TED2019
Bruce Friedrich: The next global agricultural revolution
布魯斯·弗里德里希: 下一個全球農業革命
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傳統肉品的製造會危害我們的環境並給全球健康帶來風險，但人們不會減少吃肉，除非我們給他們同樣價錢（或比較便宜）且口味相同（或更好）的替代品。在一場大開眼界的演講中，食品改革家和 TED 研究會員布魯斯·弗里德里希說明了植物和細胞產品可能很快改變全球肉類產業──以及你的晚餐。
Bruce Friedrich - Food innovator
TED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less. Full bio
TED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In 2019, humanity received a warning:
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2019 年，人類收到一個警告：
00:17
30 of the world's leading scientists
released the results
released the results
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30 位世界頂尖科學家發佈了一項
00:20
of a massive three-year study
into global agriculture
into global agriculture
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為期三年的全球農業研究結果，
00:23
and declared that meat production
is destroying our planet
is destroying our planet
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並聲明肉類生產正在摧毀地球，
00:27
and jeopardizing global health.
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以及危害全世界的健康。
00:29
One of the study's authors explained
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其中一位研究者解釋說：
00:31
that "humanity now poses a threat
to the stability of the planet ...
to the stability of the planet ...
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「人類現在對地球的穩定
構成了威脅……
構成了威脅……
00:35
[This requires] nothing less than
a new global agricultural revolution."
a new global agricultural revolution."
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這至少需要一場新的
全球農業革命。」
全球農業革命。」
00:40
As somebody who's spent
the last two decades
the last two decades
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過去二十年來，
00:43
advocating a shift away
from industrial meat production,
from industrial meat production,
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我主張禁吃肉製產品，
00:46
I wanted to believe that this clarion call
was going to make a difference.
was going to make a difference.
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我一直想相信這個號召
將會帶來一些改變。
將會帶來一些改變。
00:50
The thing is, I've seen this sort of thing
again and again and again for decades.
again and again and again for decades.
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但說實在的，數十年來
我看到這事重覆地不斷發生。
我看到這事重覆地不斷發生。
00:55
Here's 2018 from the journal "Nature,"
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這是 2018 年的「自然」雜誌寫的。
（大量減少吃肉對避免破壞氣候
「至關重要」）
「至關重要」）
00:59
2017 from "Bioscience Journal,"
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這是 2017 年
「生物科學期刊」寫的。
「生物科學期刊」寫的。
（16000 科學家提出
關於地球健康的嚴重警告）
關於地球健康的嚴重警告）
01:02
2016 from the National
Academy of Sciences.
Academy of Sciences.
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2016 年美國國家科學院所提出的
（少吃肉對地球的重大影響）。
（少吃肉對地球的重大影響）。
01:06
The main point of these studies
tends to be climate change.
tends to be climate change.
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這些研究的重點
通常是有關氣候變化，
通常是有關氣候變化，
01:10
But antibiotic resistance
represents just as big of a threat.
represents just as big of a threat.
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但抗生素抗藥性同樣也是一大威脅。
01:14
We are feeding massive doses
of antibiotics to farm animals.
of antibiotics to farm animals.
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我們餵大量抗生素給農場的動物吃。
01:18
These antibiotics are then
mutating into superbugs
mutating into superbugs
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而這些抗生素讓細菌
突變為超級細菌，
突變為超級細菌，
01:22
that threaten to render
antibiotics obsolete
antibiotics obsolete
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牠們在我們有生之年
可能讓抗生素失效。
可能讓抗生素失效。
01:25
within all of our lifetimes.
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01:27
You want a scare?
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你想知道一個恐怖的事嗎？
01:29
Google: "the end of working antibiotics."
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在谷歌搜尋：
「有效抗生素的末日。」
「有效抗生素的末日。」
01:32
I'm going to get one thing out of the way:
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我要先說明一件事情：
01:34
I am not here to tell anybody what to eat.
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我不是來告訴大家要吃什麼。
01:37
Individual action is great,
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個別行動是好，
01:39
but antibiotic resistance
and climate change --
and climate change --
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但抗生素抗藥性和氣候變遷──
01:42
they require more.
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它們所需更多。
01:44
Besides, convincing the world
to eat less meat hasn't worked.
to eat less meat hasn't worked.
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此外，說服大家少吃肉尚不見成效。
01:48
For 50 years, environmentalists,
global health experts and animal activists
global health experts and animal activists
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50 年來，環保主義者、
全球健康專家和動物維護者
全球健康專家和動物維護者
01:53
have been begging the public
to eat less meat.
to eat less meat.
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一直在懇求大眾少吃肉。
01:57
And yet, per capita meat consumption
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然而，目前人均肉類消費量
01:59
is as high as it's been
in recorded history.
in recorded history.
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是歷史記錄上最高的。
02:03
The average North American last year
ate more than 200 pounds of meat.
ate more than 200 pounds of meat.
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去年每位北美人士
平均吃了 200 多磅肉，
平均吃了 200 多磅肉，
02:07
And I didn't eat any.
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而我都沒吃。
02:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:10
Which means somebody out there
ate 400 pounds of meat.
ate 400 pounds of meat.
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這意謂著這裡
有人吃了 400 磅的肉。
有人吃了 400 磅的肉。
02:13
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:15
On our current trajectory,
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照這樣繼續下去，
02:17
we're going to need to be producing
70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050.
70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050.
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2050 年之前，我們就需要
增產 70％ 至 100％ 的肉，
增產 70％ 至 100％ 的肉，
02:22
This requires a global solution.
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這需要一個全球解決方案。
02:25
What we need to do is we need to produce
the meat that people love,
the meat that people love,
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我們要做的是
需要生產人們喜愛的肉，
需要生產人們喜愛的肉，
02:29
but we need to produce it
in a whole new way.
in a whole new way.
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可是需以全新方式生產它。
02:32
I've got a couple of ideas.
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我有幾點想法。
02:34
Idea number one:
let's grow meat from plants.
let's grow meat from plants.
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想法一：我們種植物來做肉。
02:37
Instead of growing plants,
feeding them to animals,
feeding them to animals,
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而不是種植物來餵動物，
02:40
and all of that inefficiency,
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這些沒效率的過程。
02:41
let's grow those plants,
let's biomimic meat with them,
let's biomimic meat with them,
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我們來種那些植物，
用它們來仿生肉，
用它們來仿生肉，
02:44
let's make plant-based meat.
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作出植物肉。
02:46
Idea number two: for actual animal meat,
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想法二：對於真正的動物肉，
02:49
let's grow it directly from cells.
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我們直接用細胞培育。
02:52
Instead of growing live animals,
let's grow the cells directly.
let's grow the cells directly.
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直接培養細胞，
不要養活生生的動物。
不要養活生生的動物。
02:55
It takes six weeks to grow
a chicken to slaughter weight.
a chicken to slaughter weight.
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將雞養到可屠宰的大小需要六週；
02:58
Grow the cells directly,
you can get that same growth
you can get that same growth
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直接培養細胞，
在六天內就可達到同樣的大小。
03:01
in six days.
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03:03
This is what that looks like at scale.
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真正看起來就是這樣子，
03:07
It's your friendly
neighborhood meat brewery.
neighborhood meat brewery.
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這就是你家附近的肉類釀製廠。
03:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:12
I want to make two points about this.
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我想對此提出兩點重點。
03:14
The first one is, we believe we can do it.
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第一是：我們相信我們可以做到。
03:16
In recent years, some companies
have been producing meat from plants
have been producing meat from plants
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近年來，一些公司用植物製造肉品，
03:20
that consumers cannot distinguish
from actual animal meat,
from actual animal meat,
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消費者無法與真正肉類作分辨，
03:24
and there are now dozens of companies
growing actual animal meat
growing actual animal meat
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現在有數十家公司
直接用細胞培育真的動物肉。
直接用細胞培育真的動物肉。
03:28
directly from cells.
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03:30
This plant-based and cell-based meat
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植物肉和細胞肉
03:32
gives consumers everything
that they love about meat --
that they love about meat --
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可提供消費者對肉類喜歡的東西──
03:35
the taste, the texture and so on --
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味道、質地等等，
03:37
but with no need for antibiotics
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但不需要抗生素，
03:39
and with a fraction of the adverse
impact on the climate.
impact on the climate.
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且只會對氣候有少許的負面影響。
03:43
And because these two technologies
are so much more efficient,
are so much more efficient,
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因為這兩種技術效率更高，
03:46
at production scale
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如果大規模生產，
03:47
these products will be cheaper.
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產品會更便宜。
03:50
But one quick point about that --
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但還有一點──
03:52
it's not going to be easy.
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這並不容易。
03:54
These plant-based companies have spent
small fortunes on their burgers,
small fortunes on their burgers,
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這些做植物肉的公司
已經在他們的漢堡上投資了不少錢，
已經在他們的漢堡上投資了不少錢，
03:58
and cell-based meat has not yet
been commercialized at all.
been commercialized at all.
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而細胞肉都還未商業化。
04:02
So we're going to need all hands on deck
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因此，我們需要共同合作
04:04
to make these the global meat industry.
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以使它成為全球肉類產業。
04:07
For starters, we need
the present meat industry.
the present meat industry.
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首先，我們還是需要目前的肉類產業。
04:11
We don't want to disrupt
the meat industry,
the meat industry,
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我們不想破壞肉類產業，
04:13
we want to transform it.
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我們希望改變它。
04:15
We need their economies of scale,
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我們需要他們的經濟規模、
04:17
their global supply chain,
their marketing expertise
their marketing expertise
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全球供應鏈、營銷專業知識
04:20
and their massive consumer base.
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和他們廣大的消費群。
04:22
We also need governments.
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我們還需要政府。
04:24
Governments spend tens of billions
of dollars every single year
of dollars every single year
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政府每年花數百億美元，
04:28
on research and development
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專注於全球健康
和環境的研究與發展上。
和環境的研究與發展上。
04:30
focused on global health
and the environment.
and the environment.
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04:33
They should be putting some of that money
into optimizing and perfecting
into optimizing and perfecting
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他們應該提撥部分資金，
用於優化和完善
用於優化和完善
04:36
the production of plant-based
and cell-based meat.
and cell-based meat.
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植物肉和細胞肉的製造。
04:41
Look, tens of thousands of people
died from antibiotic-resistant superbugs
died from antibiotic-resistant superbugs
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瞧！僅僅去年，北美就有數萬人
死於抗生素抗藥性的超級細菌。
04:46
in North America just last year.
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04:50
By 2050, that number is going to be
10 million per year globally.
10 million per year globally.
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到 2050 年，全球將會有
每年 1000 萬人死於此。
每年 1000 萬人死於此。
04:56
And climate change represents
an existential threat
an existential threat
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氣候變遷對全球大部分家庭
構成了生存威脅，
構成了生存威脅，
05:00
to huge portions of our global family,
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05:03
including some of the poorest people
on the face of the planet.
on the face of the planet.
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包括世界上一些最貧窮的人。
05:07
Climate change, antibiotic resistance --
these are global emergencies.
these are global emergencies.
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氣候變遷、抗生素抗藥性──
這些都是全球性緊急事件。
這些都是全球性緊急事件。
05:12
Meat production is exacerbating
these emergencies on a global scale.
these emergencies on a global scale.
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肉類製造正在全球加劇這些緊急情況。
05:17
But we are not going
to decrease meat consumption
to decrease meat consumption
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但我們並不會減少肉類消耗量，
05:20
unless we give consumers alternatives
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除非我們給消費者
05:22
that cost the same or less
and that taste the same or better.
and that taste the same or better.
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一些同樣價錢或比較便宜
且口味相同或更好的替代品。
且口味相同或更好的替代品。
05:27
We have the solution.
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我們有解決方案。
05:29
Let's make meat from plants.
Let's grow it directly from cells.
Let's grow it directly from cells.
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我們用植物製作肉，
我們直接用細胞培育。
我們直接用細胞培育。
05:33
It's past time that we mobilize
the resources that are necessary
the resources that are necessary
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我們已經應該要動員，
05:37
to create the next global
agricultural revolution.
agricultural revolution.
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創造下一個全球農業革命
所必需的資源了。
所必需的資源了。
05:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:43
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bruce Friedrich - Food innovatorTED Fellow Bruce Friedrich plans to compete with the meat industry on its own terms -- by creating alternatives to conventional meat that taste the same or better and cost less.
Why you should listen
Bruce Friedrich is cofounder and executive director of The Good Food Institute (GFI), an international nonprofit that is fostering a sustainable, healthy and just agricultural system through food innovation. With branches in the United States, India, Israel, Brazil, Europe and Asia Pacific, GFI is accelerating the production of plant-based and cell-based meat, eggs and dairy in order to bolster the global protein supply while protecting our environment, promoting global health and preventing food insecurity and animal cruelty. Friedrich has penned op-eds for the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Wired and many other publications. He has appeared on The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, CBS Evening News and a variety of programs on MSNBC, Fox News, and CNN. Friedrich has coauthored two books, contributed chapters to seven more, and has written seven law review articles. Watch his TEDxSonoma talk here.
Friedrich graduated magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, from the Georgetown University Law Center and holds degrees from Johns Hopkins University and the London School of Economics.
Bruce Friedrich | Speaker | TED.com