TED2019
Bruce Friedrich: The next global agricultural revolution
布鲁斯·弗里德里克: 下一场全球农业革命
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传统肉类生产对我们的环境造成了危害，也给全人类的健康带来风险。但是人们并不会减少食用肉类，除非我们能够提供一些价格相当（或更便宜）、且口味一致（或更好）的替代品。在这场令人眼界大开的演讲中，食物改革家和TED成员布鲁斯·弗里德里克展示了植物肉和细胞肉产品，它们会很快促进全球肉类产业转型——也会改变你的晚餐。
Bruce Friedrich - Food innovator
TED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less. Full bio
TED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In 2019, humanity received a warning:
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2019年，人类了收到一个警告，
00:17
30 of the world's leading scientists
released the results
released the results
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30位世界顶尖的科学家
发布了一项
发布了一项
对全球农业长达三年的
研究结果，
研究结果，
00:20
of a massive three-year study
into global agriculture
into global agriculture
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宣称肉类的生产
正在摧毁我们的家园，
正在摧毁我们的家园，
00:23
and declared that meat production
is destroying our planet
is destroying our planet
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并危害全球安全。
00:27
and jeopardizing global health.
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00:29
One of the study's authors explained
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该研究的一位作者解释说：
“人类正在危害地球的稳定...
00:31
that "humanity now poses a threat
to the stability of the planet ...
to the stability of the planet ...
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（为解决问题）我们需要
一场新的世界农业革命。“
一场新的世界农业革命。“
00:35
[This requires] nothing less than
a new global agricultural revolution."
a new global agricultural revolution."
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00:40
As somebody who's spent
the last two decades
the last two decades
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作为一个把过去
二十年的时间都花在
二十年的时间都花在
倡议工业肉类生产转型的人，
00:43
advocating a shift away
from industrial meat production,
from industrial meat production,
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我曾经相信这个号召
会带来些许改变。
会带来些许改变。
00:46
I wanted to believe that this clarion call
was going to make a difference.
was going to make a difference.
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然而，几十年来
此类事件还是反复发生。
此类事件还是反复发生。
00:50
The thing is, I've seen this sort of thing
again and again and again for decades.
again and again and again for decades.
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00:55
Here's 2018 from the journal "Nature,"
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这是2018年《自然》杂志的一篇文章，
这是2017年《生物科学杂志》的一篇文章，
00:59
2017 from "Bioscience Journal,"
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这是2016年
《美国科学院学报》上的文章，
《美国科学院学报》上的文章，
01:02
2016 from the National
Academy of Sciences.
Academy of Sciences.
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01:06
The main point of these studies
tends to be climate change.
tends to be climate change.
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这些研究的重点都是气候变化。
但抗生素耐药性
也是一个很大的威胁。
也是一个很大的威胁。
01:10
But antibiotic resistance
represents just as big of a threat.
represents just as big of a threat.
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01:14
We are feeding massive doses
of antibiotics to farm animals.
of antibiotics to farm animals.
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我们给农场动物
喂食大量的抗生素。
喂食大量的抗生素。
01:18
These antibiotics are then
mutating into superbugs
mutating into superbugs
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这些抗生素随后
转变为超级细菌，
转变为超级细菌，
使得我们有生之年
研究出的抗生素
研究出的抗生素
01:22
that threaten to render
antibiotics obsolete
antibiotics obsolete
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都不再有效。
01:25
within all of our lifetimes.
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01:27
You want a scare?
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想知道后果吗？
可以去百度一下
“有效抗生素的终结”。
“有效抗生素的终结”。
01:29
Google: "the end of working antibiotics."
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01:32
I'm going to get one thing out of the way:
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我想说明的是：
我不是来教大家该吃什么的。
01:34
I am not here to tell anybody what to eat.
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01:37
Individual action is great,
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个体行为固然很好，
但是要解决抗生素耐药性
和气候变化问题——
和气候变化问题——
01:39
but antibiotic resistance
and climate change --
and climate change --
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这还远远不够。
01:42
they require more.
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01:44
Besides, convincing the world
to eat less meat hasn't worked.
to eat less meat hasn't worked.
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并且，劝大家少吃肉
是没有效果的。
是没有效果的。
01:48
For 50 years, environmentalists,
global health experts and animal activists
global health experts and animal activists
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50多年来，环境学家，
国际卫生专家以及动物保护者
国际卫生专家以及动物保护者
一直苦口婆心地
劝告大家少吃肉。
劝告大家少吃肉。
01:53
have been begging the public
to eat less meat.
to eat less meat.
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01:57
And yet, per capita meat consumption
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然而，人均肉类消耗量
自有历史记载以来
一直都居高不下。
一直都居高不下。
01:59
is as high as it's been
in recorded history.
in recorded history.
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02:03
The average North American last year
ate more than 200 pounds of meat.
ate more than 200 pounds of meat.
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去年北美人均消耗肉类
200多磅（约90.7kg）。
200多磅（约90.7kg）。
02:07
And I didn't eat any.
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我可一点肉都没吃。
（笑声）
02:09
(Laughter)
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这意味着有人吃了400磅。
02:10
Which means somebody out there
ate 400 pounds of meat.
ate 400 pounds of meat.
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（笑声）
02:13
(Laughter)
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以目前的趋势来看，
02:15
On our current trajectory,
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到2050年，我们生产的肉类
要比现在多70％-100％。
要比现在多70％-100％。
02:17
we're going to need to be producing
70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050.
70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050.
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这个问题需要
全人类一起解决。
全人类一起解决。
02:22
This requires a global solution.
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02:25
What we need to do is we need to produce
the meat that people love,
the meat that people love,
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我们需要做的是，
生产人们喜爱的肉类，
生产人们喜爱的肉类，
02:29
but we need to produce it
in a whole new way.
in a whole new way.
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不过我们要以一种
全新的方式生产。
全新的方式生产。
02:32
I've got a couple of ideas.
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我有几个主意。
其一：从植物中生产肉。
02:34
Idea number one:
let's grow meat from plants.
let's grow meat from plants.
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不再把植物当作动物饲料，
02:37
Instead of growing plants,
feeding them to animals,
feeding them to animals,
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那样效率太低了。
02:40
and all of that inefficiency,
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我们可以种植物，
然后仿生肉类，
然后仿生肉类，
02:41
let's grow those plants,
let's biomimic meat with them,
let's biomimic meat with them,
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做出素肉。
02:44
let's make plant-based meat.
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02:46
Idea number two: for actual animal meat,
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其二：如果想做真的肉，
我们可以用细胞培育。
02:49
let's grow it directly from cells.
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而不是养殖牲畜，
我们直接培育细胞。
我们直接培育细胞。
02:52
Instead of growing live animals,
let's grow the cells directly.
let's grow the cells directly.
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02:55
It takes six weeks to grow
a chicken to slaughter weight.
a chicken to slaughter weight.
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将鸡养到可以屠宰
的重量需要六周。
的重量需要六周。
直接培育细胞的话，
要达到同样大小，
要达到同样大小，
02:58
Grow the cells directly,
you can get that same growth
you can get that same growth
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03:01
in six days.
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只需六天。
03:03
This is what that looks like at scale.
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这就是规模化的生产过程。
03:07
It's your friendly
neighborhood meat brewery.
neighborhood meat brewery.
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就像是你家附近美妙的
肉类“啤酒厂”。
肉类“啤酒厂”。
（笑声）
03:09
(Laughter)
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我想说的有两点。
03:12
I want to make two points about this.
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一是：我们相信
我们能够做到。
我们能够做到。
03:14
The first one is, we believe we can do it.
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近年来，有些公司
已经在生产素肉了，
已经在生产素肉了，
03:16
In recent years, some companies
have been producing meat from plants
have been producing meat from plants
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消费者分别不出素肉
和真肉口感的区别。
和真肉口感的区别。
03:20
that consumers cannot distinguish
from actual animal meat,
from actual animal meat,
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并且，有一批工厂
已经直接从细胞中
已经直接从细胞中
03:24
and there are now dozens of companies
growing actual animal meat
growing actual animal meat
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生产肉类。
03:28
directly from cells.
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素肉和细胞肉
03:30
This plant-based and cell-based meat
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能还提供消费者喜爱的
关于肉的一切 ——
关于肉的一切 ——
03:32
gives consumers everything
that they love about meat --
that they love about meat --
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味道，质地，等等。
03:35
the taste, the texture and so on --
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但不需要抗生素，
03:37
but with no need for antibiotics
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对地球气候也
只有很小的影响。
只有很小的影响。
03:39
and with a fraction of the adverse
impact on the climate.
impact on the climate.
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03:43
And because these two technologies
are so much more efficient,
are so much more efficient,
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由于这两项技术
生产肉类效率如此高，
生产肉类效率如此高，
如果大规模生产，
03:46
at production scale
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肉类产品会更便宜。
03:47
these products will be cheaper.
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03:50
But one quick point about that --
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但是要知道，
这项技术不那么简单。
03:52
it's not going to be easy.
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生产素肉的公司已经
在产品上投入大笔资金，
在产品上投入大笔资金，
03:54
These plant-based companies have spent
small fortunes on their burgers,
small fortunes on their burgers,
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细胞肉也没有完全进入市场。
03:58
and cell-based meat has not yet
been commercialized at all.
been commercialized at all.
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04:02
So we're going to need all hands on deck
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所以我们需要所有人共同努力，
来建造全球范围的产业。
04:04
to make these the global meat industry.
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04:07
For starters, we need
the present meat industry.
the present meat industry.
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首先，我们仍需要
现存的肉类产业。
现存的肉类产业。
04:11
We don't want to disrupt
the meat industry,
the meat industry,
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我们不想干扰肉类产业，
我们想要它转型。
04:13
we want to transform it.
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我们需要他们的经济规模，
04:15
We need their economies of scale,
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他们的全球供应链，营销技术，
04:17
their global supply chain,
their marketing expertise
their marketing expertise
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以及广大消费者的基础。
04:20
and their massive consumer base.
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04:22
We also need governments.
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我们还需要各国政府的支持。
各国政府每年在全球健康和环境方面的
04:24
Governments spend tens of billions
of dollars every single year
of dollars every single year
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研究和开发上
04:28
on research and development
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花费了数百亿美元。
04:30
focused on global health
and the environment.
and the environment.
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04:33
They should be putting some of that money
into optimizing and perfecting
into optimizing and perfecting
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他们应该把部分资金
用来优化和完善
用来优化和完善
素肉和细胞肉的生产。
04:36
the production of plant-based
and cell-based meat.
and cell-based meat.
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04:41
Look, tens of thousands of people
died from antibiotic-resistant superbugs
died from antibiotic-resistant superbugs
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在北美，仅仅去年一年，
就有数以万计的人们死于
有抗生素耐药性的超级病菌。
有抗生素耐药性的超级病菌。
04:46
in North America just last year.
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04:50
By 2050, that number is going to be
10 million per year globally.
10 million per year globally.
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到2050年，该数字
会达到每年全球数千万。
会达到每年全球数千万。
04:56
And climate change represents
an existential threat
an existential threat
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还有，气候变化
对全球很多家庭
对全球很多家庭
构成了毁灭性的威胁，
05:00
to huge portions of our global family,
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这里面包括一部分
全球最贫困人口。
全球最贫困人口。
05:03
including some of the poorest people
on the face of the planet.
on the face of the planet.
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05:07
Climate change, antibiotic resistance --
these are global emergencies.
these are global emergencies.
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气候变化、抗生素耐药性
都是全球性紧急事件。
都是全球性紧急事件。
05:12
Meat production is exacerbating
these emergencies on a global scale.
these emergencies on a global scale.
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肉类生产恶化了
它们的紧急程度。
它们的紧急程度。
05:17
But we are not going
to decrease meat consumption
to decrease meat consumption
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但我们不会减少肉类消耗，
除非我们能提供给消费者
05:20
unless we give consumers alternatives
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一些同样价钱或更加便宜，
口味相同或更好的替代品。
口味相同或更好的替代品。
05:22
that cost the same or less
and that taste the same or better.
and that taste the same or better.
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05:27
We have the solution.
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我们有解决方案。
05:29
Let's make meat from plants.
Let's grow it directly from cells.
Let's grow it directly from cells.
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让我们用植物生产肉，
或直接用细胞培育。
或直接用细胞培育。
我们已经动用了所需的资源，
05:33
It's past time that we mobilize
the resources that are necessary
the resources that are necessary
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是时候进行下一场
全球农业革命了。
全球农业革命了。
05:37
to create the next global
agricultural revolution.
agricultural revolution.
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05:42
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
05:43
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bruce Friedrich - Food innovatorTED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less.
Why you should listen
Bruce Friedrich is cofounder and executive director of The Good Food Institute (GFI), an international nonprofit that is fostering a sustainable, healthy and just agricultural system through food innovation. With branches in the United States, India, Israel, Brazil, Europe and Asia Pacific, GFI is accelerating the production of plant-based and cell-based meat, eggs and dairy in order to bolster the global protein supply while protecting our environment, promoting global health and preventing food insecurity and animal cruelty. Friedrich has penned op-eds for the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Wired and many other publications. He has appeared on The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, CBS Evening News and a variety of programs on MSNBC, Fox News, and CNN. Friedrich has coauthored two books, contributed chapters to seven more, and has written seven law review articles. Watch his TEDxSonoma talk here.
Friedrich graduated magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, from the Georgetown University Law Center and holds degrees from Johns Hopkins University and the London School of Economics.
Bruce Friedrich | Speaker | TED.com