ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Cuddy - Social psychologist
Amy Cuddy’s research on body language reveals that we can change other people’s perceptions — and perhaps even our own body chemistry — simply by changing body positions.

Why you should listen

Amy Cuddy wasn’t supposed to become a successful scientist. In fact, she wasn’t even supposed to finish her undergraduate degree. Early in her college career, Cuddy suffered a severe head injury in a car accident, and doctors said she would struggle to fully regain her mental capacity and finish her undergraduate degree.

But she proved them wrong. Today, Cuddy is a professor and researcher at Harvard Business School, where she studies how nonverbal behavior and snap judgments affect people from the classroom to the boardroom. And her training as a classical dancer (another skill she regained after her injury) is evident in her fascinating work on "power posing" -- how your body position influences others and even your own brain.

More profile about the speaker
Amy Cuddy | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Amy Cuddy: Your body language may shape who you are

Amy Cuddy: A linguaxe corporal determina quen somos

Filmed:
56,233,256 views

A linguaxe corporal inflúe en como nos ven os demais pero tamén pode cambiar o xeito no que nos vemos a nós mesmos. A psicóloga social Amy Cuddy amosa como adoptar "posturas de poder" (manter unha postura de seguridade aínda que non nos sintamos seguros) pode influír nos niveis de testosterona e cortisol do cerebro e pode ter impacto nas nosas posibilidades de éxito.
- Social psychologist
Amy Cuddy’s research on body language reveals that we can change other people’s perceptions — and perhaps even our own body chemistry — simply by changing body positions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So I want to start by offering you a free
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Vou comezar dándovos
un truco útil non tecnolóxico
00:19
no-tech life hack,
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00:22
and all it requires of you is this:
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e todo canto require de vós é isto:
00:24
that you change your posture for two minutes.
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que cambiedes de postura
durante dous minutos.
00:28
But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now
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Pero antes de revelárvolo,
quero pedirvos agora mesmo
00:32
do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body.
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que observedes o voso corpo
e o que estades a facer con el.
00:35
So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller?
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A ver, cantos de vós
estades dalgún xeito encollidos?
00:38
Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs,
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Encurvados, coas pernas cruzadas,
os nocellos enleados.
00:40
maybe wrapping your ankles.
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00:41
Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this.
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Ás veces poñemos os brazos así.
00:45
Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter)
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Ás veces estirámolos. (Risos)
00:49
I see you. (Laughter)
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Ollo que vos vexo.
00:51
So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now.
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Prestade atención
ao que facedes agora mesmo.
00:54
We're going to come back to that in a few minutes,
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Imos volver a isto nuns minutos
00:56
and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit,
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e espero que se aprendedes
a modificalo un pouco
00:59
it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.
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poida mudar considerablemente
o desenvolvemento da vosa vida.
01:03
So, we're really fascinated with body language,
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Ben, estamos fascinados
coa linguaxe corporal
01:07
and we're particularly interested
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e interésanos especialmente
a linguaxe corporal doutras persoas.
01:09
in other people's body language.
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01:11
You know, we're interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) —
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Xa sabedes, interésanos...
isto, vaia... (Risos)
01:16
an awkward interaction, or a smile,
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unha interacción torpe, un sorriso
01:20
or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink,
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unha ollada despectiva,
unha chiscadela torpe de ollo
01:24
or maybe even something like a handshake.
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ou mesmo algo coma unha aperta de mans.
01:27
Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this
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Narrador: Aquí están
chegando ao número 10.
01:30
lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President
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Este policía ten sorte e dálle a man
ao presidente dos Estados Unidos.
01:33
of the United States. Oh, and here comes
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01:35
the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause)
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Aí vén o primeiro ministro...
Non. (Risos) (Aplausos)
01:40
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Risos) (Aplausos)
01:42
Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake,
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Amy Cuddy: Unha aperta de mans,
ou a súa ausencia,
01:47
can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks.
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pode darnos que falar
durante semanas e semanas;
01:49
Even the BBC and The New York Times.
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mesmo á BBC e ao New York Times.
01:51
So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior,
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Entón cando pensamos
en expresión non verbal
01:55
or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists --
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ou linguaxe corporal (nós os sociólogos
chamámoslle non verbal)
01:59
it's language, so we think about communication.
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falamos de linguaxe,
polo tanto de comunicación.
02:01
When we think about communication, we think about interactions.
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Cando falamos de comunicación
pensamos en interaccións.
02:04
So what is your body language communicating to me?
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Que me comunica a túa linguaxe corporal?
02:07
What's mine communicating to you?
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Que che comunica a miña a ti?
02:09
And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid
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Hai razóns para crer
que é válido este enfoque.
02:13
way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot
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Os sociólogos
pasamos moito tempo
02:16
of time looking at the effects of our body language,
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observando os efectos
da nosa linguaxe corporal,
02:19
or other people's body language, on judgments.
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ou da doutras persoas,
sobre os xuízos.
02:22
And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language.
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Facemos xuízos
e deducións da linguaxe corporal.
02:25
And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes
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Eses xuízos poden predicir
proxeccións importantes na vida
02:29
like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date.
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como a quen contratamos ou promovemos
ou a quen lle pedimos unha cita.
02:33
For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University,
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Por exemplo Nalini Ambady,
investigadora na Universidade de Tufts,
02:38
shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips
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demostra que cando alguén ve
30 segundos de vídeos sen son
02:42
of real physician-patient interactions,
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de interaccións reais médico-paciente
02:45
their judgments of the physician's niceness
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os seus xuízos
sobre a simpatía do médico
02:48
predict whether or not that physician will be sued.
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predín se ese médico
vai ser demandado ou non.
02:50
So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not
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Así que non ten que ver tanto
con se o médico era ou non
incompetente
02:53
that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person
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senón con se nos gustou esa persoa
e como interactuou.
02:55
and how they interacted?
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02:58
Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown
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Aínda máis drástico,
Alex Todorov, de Princeton,
03:00
us that judgments of political candidates' faces
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demostrounos que os xuízos
dos rostros de candidatos políticos
03:04
in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate
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predín nun segundo o 70 por cento
do resultado da carreira cara ao Goberno
e o Senado dos EEUU
03:09
and gubernatorial race outcomes,
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03:12
and even, let's go digital,
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e mesmo, no eido dixital,
03:14
emoticons used well in online negotiations
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as emoticonas ben usadas
nas negociacións en liña
03:18
can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation.
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poden conducir a darlle máis valor
a esa negociación.
03:21
If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?
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Se fas un mal uso deles é mala idea, non?
03:24
So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge
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Falar de linguaxe non verbal
é falar de como xulgamos aos outros,
03:27
others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are.
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como nos xulgan a nós
e cales son as consecuencias.
03:30
We tend to forget, though, the other audience
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Pero tendemos a esquecer
a outra audiencia
03:32
that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves.
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na que inflúe a nosa linguaxe non verbal,
que somos nós mesmos.
03:36
We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts
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Inflúenos a nosa linguaxe non verbal,
03:39
and our feelings and our physiology.
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os nosos pensamentos, sentimentos
e fisioloxía.
03:41
So what nonverbals am I talking about?
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De que linguaxe non verbal estou a falar?
03:45
I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice,
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Son psicóloga social.
Estudo os prexuízos
03:48
and I teach at a competitive business school,
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e dou clases nunha competitiva
escola de negocios,
03:50
so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics.
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así que era inevitable que me interesasen
as dinámicas de poder.
03:55
I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions
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Interesábanme sobre todo
expresións non verbais
03:59
of power and dominance.
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de poder e dominación.
04:01
And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance?
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Que son as expresións non verbais
de poder e dominación?
04:03
Well, this is what they are.
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Ben, pois son isto.
04:05
So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding.
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No reino animal
teñen que ver coa expansión,
04:08
So you make yourself big, you stretch out,
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con facerse grande, estirarse,
04:11
you take up space, you're basically opening up.
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acaparar espazo,
basicamente abrirse.
04:14
It's about opening up. And this is true
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Trátase de abrirse.
E funciona así
en todo o reino animal,
04:17
across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates.
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non se limita só aos primates.
04:21
And humans do the same thing. (Laughter)
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Os humanos facemos o mesmo. (Risos)
04:24
So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically,
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Fan así cando teñen poder
de xeito permanente
04:28
and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment.
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e tamén cando se senten
poderosos no momento.
04:31
And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us
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Isto é especialmente interesante
porque nos demostra
04:34
how universal and old these expressions of power are.
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o antigas e universais que son
estas expresións de poder.
04:38
This expression, which is known as pride,
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Esta expresión, coñecida como orgullo,
04:41
Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that
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foi estudada por Jessica Tracy,
que nos di que tanto as persoas
que ven desde que naceron
04:44
people who are born with sight
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04:46
and people who are congenitally blind do this
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coma as persoas que son cegas conxénitas
fan o mesmo
04:49
when they win at a physical competition.
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cando gañan unha competición física.
04:51
So when they cross the finish line and they've won,
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Así que que cando cruzan
a liña de meta e gañan
04:53
it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it.
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non importa se nunca viron
ninguén facelo.
04:55
They do this.
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Fan así.
04:56
So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.
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Os brazos erguidos en V,
o queixo algo elevado.
05:00
What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly
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Que facemos cando nos sentimos impotentes?
Facemos xusto o contrario.
05:02
the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up.
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Pechámonos.
Envolvémonos.
05:06
We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us.
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Facémonos pequenos.
Non queremos tropezar con quen
está ao noso carón.
05:10
So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.
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E tanto os animais coma os humanos
facemos o mesmo.
05:13
And this is what happens when you put together high
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E isto é o que acontece cando xuntas
poder con impotencia.
05:16
and low power. So what we tend to do
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O que tendemos a facer
cando se trata de poder
05:18
when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals.
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é complementar a linguaxe
non verbal dos outros.
05:23
So if someone is being really powerful with us,
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Así que se alguén se mostra
moi poderoso con nós,
05:25
we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them.
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tendemos a facernos máis pequenos.
Non o imitamos.
05:27
We do the opposite of them.
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Facemos o contrario.
05:29
So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom,
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Se vexo este comportamento na clase,
05:33
and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students
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que noto?
Noto que os alumnos do MBA presentan
toda a linguaxe non verbal de poder.
05:39
really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals.
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05:42
So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas,
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Hai persoas
que son caricaturas dos alfa,
05:45
really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room
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entran na aula, sitúanse no medio
05:48
before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space.
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mesmo antes de empezar a clase,
como se quixesen ocupar espazo.
05:52
When they sit down, they're sort of spread out.
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Cando sentan,
parecen expandirse.
05:54
They raise their hands like this.
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Erguen a man así.
05:56
You have other people who are virtually collapsing
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Logo hai outras persoas que
entran practicamente esboroándose.
05:58
when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it.
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Así como entran xa o notas.
06:01
You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit
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Velo no seu rostro
e no seu corpo,
sentan na cadeira
e fanse diminutos,
06:03
in their chair and they make themselves tiny,
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06:05
and they go like this when they raise their hand.
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e fan así cando erguen a man.
06:08
I notice a couple of things about this.
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Aquí observo dúas cousas.
06:10
One, you're not going to be surprised.
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Unha non vos ha sorprender.
06:12
It seems to be related to gender.
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Semella ter que ver co sexo.
06:14
So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men.
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As mulleres son máis propensas
a facelo que os homes.
06:20
Women feel chronically less powerful than men,
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As mulleres séntense sempre
menos poderosas cós homes,
06:22
so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that
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así que isto non é sorprendente.
Pero a outra cousa que notei
06:26
it also seemed to be related to the extent to which
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é que semella estar relacionado co grao
de participación dos alumnos
e co seu nivel de participación.
06:29
the students were participating, and how well they were participating.
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06:33
And this is really important in the MBA classroom,
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E isto é moi importante
na clase do MBA
06:35
because participation counts for half the grade.
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porque a participación conta
para a media da nota.
06:38
So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap.
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As escolas de negocios levan loitando
coa diferenza de notas segundo o sexo.
06:42
You get these equally qualified women and men coming in
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Ves mulleres e homes
igualmente cualificados
06:46
and then you get these differences in grades,
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e logo ves estas diferenzas nas notas,
06:48
and it seems to be partly attributable to participation.
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que semellan ser atribuíbles
en parte á participación.
06:51
So I started to wonder, you know, okay,
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Entón empecei a preguntarme:
06:54
so you have these people coming in like this, and they're
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se hai persoas que entran con
esa actitude e participan,
06:56
participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it
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sería posible facer que outras
a finxisen
07:00
and would it lead them to participate more?
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e que iso as levase a participar máis?
07:02
So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley,
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A miña colaboradora Dana Carney,
que está en Berkeley,
07:07
and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it?
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e eu queriamos saber se se pode
finxir ata facelo.
07:10
Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually
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É dicir, podes facelo só por un intre
e experimentar un resultado
no teu comportamento
07:13
experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful?
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que te faga sentir máis poderoso?
07:17
So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people
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Sabemos que a linguaxe non verbal
condiciona o que outras persoas
07:21
think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence.
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senten e pensan de nós.
Hai moitas probas.
07:22
But our question really was, do our nonverbals
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Pero a nosa pregunta era:
condiciona a linguaxe non verbal
o que sentimos e pensamos de nós mesmos?
07:26
govern how we think and feel about ourselves?
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07:29
There's some evidence that they do.
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Hai probas de que así é.
07:31
So, for example, we smile when we feel happy,
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Por exemplo, sorrimos
cando estamos contentos,
07:36
but also, when we're forced to smile
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pero tamén cando nos obrigamos a rir
07:38
by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy.
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suxeitando un boli cos dentes así,
fainos sentir contentos.
07:43
So it goes both ways. When it comes to power,
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Funciona nas dúas direccións.
Cando se trata de poder,
tamén funciona nas dúas direccións.
07:46
it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful,
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Cando nos sentimos poderosos
07:51
you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that
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é máis probable que fagamos isto,
pero tamén é posible
que cando finximos ser poderosos
07:54
when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely
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é máis probable
que realmente nos sintamos poderosos.
08:00
to actually feel powerful.
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08:02
So the second question really was, you know,
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Pois a segunda pregunta
en realidade era, ben,
08:05
so we know that our minds change our bodies,
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xa sabemos que a mente
modifica o noso corpo,
08:08
but is it also true that our bodies change our minds?
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pero é certo tamén
que o corpo modifica a nosa mente?
08:12
And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful,
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E cando digo mente,
no caso dos poderosos,
08:15
what am I talking about?
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de que estou a falar?
08:16
So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings
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Pois falo de pensamentos e sentimentos
08:19
and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings,
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e de compoñentes fisiolóxicos que forman
eses pensamentos e sentimentos,
08:22
and in my case, that's hormones. I look at hormones.
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e no meu caso, falo das hormonas.
Observo as hormonas.
08:25
So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless
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Como é a mente dos poderosos comparada
coa dos que non o son?
08:28
look like?
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08:30
So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly,
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As persoas poderosas tenden a ser,
non é sorprendente,
08:34
more assertive and more confident, more optimistic.
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máis asertivos e seguros,
máis optimistas.
08:38
They actually feel that they're going to win even at games of chance.
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Teñen a sensación de que van gañar
mesmo en xogos de azar.
08:41
They also tend to be able to think more abstractly.
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4179
Tamén tenden a pensar
dun xeito máis abstracto.
08:45
So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks.
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Existen moitas diferenzas.
Asumen máis riscos.
08:48
There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people.
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Hai unha chea de diferenzas
entre os poderosos e os que non o son.
08:51
Physiologically, there also are differences on two
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Fisioloxicamente
tamén se dan diferenzas
08:54
key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone,
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en dúas hormonas clave: a testosterona,
que é a hormona da dominación,
08:58
and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.
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e o cortisol, que é a hormona do estrés.
09:02
So what we find is that
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Os machos alfa con moito poder
nas xerarquías de primates
09:05
high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies
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09:09
have high testosterone and low cortisol,
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teñen niveis altos de testosterona
e niveis baixos de cortisol.
09:12
and powerful and effective leaders also have
173
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E os líderes poderosos e eficientes
tamén teñen testosterona alta
e cortisol baixo.
09:16
high testosterone and low cortisol.
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2255
09:18
So what does that mean? When you think about power,
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Que significa isto?
Ao falar de poder,
09:20
people tended to think only about testosterone,
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adoitábase falar só da testosterona,
09:23
because that was about dominance.
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porque tiña que ver coa dominación.
09:24
But really, power is also about how you react to stress.
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Pero o poder tamén ten que ver
coa nosa reacción ante o estrés.
09:28
So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant,
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3129
Queremos un líder dominante,
con moito poder,
09:31
high on testosterone, but really stress reactive?
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2742
con niveis altos de testosterona
pero sensible ao estrés?
09:34
Probably not, right? You want the person
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2335
Probablemente non, verdade?
Queremos unha persoa que sexa poderosa,
asertiva e dominante
09:36
who's powerful and assertive and dominant,
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2284
09:38
but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.
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3688
pero non moi sensible ao estrés,
unha persoa que sexa tranquila.
09:42
So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha
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6232
Sabemos que nas xerarquías de primates,
se un alfa ten que tomar o control,
09:48
needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over
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3691
se alguén ten que asumir o mando,
tomar de súpeto ese papel,
09:52
an alpha role sort of suddenly,
186
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2557
09:55
within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up
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3111
no prazo duns días,
a súa testosterona elévase moito
09:58
significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly.
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3505
e o cortisol descende igualmente.
10:01
So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape
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3041
Temos esa evidencia,
que o corpo pode moldear
10:04
the mind, at least at the facial level,
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2366
a mente, polo menos a nivel facial,
10:07
and also that role changes can shape the mind.
191
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4129
e tamén que o papel asumido
pode moldear a mente.
10:11
So what happens, okay, you take a role change,
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2782
Entón, que ocorre cando
se asume un cambio de papel?
10:14
what happens if you do that at a really minimal level,
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598120
2584
Que sucede se se fai a un nivel mínimo,
10:16
like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention?
194
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2413
como esta pequena manipulación
ou intervención?
10:19
"For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this,
195
603117
2651
Dicímoslle: "quero
que durante 2 minutos te ergas así,
10:21
and it's going to make you feel more powerful."
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605768
2783
iso fará que te sintas máis poderoso".
10:24
So this is what we did. We decided to bring people
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608551
4475
E iso foi o que fixemos.
Decidimos traer xente ao laboratorio
e facer un pequeno experimento,
10:28
into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people
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613026
4213
esas persoas adoptaron, por dous minutos,
10:33
adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses
199
617239
4429
ambas as posicións, de poder
ou debilidade.
10:37
or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you
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621668
2249
Vouvos mostrar xusto agora
cinco desas poses,
10:39
five of the poses, although they took on only two.
201
623917
2962
aínda que eles probaron só dúas.
10:42
So here's one.
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626879
2480
Esta é unha.
10:45
A couple more.
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629359
2094
Un par máis
10:47
This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman"
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631453
2818
A esta a prensa
chamoulle a "Muller marabilla".
10:50
by the media.
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634271
2375
10:52
Here are a couple more.
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636646
1322
Aquí temos un par máis.
10:53
So you can be standing or you can be sitting.
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637968
2354
Poden estar de pé,
ou sentados.
10:56
And here are the low-power poses.
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640322
1985
Aquí están as posicións de debilidade.
10:58
So you're folding up, you're making yourself small.
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642307
4063
Agora dóbranse,
fanse pequenos.
11:02
This one is very low-power.
210
646370
1739
Esta é de moi baixo poder.
11:04
When you're touching your neck,
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648109
1357
Cando tocas o pescozo
estaste protexendo, realmente.
11:05
you're really protecting yourself.
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2626
11:07
So this is what happens. They come in,
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652092
2585
Isto é o que ocorre.
Eles veñen, cospen nun frasco,
11:10
they spit into a vial,
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654677
1760
11:12
we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this."
215
656437
3173
e dicímoslles durante dous minutos:
"tes que facer isto ou aquilo."
11:15
They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them
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659610
1793
Eles non ven as fotos das posicións.
11:17
with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power,
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661403
3380
Non queremos inducilos
cun concepto de poder.
Queremos que sintan o poder.
11:20
right? So two minutes they do this.
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664783
2059
Fan isto dous minutos.
11:22
We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items,
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666842
3209
Logo preguntámoslles,
"como de poderoso te sentes?
11:25
and then we give them an opportunity to gamble,
220
670051
2767
entón dámoslles
a oportunidade de apostar,
11:28
and then we take another saliva sample.
221
672818
2765
ao final tomamos outra mostra de saliva.
11:31
That's it. That's the whole experiment.
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675583
1565
Iso é todo. Este é todo o experimento.
11:33
So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling,
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677148
3706
Isto foi o que atopamos.
Tolerancia ao risco, a apostar;
11:36
what we find is that when you're in the high-power
224
680854
2898
atopamos que cando están
nunha posición de alto poder
11:39
pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble.
225
683752
3498
arríscanse a apostar o 86%.
11:43
When you're in the low-power pose condition,
226
687250
1945
Cando están nas posicións de
baixo poder,
11:45
only 60 percent, and that's a pretty whopping significant difference.
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689195
4175
só o 60%. É unha diferenza
moi significativa.
11:49
Here's what we find on testosterone.
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693370
2480
Vexamos o que atopamos coa testosterona.
11:51
From their baseline when they come in, high-power people
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695850
3505
Partindo da súa situación normal
ao chegar,
a xente poderosa experimenta
un incremento do 20%
11:55
experience about a 20-percent increase,
230
699355
2362
11:57
and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease.
231
701717
4621
e os débiles experimentan
una diminución do 10%.
12:02
So again, two minutes, and you get these changes.
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706338
2817
De novo, 2 minutos,
e obtéñense eses cambios.
12:05
Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people
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709155
2752
Agora os resultados co cortisol.
Os máis poderosos experimentan
un 25% de diminución,
12:07
experience about a 25-percent decrease, and
234
711907
3047
12:10
the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase.
235
714954
4132
os máis débiles experimentan
un aumento de arredor do 15%.
12:14
So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes
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719086
2732
Só dous minutos provocan
estes cambios hormonais
12:17
that configure your brain to basically be either
237
721818
3017
que configuran o teu cerebro
para facelo asertivo, seguro
ou confortable,
12:20
assertive, confident and comfortable,
238
724835
2928
12:23
or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling
239
727763
4008
ou ben susceptible ao estrés,
e sentíndose como apagado.
12:27
sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right?
240
731771
3856
Todos coñecemos esa sensación,
non si?
12:31
So it seems that our nonverbals do govern
241
735627
2887
Semella que a nosa linguaxe non verbal
rexe o xeito de vernos a nós mesmos,
12:34
how we think and feel about ourselves,
242
738514
2321
12:36
so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves.
243
740835
2456
non só aos demais,
senón a nós mesmos.
12:39
Also, our bodies change our minds.
244
743291
2427
O corpo pode cambiarnos a mente.
12:41
But the next question, of course, is
245
745718
2406
A seguinte pregunta, por suposto, é...
12:44
can power posing for a few minutes
246
748124
1514
pode un xesto de poder nuns minutos
12:45
really change your life in meaningful ways?
247
749638
2291
cambiarche a vida
de xeito significativo?
12:47
So this is in the lab. It's this little task, you know,
248
751929
2646
Isto é no laboratorio, este experimento,
son só dous minutos.
12:50
it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually
249
754575
2596
Onde podes realmente aplicar isto?
12:53
apply this? Which we cared about, of course.
250
757171
2775
Iso é o que nos preocupa.
12:55
And so we think it's really, what matters, I mean,
251
759946
4177
Pensamos que onde se necesita
é en situacións nas que te avalían,
13:00
where you want to use this is evaluative situations
252
764123
2588
13:02
like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated,
253
766711
3453
como nas situacións sociais esixentes,
nas que te avalían
mesmo os teus amigos.
13:06
either by your friends? Like for teenagers it's at the lunchroom table.
254
770164
3684
Para os adolescentes
é na mesa do comedor.
13:09
It could be, you know, for some people it's speaking
255
773848
2205
Para algunha xente é falar
na xunta da escola.
13:11
at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch
256
776053
3024
Pode ser ao presentar un negocio
ou dar unha charla coma esta
13:14
or giving a talk like this
257
779077
2857
13:17
or doing a job interview.
258
781934
2798
ou ir a unha entrevista de traballo.
13:20
We decided that the one that most people could relate to
259
784732
2492
Escollemos unha coa que
a maioría da xente se identifica
13:23
because most people had been through
260
787224
1237
porque moitos pasaron por ela,
a entrevista de traballo.
13:24
was the job interview.
261
788461
1382
13:25
So we published these findings, and the media
262
789843
3953
Entón publicamos os resultados,
a prensa interesouse
13:29
are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do
263
793796
2594
e dixo... ben, isto é o que hai que facer
13:32
when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter)
264
796390
3200
cando vas a unha entrevista, non?
(Risos)
13:35
You know, so we were of course horrified, and said,
265
799590
2391
Naturalmente quedamos arrepiados
e dixemos:
13:37
Oh my God, no, no, no, that's not what we meant at all.
266
801981
2185
Non, por Deus, non,
non é o que queriamos dicir.
13:40
For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don't do that.
267
804166
2775
Por moitas razóns, non,
non fagades iso.
13:42
Again, this is not about you talking to other people.
268
806941
2591
De novo, non se trata
de falarlle a outra xente.
13:45
It's you talking to yourself. What do you do
269
809532
1859
Trátase de falar contigo mesmo.
Que fas antes de ir a unha
entrevista de traballo? Fas isto.
13:47
before you go into a job interview? You do this.
270
811391
2809
13:50
Right? You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone --
271
814200
2266
Estás sentado.
Miras o teu iPhone...
13:52
or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out.
272
816466
2286
ou o teu Android, non imos
deixar ninguén fóra.
13:54
You are, you know, you're looking at your notes,
273
818752
2194
Repasas as túas mensaxes,
13:56
you're hunching up, making yourself small,
274
820946
1830
estás encurvado, facéndote pequeno,
13:58
when really what you should be doing maybe is this,
275
822776
2292
cando realmente o que deberías
estar facendo é isto,
14:00
like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes.
276
825068
3416
quizais no baño, vale?
Faino. Lévache dous minutos.
14:04
So that's what we want to test. Okay?
277
828484
1420
Iso é o que queremos avaliar, vale?
14:05
So we bring people into a lab, and
278
829904
2184
Convidamos a xente ao laboratorio,
14:07
they do either high- or low-power poses again,
279
832088
3377
e adoptaron posturas de alto
e baixo poder outra vez,
14:11
they go through a very stressful job interview.
280
835465
2632
pasaron unha
entrevista de traballo estresante
14:13
It's five minutes long. They are being recorded.
281
838097
3616
de cinco minutos de duración.
Estanos gravando.
14:17
They're being judged also, and the judges
282
841713
2511
Tamén os están xulgando,
e os xuíces están adestrados para
non dar retroalimentación non verbal
14:20
are trained to give no nonverbal feedback,
283
844224
3975
14:24
so they look like this. Like, imagine
284
848199
1607
Vense así.
14:25
this is the person interviewing you.
285
849806
2284
Imaxinade que esta persoa vos entrevista.
14:27
So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled.
286
852090
4623
Durante cinco minutos, nada,
é peor ca que te interrompan.
14:32
People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls
287
856713
3313
A xente odia isto.
É o que Marianne LaFrance chama
"estar en areas movedizas sociais".
14:35
"standing in social quicksand."
288
860026
2091
14:38
So this really spikes your cortisol.
289
862117
1809
Isto dispara o cortisol.
14:39
So this is the job interview we put them through,
290
863926
1702
Esta é a entrevista
á que os sometemos,
14:41
because we really wanted to see what happened.
291
865628
2829
porque queriamos
ver o que acontecía.
14:44
We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them.
292
868457
3107
Temos analistas mirando
as cintas, catro en total.
14:47
They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions.
293
871564
3172
Eles non coñecen a hipótese.
Tampouco coñecen as condicións.
14:50
They have no idea who's been posing in what pose,
294
874736
2785
Non teñen nin idea
de que posición tomou cada persoa
14:53
and they end up looking at these sets of tapes,
295
877521
5090
e ao rematar de ollar
todas as cintas,
14:58
and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," --
296
882611
2072
dixeron, "queremos
contratar estas persoas",
15:00
all the high-power posers -- "we don't want to hire these people.
297
884683
3422
todas as de posicións de poder.
"Non queremos contratar esoutras.
15:04
We also evaluate these people much more positively overall."
298
888105
2785
Dámoslles unha avaliación moito
máis positiva en xeral".
15:06
But what's driving it? It's not about the content of the speech.
299
890890
4736
Que estaba acontecendo?
Non se trata do contido do discurso.
15:11
It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech.
300
895626
2876
Trátase da presenza
que lle achegaban ao discurso.
15:14
We also, because we rate them on all these variables
301
898502
2049
Porque os avaliamos
en todas esas variables
15:16
related to competence, like, how well-structured
302
900551
3091
relativas á competencia:
Estruturan ben o discurso?
15:19
is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications?
303
903642
2776
Exprésanse ben?
Que cualificacións teñen?
15:22
No effect on those things. This is what's affected.
304
906418
3056
Estas cousas non afectan.
Isto e o que afecta.
15:25
These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves,
305
909474
3279
Esta clase de cousas.
Cada persoa móstrase
a si mesma, basicamente.
15:28
basically. They're bringing themselves.
306
912753
1873
Amosan o que son.
15:30
They bring their ideas, but as themselves,
307
914626
2223
Amosan as súas ideas,
por si mesmos,
15:32
with no, you know, residue over them.
308
916849
2536
sen ningún extra.
15:35
So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.
309
919385
4931
Así que isto é o que provoca
ou condiciona o efecto.
15:40
So when I tell people about this,
310
924316
3368
Cando lle falo á xente sobre isto,
15:43
that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior,
311
927684
2879
que o noso corpo cambia a nosa mente
15:46
and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me,
312
930563
2976
e o comportamento pode cambiar
a nosa forma de ser, dinme:
15:49
"I don't -- It feels fake." Right?
313
933539
1867
"Parece finxido". Ai si?
15:51
So I said, fake it till you make it. I don't -- It's not me.
314
935406
3779
Eu dígolles: fínxeo ata que o fagas.
Eu non son así.
15:55
I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud.
315
939185
3175
Eu non quero chegar alí
e sentirme coma unha fraude.
15:58
I don't want to feel like an impostor.
316
942360
1519
Non quero sentirme
coma un impostor.
15:59
I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here.
317
943879
4412
Non quero chegar alí para sentir
que non debía estar alí.
16:04
And that really resonated with me,
318
948291
2187
Isto é moi importante para min,
16:06
because I want to tell you a little story about
319
950478
2058
porque quero contarvos unha
pequena historia sobre ser un impostor
16:08
being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.
320
952536
3410
e sobre sentirse como
que non debía estar alí.
16:11
When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident.
321
955946
2941
Cando tiña 19 anos sufrín un
terrible accidente de coche.
16:14
I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times.
322
958887
3405
Saín despedida del
e dei varias voltas de campá.
16:18
I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury
323
962292
3511
Saín despedida do coche.
Espertei na UCI cunha ferida na cabeza.
16:21
rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college,
324
965803
3592
Botáronme da universidade
16:25
and I learned that my I.Q. had dropped by two standard deviations,
325
969395
5712
e dixéronme que o meu CI baixara
dúas desviacións estándar.
16:31
which was very traumatic.
326
975107
2588
Foi moi traumático.
16:33
I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart,
327
977695
2871
Coñecía o meu CI porque
me cualificaran como superdotada,
16:36
and I had been called gifted as a child.
328
980566
2012
e consideráranme nena prodixio.
16:38
So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back.
329
982578
3200
Así que me botaron da universidade
e tentei volver.
16:41
They say, "You're not going to finish college.
330
985778
1724
Dicíanme: "non poderás
terminar a carreira.
16:43
Just, you know, there are other things for you to do,
331
987502
2877
Tes que aceptar que hai
outras cousas que podes facer,
16:46
but that's not going to work out for you."
332
990379
1898
pero no teu caso isto non."
16:48
So I really struggled with this, and I have to say,
333
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Tiven que lidar con iso
e teño que dicir
16:52
having your identity taken from you, your core identity,
334
996161
2774
que que che quiten a túa identidade,
o que realmente es,
16:54
and for me it was being smart,
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1859
que para min era ser intelixente,
16:56
having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that.
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4409
que che arrebaten iso,
é a cousa que máis impotente
te pode facer sentir.
17:01
So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked,
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1005203
2602
Sentíame totalmente impotente.
Entón traballei e traballei,
e tiven sorte.
17:03
and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.
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1007805
3134
e traballei, e tiven sorte, e traballei.
17:06
Eventually I graduated from college.
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Finalmente gradueime na universidade.
17:09
It took me four years longer than my peers,
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1807
Tardei catro anos máis
cós meus compañeiros,
17:11
and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske,
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4558
e logrei convencer alguén,
o meu anxo da garda, Susan Fiske,
17:15
to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton,
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2944
para que me aceptase,
e acabei en Princeton,
17:18
and I was like, I am not supposed to be here.
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2851
e eu sentía como
que non debía estar alí.
Son unha impostora.
17:21
I am an impostor.
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1294
17:22
And the night before my first-year talk,
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1581
A noite antes da exposición
de 1º curso,
17:24
and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk
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2638
e esa exposición en Princeton
é de 20 minutos para 20 persoas.
17:26
to 20 people. That's it.
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2035
É así.
17:28
I was so afraid of being found out the next day
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2887
Tiña tanto medo de verme
excluída o seguinte día
17:31
that I called her and said, "I'm quitting."
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2813
que eu chameina
e díxenlle: "Vouno deixar".
17:34
She was like, "You are not quitting,
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1856
Ela díxome: "Non vas deixar nada,
17:36
because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying.
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2558
porque eu apostei por ti
e vas quedar.
17:39
You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do.
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2191
Vas quedar, e isto é o que vas facer.
17:41
You are going to fake it.
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1357
Vas finxir.
17:42
You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do.
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3780
Vas facer todas as exposicións
que che encarguen.
17:46
You're just going to do it and do it and do it,
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1739
Simplemente valas facer,
e facer e facer.
17:48
even if you're terrified and just paralyzed
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2969
aínda que esteas asustada
ou incluso paralizada
17:51
and having an out-of-body experience, until you have
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1055249
2578
e tendo una experiencia extracorpórea,
ata que chegue o momento que
digas "Arre demo, logreino".
17:53
this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it.
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1057827
3165
17:56
Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'"
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1060992
2966
Eu cheguei ata aquí.
Estou a facelo agora.
17:59
So that's what I did. Five years in grad school,
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2410
E iso foi o que fixen.
Cinco anos de grao universitario,
18:02
a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern,
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1741
uns poucos anos, sabedes,
en Northwestern,
18:04
I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really
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2587
Mudeime a Harvard, agora
estou en Harvard,
18:06
thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking,
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3500
xa non penso nunca niso
pero por moito tempo tiven a sensación
18:10
"Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here."
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1074196
2304
de que non debía estar alí.
18:12
So at the end of my first year at Harvard,
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2478
A finais do meu primeiro ano en Harvard,
18:14
a student who had not talked in class the entire semester,
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4566
unha estudante que non falara
na clase en todo o semestre,
18:19
who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail,"
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1083544
3207
á que lle dixeran, "mira, tes que
participar ou vas suspender",
18:22
came into my office. I really didn't know her at all.
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1086751
2502
veu ao meu despacho.
Eu non a coñecía de antes.
18:25
And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said,
369
1089253
3982
Totalmente derrotada,
díxome:
18:29
"I'm not supposed to be here."
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1093235
6045
"Non debería estar aquí".
18:35
And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened.
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1099280
4128
Ese foi o meu momento.
Porque sucederon dúas cousas.
18:39
One was that I realized,
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1103408
1494
A primeira que me decatei:
18:40
oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. You know.
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3234
Vaites! Eu xa non me sinto así.
18:44
I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling.
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2682
Xa non me sentía así
pero ela si e póñome no seu lugar.
18:46
And the second was, she is supposed to be here!
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2637
A segunda foi,
claro que debe estar aquí!
18:49
Like, she can fake it, she can become it.
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1113455
1804
Vamos, que pode finxilo e pode facelo.
18:51
So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here!
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1115259
3740
Así que lle dixen: " Si, por suposto.
Si que debes estar aquí!".
18:54
And tomorrow you're going to fake it,
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1118999
1435
Mañá vas finxilo,
18:56
you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know,
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3064
vas facerte poderosa, e sabes qué...
18:59
you're gonna — " (Applause)
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3023
(Aplausos)
19:02
(Applause)
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2039
19:04
"And you're going to go into the classroom,
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4433
Vas ir á clase
19:08
and you are going to give the best comment ever."
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1132993
2424
e vas dar o mellor
discurso de todos."
19:11
You know? And she gave the best comment ever,
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1135417
3005
E sabedes? Fixo o
mellor discurso de todos,
19:14
and people turned around and they were like,
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1138422
863
a xente xirábase e dicía:
19:15
oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)
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3444
vaia, nin sequera me fixara
en que se sentaba aí. (Risos)
19:18
She comes back to me months later, and I realized
387
1142729
2871
Veu xunta min uns meses despois
e comprobei que xa
non finxía senón que se transformara,
19:21
that she had not just faked it till she made it,
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1145600
2284
19:23
she had actually faked it till she became it.
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1147884
2724
finxiuno ata transformarse.
19:26
So she had changed.
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1150608
1823
De modo que cambiara.
19:28
And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it.
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4084
Agora quero dicirvos que non
hai que finxilo ata facelo.
19:32
Fake it till you become it. You know? It's not —
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2797
Hai que finxilo ata transformarse.
19:35
Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.
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1159312
3641
Hai que facelo o suficiente ata
transformarse e internalizalo.
19:38
The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this.
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2655
O último que vos
vou dicir é isto.
19:41
Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes.
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1165608
4472
Pequenos cambios poden levar
a grandes transformacións.
19:45
So this is two minutes.
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1170080
2497
Son só dous minutos.
Dous minutos, dous minutos,
dous minutos.
19:48
Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes.
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1172577
1736
19:50
Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation,
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1174313
3246
Antes de enfrontarvos á seguinte
situación onde vos avalíen,
19:53
for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator,
399
1177559
2706
durante dous minutos, intentade isto,
no ascensor,
19:56
in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors.
400
1180265
3239
no cuarto de baño, no despacho
coa porta pechada.
19:59
That's what you want to do. Configure your brain
401
1183504
2440
Isto é o que tedes que facer.
Configurar o cerebro para
acadar o mellor desa situación.
20:01
to cope the best in that situation.
402
1185944
1822
20:03
Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down.
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1187766
2965
Subide a testosterona.
Baixade o cortisol.
20:06
Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am.
404
1190731
3966
Non saiades desa situación sentindo como
que non lles mostrei quen son.
20:10
Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like
405
1194697
2352
Saíde desa situación coa sensación
de que vou dicir
quen son e vouno demostrar.
20:12
I got to say who I am and show who I am.
406
1197049
1836
20:14
So I want to ask you first, you know,
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1198885
2542
Quero pedirvos antes de nada
que adoptedes unha posición de poder,
20:17
both to try power posing,
408
1201427
3781
20:21
and also I want to ask you
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1205208
1886
e tamén quero convidarvos a compartir
a experiencia, porque é moi simple.
20:22
to share the science, because this is simple.
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3228
20:26
I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter)
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1877
O meu ego non depende disto.
(Risos)
20:28
Give it away. Share it with people,
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1887
Compartídeo, mostrádello á xente,
20:29
because the people who can use it the most are the ones
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1861
porque os que mellor poden usalo
20:31
with no resources and no technology
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1215947
4158
son aqueles sen recursos nin tecnoloxía,
20:36
and no status and no power. Give it to them
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3126
sen posición nin poder.
Compartídeo con eles porque poden
facelo en privado.
20:39
because they can do it in private.
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1283
20:40
They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes,
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2829
Só necesitan o seu corpo,
privacidade e dous minutos
20:43
and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life.
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3150
para cambiar significativamente
as proxeccións da súa vida.
20:46
Thank you. (Applause)
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4186
Grazas.
(Aplausos)
20:50
(Applause)
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1234679
6890

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Cuddy - Social psychologist
Amy Cuddy’s research on body language reveals that we can change other people’s perceptions — and perhaps even our own body chemistry — simply by changing body positions.

Why you should listen

Amy Cuddy wasn’t supposed to become a successful scientist. In fact, she wasn’t even supposed to finish her undergraduate degree. Early in her college career, Cuddy suffered a severe head injury in a car accident, and doctors said she would struggle to fully regain her mental capacity and finish her undergraduate degree.

But she proved them wrong. Today, Cuddy is a professor and researcher at Harvard Business School, where she studies how nonverbal behavior and snap judgments affect people from the classroom to the boardroom. And her training as a classical dancer (another skill she regained after her injury) is evident in her fascinating work on "power posing" -- how your body position influences others and even your own brain.

More profile about the speaker
Amy Cuddy | Speaker | TED.com