住在閣樓裡的是一位很認真的學生，
他離家六十英哩。
他離家六十英哩。
07:31
He stops turning up to his lectures,
137
439975
1792
他不再出現在他的課堂上，
07:33
and his friends come to visit
and they find him dejected and feverish,
and they find him dejected and feverish,
138
441791
4720
他的朋友去探望他，
發現他很沮喪且在發燒，
發現他很沮喪且在發燒，
07:38
having heart palpitations,
139
446535
1866
他有心悸，
07:40
strange sores breaking out on his body.
140
448425
2465
身體突然有奇怪的痠痛。
07:43
Doctors are called,
141
451338
1164
醫生被找來了，
07:44
and they think it's so serious
that prayers are said for him
that prayers are said for him
142
452526
2879
他們認為狀況很嚴重，
甚至在當地教堂裡為他禱告。
07:47
in the local church.
143
455429
1156
當他們正準備要把
這位年輕人送回家，
這位年輕人送回家，
07:48
And it's only when they're preparing
to return this young man home
to return this young man home
144
456609
3205
讓他能死在家鄉，
07:51
so that he can die,
145
459838
1192
07:53
that they realize what's going on,
146
461054
1731
他們才了解發生了什麼事，
07:54
because once they lift him
onto the stretcher,
onto the stretcher,
147
462809
2247
因為當他們把他抬起來放到擔架上，
07:57
his breathing becomes less labored.
148
465080
1697
他的呼吸就沒那麼費力了。
07:58
And by the time he's got
to the gates of his hometown,
to the gates of his hometown,
149
466801
2795
當到了他家鄉的城門時，
08:01
he's almost entirely recovered.
150
469620
2124
他幾乎完全恢復了。
08:04
And that's when they realize
151
472186
1413
那時他們才了解，
08:05
that he's been suffering
from a very powerful form of homesickness.
from a very powerful form of homesickness.
152
473623
4165
他的問題是出於
一種非常強大的思鄉病。
一種非常強大的思鄉病。
08:09
It's so powerful,
that it might have killed him.
that it might have killed him.
153
477812
2473
強大到很可能會害死他。
08:13
Well, in 1688, a young doctor,
Johannes Hofer,
Johannes Hofer,
154
481347
3268
在 1688 年，有一位年輕醫生
叫做約翰尼斯．霍費爾，
叫做約翰尼斯．霍費爾，
08:16
heard of this case and others like it
155
484639
2032
他聽到了這個案例
以及其他相似案例，
以及其他相似案例，
08:18
and christened the illness "nostalgia."
156
486695
3107
把這種病命名為「鄉愁」。
08:22
The diagnosis quickly caught on
in medical circles around Europe.
in medical circles around Europe.
157
490843
3480
這項診斷很快就在
歐洲的醫療圈傳開。
歐洲的醫療圈傳開。
08:26
The English actually thought
they were probably immune
they were probably immune
158
494347
2572
英國人還認為自己免疫，
因為他們在大英帝國
做過這麼多旅行等等。
做過這麼多旅行等等。
08:28
because of all the travel they did
in the empire and so on.
in the empire and so on.
159
496943
2835
08:31
But soon there were cases
cropping up in Britain, too.
cropping up in Britain, too.
160
499802
2548
但很快在英國也有案例開始出現了。
08:34
The last person to die from nostalgia
161
502374
2868
最後一個死於鄉愁的人
08:37
was an American soldier fighting
during the First World War in France.
during the First World War in France.
162
505266
4656
是一名美國大兵，
一次大戰時在法國作戰。
一次大戰時在法國作戰。
08:43
How is it possible
that you could die from nostalgia
that you could die from nostalgia
163
511363
3569
怎麼可能真有人死於鄉愁，
08:46
less than a hundred years ago?
164
514956
1812
而且還是不到一百年前的事？
08:48
But today, not only does the word
mean something different --
mean something different --
165
516792
3072
但現今，鄉愁這個詞
有不同的意義──
有不同的意義──
08:51
a sickening for a lost time
rather than a lost place --
rather than a lost place --
166
519888
3436
對於失去的時間，
而非失去的地方，感到煩惱──
而非失去的地方，感到煩惱──
08:55
but homesickness itself
is seen as less serious,
is seen as less serious,
167
523348
3298
而且思鄉這件事本身
也不那麼被認真看待了，
也不那麼被認真看待了，
08:58
sort of downgraded from something
you could die from
you could die from
168
526670
2541
有點像是被降級了，從會致死的病
09:01
to something you're mainly worried
your kid might be suffering from
your kid might be suffering from
169
529235
3249
降級到只是你擔心
你的孩子在朋友家過夜時
你的孩子在朋友家過夜時
可能會有的感受而已。
09:04
at a sleepover.
170
532508
1168
09:05
This change seems to have happened
in the early 20th century.
in the early 20th century.
171
533700
4118
這種轉變似乎是在
二十世紀初發生的。
二十世紀初發生的。
09:09
But why?
172
537842
1219
但為什麼？
09:11
Was it the invention of telephones
or the expansion of the railways?
or the expansion of the railways?
173
539085
4232
是因為電話的發明或是鐵路的擴展？
09:15
Was it perhaps the coming of modernity,
174
543341
2981
還是因為現代性的到來，
09:18
with its celebration of restlessness
and travel and progress
and travel and progress
175
546346
3729
頌揚的是不定性、旅行、前進，
09:22
that made sickening for the familiar
176
550099
2517
讓這種煩惱
09:24
seem rather unambitious?
177
552640
1596
變得似乎很平凡了？
09:27
You and I inherit that massive
transformation in values,
transformation in values,
178
555324
5018
你我都繼承了那種價值觀的大轉變，
09:32
and it's one reason why we might not
feel homesickness today
feel homesickness today
179
560366
3257
那是現今我們的思鄉感不會像以前
09:35
as acutely as we used to.
180
563647
2016
那麼劇烈的原因之一。
09:39
It's important to understand
181
567139
2056
很重要的是要了解到，
09:41
that these large historical changes
influence our emotions
influence our emotions
182
569219
3536
這些歷史的大改變
會影響我們的情緒，
會影響我們的情緒，
09:44
partly because they affect
how we feel about how we feel.
how we feel about how we feel.
183
572779
3815
部分原因是因為它們會影響
我們對自己感受的感受。
我們對自己感受的感受。
09:48
Today, we celebrate happiness.
184
576991
2515
現今，我們頌揚快樂。
09:51
Happiness is supposed
to make us better workers
to make us better workers
185
579988
3269
快樂應該會讓我們成為
更好的工作者、父母、伴侶；
09:55
and parents and partners;
186
583281
2167
09:57
it's supposed to make us live longer.
187
585472
2476
快樂應該會讓我們更長壽。
09:59
In the 16th century,
188
587972
1825
在十六世紀，
10:01
sadness was thought to do
most of those things.
most of those things.
189
589821
2848
悲傷有上述大部分的功能。
10:04
It's even possible to read
self-help books from that period
self-help books from that period
190
592693
3398
在那個時期，甚至有可能
自助書籍的內容，
自助書籍的內容，
10:08
which try to encourage sadness in readers
191
596115
2573
是列出一堆讓人失望的理由，
10:10
by giving them lists of reasons
to be disappointed.
to be disappointed.
192
598712
2966
來鼓勵讀者悲傷。
10:13
(Laughter)
193
601702
1042
（笑聲）
10:14
These self-help authors thought
you could cultivate sadness as a skill,
you could cultivate sadness as a skill,
194
602768
4247
自助書作者認為你能夠
培養悲傷這項技能，
培養悲傷這項技能，
10:19
since being expert in it
would make you more resilient
would make you more resilient
195
607039
3158
當你變成悲傷專家，
難免遇到壞事發生時，
你的恢復力就會較佳。
你的恢復力就會較佳。
10:22
when something bad did happen to you,
as invariably it would.
as invariably it would.
196
610221
3482
10:26
I think we could learn from this today.
197
614195
2436
我想，現今我們能從這現象中學習。
10:28
Feel sad today, and you might feel
impatient, even a little ashamed.
impatient, even a little ashamed.
198
616655
5171
現今，若感到悲傷，你可能會
無法忍受，甚至有點羞恥。
無法忍受，甚至有點羞恥。
10:33
Feel sad in the 16th century,
and you might feel a little bit smug.
and you might feel a little bit smug.
199
621850
4097
在十六世紀，若感到悲傷，
你可能會覺得有點沾沾自喜。
你可能會覺得有點沾沾自喜。
10:39
Of course, our emotions
don't just change across time,
don't just change across time,
200
627391
3271
當然，我們的情緒不只會隨時間改變，
10:42
they also change from place to place.
201
630686
2238
不同地方的情緒也會有不同。
10:45
The Baining people of Papua New Guinea
speak of "awumbuk,"
speak of "awumbuk,"
202
633526
4579
巴布亞紐幾內亞的拜寧人
會說「awumbuk」，
會說「awumbuk」，
10:50
a feeling of lethargy that descends
when a houseguest finally leaves.
when a houseguest finally leaves.
203
638129
4178
來家裡過夜的訪客終於離開之後
會突然出現的一種沒精打采感。
會突然出現的一種沒精打采感。
10:54
(Laughter)
204
642331
1087
（笑聲）
10:55
Now, you or I might feel relief,
205
643442
2589
這種時候，你我可能會覺得鬆了一口氣，
10:58
but in Baining culture,
206
646055
2117
但在拜寧文化中，
11:00
departing guests are thought
to shed a sort of heaviness
to shed a sort of heaviness
207
648196
3077
人們認為即將離開的客人
會落下一種沉重感，
會落下一種沉重感，
11:03
so they can travel more easily,
208
651297
1754
這樣他們會比較容易上路，
11:05
and this heaviness infects the air
and causes this awumbuk.
and causes this awumbuk.
209
653075
3128
而這種沉重感會感染空氣，
造成主人的這種 awumbuk。
造成主人的這種 awumbuk。
11:08
And so what they do is leave
a bowl of water out overnight
a bowl of water out overnight
210
656227
2821
他們的做法是把
一碗水放在外面整夜，
一碗水放在外面整夜，
來吸收這種空氣，
11:11
to absorb this air,
211
659072
1176
11:12
and then very early the next morning,
they wake up and have a ceremony
they wake up and have a ceremony
212
660272
3376
隔天一早，他們起床就會做個儀式，
然後把這碗水丟掉。
11:15
and throw the water away.
213
663672
1224
11:16
Now, here's a good example
214
664920
1263
還有一個好例子，
11:18
of spiritual practices
and geographical realities combining
and geographical realities combining
215
666207
4037
說明將靈修和地理現實結合，
11:22
to bring a distinct emotion into life
216
670268
2454
將一種獨特的情緒帶到人生中，
11:24
and make it disappear again.
217
672746
1760
再讓它消失。
11:27
One of my favorite emotions
is a Japanese word, "amae."
is a Japanese word, "amae."
218
675836
4633
我最喜歡的情緒之一，
是一個日本字「amae」。
是一個日本字「amae」。
11:33
Amae is a very common word in Japan,
219
681425
2332
在日本，amae 是個很常見的字，
11:35
but it is actually quite
hard to translate.
hard to translate.
220
683781
2028
但很難翻譯。
11:37
It means something like
the pleasure that you get
the pleasure that you get
221
685833
2539
它的意思類似是一種愉悅，
11:40
when you're able to temporarily
hand over responsibility for your life
hand over responsibility for your life
222
688396
3994
當你能暫時將你人生責任交給他人時
11:44
to someone else.
223
692414
1304
產生的愉悅。
11:45
(Laughter)
224
693742
1010
（笑聲）
11:46
Now, anthropologists suggest
225
694776
1667
人類學者指出，
11:48
that one reason why this word
might have been named and celebrated
might have been named and celebrated
226
696467
4028
在日本會將這個字命名
並頌揚的原因之一，
11:52
in Japan
227
700519
1188
11:53
is because of that country's
traditionally collectivist culture,
traditionally collectivist culture,
228
701731
3934
是因為該國在傳統上
有種集體主義文化，
有種集體主義文化，
11:57
whereas the feeling of dependency
229
705689
3066
而依賴的感受
12:00
may be more fraught
amongst English speakers,
amongst English speakers,
230
708779
2860
可能會被英語人士
認為是令人憂慮的，
認為是令人憂慮的，
12:03
who have learned to value
self-sufficiency and individualism.
self-sufficiency and individualism.
231
711663
4259
因為這些人過去學的是
自給自足及個人主義。
自給自足及個人主義。
12:09
This might be a little simplistic,
232
717152
2387
這樣說可能有點過分簡單化，
12:11
but it is tantalizing.
233
719563
1754
但很讓人著迷。
12:13
What might our emotional languages
tell us not just about what we feel,
tell us not just about what we feel,
234
721889
5374
有沒有可能，我們的情緒語言
告訴我們的，不只是我們的感受，
告訴我們的，不只是我們的感受，
12:19
but about what we value most?
235
727287
2907
還有我們最珍視的是什麼？
12:24
Most people who tell us
to pay attention to our well-being
to pay attention to our well-being
236
732877
4104
大部分的人告訴我們
要注意我們的幸福，
要注意我們的幸福，
12:29
talk of the importance
of naming our emotions.
of naming our emotions.
237
737005
3709
他們會談到將我們的情緒
名稱說出來的重要性。
名稱說出來的重要性。
12:32
But these names aren't neutral labels.
238
740738
3233
但這些名字並不是中立的標籤。
12:35
They are freighted with our culture's
values and expectations,
values and expectations,
239
743995
3225
它們裝滿了我們文化的價值和期待，
12:39
and they transmit ideas
about who we think we are.
about who we think we are.
240
747244
3326
它們會傳遞關於我們認為
我們是什麼人的想法。
我們是什麼人的想法。
12:43
Learning new and unusual words
for emotions will help attune us
for emotions will help attune us
241
751650
4072
學習新的和不尋常的情緒字詞，
能協助我們適應內在人生中
紋理更細密的面向。
紋理更細密的面向。
12:47
to the more finely grained
aspects of our inner lives.
aspects of our inner lives.
242
755746
3487
12:51
But more than this, I think these
words are worth caring about,
words are worth caring about,
243
759802
3706
不只如此，我認為
這些字詞是值得在乎的，
這些字詞是值得在乎的，
12:55
because they remind us
how powerful the connection is
how powerful the connection is
244
763532
3343
因為它們會提醒我們，我們的想法
12:58
between what we think
245
766899
1492
和我們最終的感受間的連結有多強大。
13:00
and how we end up feeling.
246
768415
1826
13:03
True emotional intelligence
requires that we understand
requires that we understand
247
771156
4015
要有真正的情緒智慧，我們得要了解
13:07
the social, the political,
the cultural forces
the cultural forces
248
775195
4804
社會、政治和文化的力量，
13:12
that have shaped what we've come
to believe about our emotions
to believe about our emotions
249
780023
3533
因為這些力量形塑了
我們相信我們擁有的情緒，
我們相信我們擁有的情緒，
13:15
and understand how happiness
or hatred or love or anger
or hatred or love or anger
250
783580
6118
我們也需要去了解
快樂、恨、愛或生氣
快樂、恨、愛或生氣
13:21
might still be changing now.
251
789722
2487
現在可能還如何在改變著。
13:24
Because if we want to measure our emotions
252
792698
2888
因為如果我們想要測量我們的情緒，
13:27
and teach them in our schools
253
795610
1943
並在我們的學校中教導情緒，
13:29
and listen as our politicians
tell us how important they are,
tell us how important they are,
254
797577
3609
且在我們的政客告訴我們
情緒有多重要時能夠傾聽，
情緒有多重要時能夠傾聽，
13:33
then it is a good idea that we understand
255
801210
2200
那麼我們最好要能夠了解
13:35
where the assumptions we have about them
256
803434
1956
我們對於情緒的假設是來自何處，
13:37
have come from,
257
805414
1180
13:38
and whether they still
truly speak to us now.
truly speak to us now.
258
806618
3304
以及現在它們是否仍然
真正在對我們說話。
真正在對我們說話。
13:43
I want to end with an emotion I often feel
259
811478
2080
我想要用我身為歷史學家常常
13:45
when I'm working as a historian.
260
813582
1984
感受到的一種情緒來作結。
13:47
It's a French word, "dépaysement."
261
815590
2461
是個法文字「dépaysement」。
13:50
It evokes the giddy disorientation
that you feel in an unfamiliar place.
that you feel in an unfamiliar place.
262
818495
4809
當你身處在一個不熟悉的地方時，
會產生的暈眩迷失方向感。
會產生的暈眩迷失方向感。
身為歷史學家，我最喜歡的一點是
13:55
One of my favorite parts
of being a historian
of being a historian
263
823328
2096
13:57
is when something
I've completely taken for granted,
I've completely taken for granted,
264
825448
2484
當我完全視為理所當然的東西，
13:59
some very familiar part of my life,
265
827956
2571
我人生中非常熟悉的部分，
14:02
is suddenly made strange again.
266
830551
2084
突然又變得陌生了。
14:05
Dépaysement is unsettling,
267
833262
2817
Dépaysement 會使人不安，
14:08
but it's exciting, too.
268
836103
1855
但也讓人興奮。
14:09
And I hope you might be having
just a little glimpse of it right now.
just a little glimpse of it right now.
269
837982
3534
我希望你們現在也有
一點點這樣子的感受。
一點點這樣子的感受。
14:13
Thank you.
270
841540
1167
謝謝。
14:14
(Applause)
271
842731
2801
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tiffany Watt Smith - Cultural historianTiffany Watt Smith investigates the hidden cultural forces which shape our emotions.
Why you should listen
Tiffany Watt Smith is the author of The Book of Human Emotions, which tells the stories of 154 feelings from around the world. It has been published in 9 countries so far. She is currently a Wellcome Trust research fellow at the Centre for the History of the Emotions at Queen Mary University of London, and she was educated at the Universities of Cambridge and London. Her writing has appeared in The Guardian, the BBC News Magazine and The New Scientist. In 2014, she was named a BBC New Generation Thinker. In her previous career, she was a theatre director.
Tiffany Watt Smith | Speaker | TED.com