TEDGlobal 2017
Mennat El Ghalid: How fungi recognize (and infect) plants
Mennat El Ghalid: 真菌是如何识别（以及感染）植物的？
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每年，全世界因真菌这一最具毁灭性的植物病原体损失的食物可以喂饱五亿人口。真菌科学家和TED研究员 Mennat El Ghalid 向我们解释了，在理解真菌分子信号上的突破，会如何扰乱这种互动——并拯救我们的作物。
Mennat El Ghalid - Mycologist
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity. Full bio
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
"Will the blight end the chestnut?
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“枯萎病会终结栗树吗？
00:15
The farmers rather guess not.
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栗农希望不会。
00:17
It keeps smouldering at the roots
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病菌在树根蔓延，
长出新丝，
00:20
And sending up new shoots
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直到另一种寄生物，
00:22
Till another parasite
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来终结枯萎病。”
00:23
Shall come to end the blight."
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00:28
At the beginning of the 20th century,
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在二十世纪早期，
00:30
the eastern American chestnut population,
counting nearly four billion trees,
counting nearly four billion trees,
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美国东部将近四十亿棵的栗树，
遭到一种真菌的感染，
而全部死亡了。
而全部死亡了。
00:35
was completely decimated
by a fungal infection.
by a fungal infection.
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真菌对植物来说，
包括一些具有重要经济意义的作物，
包括一些具有重要经济意义的作物，
00:38
Fungi are the most destructive
pathogens of plants,
pathogens of plants,
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是最具毁灭性的病原体。
00:41
including crops of major
economic importance.
economic importance.
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00:44
Can you imagine that today,
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你能想象，
在今天，据估计，世界范围内
作物因为真菌的感染产生的损失
作物因为真菌的感染产生的损失
00:46
crop losses associated
with fungal infection
with fungal infection
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每年有数十亿美元吗？
00:49
are estimated at billions of dollars
per year, worldwide?
per year, worldwide?
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00:53
That represents enough food calories
to feed half a billion people.
to feed half a billion people.
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换算成食物热量，
足够养活五亿人口。
足够养活五亿人口。
00:57
And this leads to severe repercussions,
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而这会产生严重的后果，
00:59
including episodes of famine
in developing countries,
in developing countries,
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包括在发展中国家引发饥荒，
农民和经销商巨大的经济损失，
01:03
large reduction of income
for farmers and distributors,
for farmers and distributors,
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消费者面临的高价，
01:06
high prices for consumers
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以及暴露在由真菌产生的
毒枝菌素中的风险。
毒枝菌素中的风险。
01:08
and risk of exposure to mycotoxin,
poison produced by fungi.
poison produced by fungi.
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01:14
The problems that we face
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我们面临的问题是，
01:15
is that the current method
used to prevent and treat
used to prevent and treat
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现今用来预防和治疗
这些可怕疾病的方法，
01:18
those dreadful diseases,
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比如基因控制，
发掘真菌抗性的天然来源，
发掘真菌抗性的天然来源，
01:19
such as genetic control,
exploiting natural sources of resistance,
exploiting natural sources of resistance,
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轮种，或是种子处理等等，
01:24
crop rotation or seed
treatment, among others,
treatment, among others,
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作用仍然有限，或是暂时的。
01:27
are still limited or ephemeral.
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01:30
They have to be constantly renewed.
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它们必须不断被更新。
01:33
Therefore, we urgently need
to develop more efficient strategies
to develop more efficient strategies
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因此，我们急需开发
更有效的方法，
更有效的方法，
为此，需要有相关研究来识别
01:37
and for this, research is required
to identify biological mechanisms
to identify biological mechanisms
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可被新型抗菌疗法
识别的生物机制。
识别的生物机制。
01:42
that can be targeted
by novel antifungal treatments.
by novel antifungal treatments.
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01:49
One feature of fungi
is that they cannot move
is that they cannot move
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真菌的一大特征是它们不能移动，
01:52
and only grow by extension
to form a sophisticated network,
to form a sophisticated network,
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而且只能通过延展
形成复杂的网络来生长，
形成复杂的网络来生长，
即菌丝体。
01:56
the mycelium.
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01:58
In 1884, Anton de Bary,
the father of plant pathology,
the father of plant pathology,
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1884年，Anton de Bary，
植物病理学之父，
植物病理学之父，
02:02
was the first to presume
that fungi are guided by signals
that fungi are guided by signals
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第一次提出，真菌是由
宿主植物发出的信号，
宿主植物发出的信号，
来引导生长的假设。
02:06
sent out from the host plant,
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即真菌可以寄生在植物体上。
02:08
meaning a plant upon which
it can lodge and subsist,
it can lodge and subsist,
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这些信号对真菌来说就如灯塔，
02:12
so signals act as a lighthouse
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帮助它们定位，蔓延，成长，
02:14
for fungi to locate, grow toward, reach
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最终入侵并寄生于这株植物。
02:19
and finally invade and colonize a plant.
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02:23
He knew that the identification
of such signals
of such signals
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他知道对这类信号的识别
02:26
would unlock a great knowledge
that then serves to elaborate strategy
that then serves to elaborate strategy
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可以增加我们的知识储备
并形成对策，
并形成对策，
来阻断真菌和植物之间的作用。
02:31
to block the interaction
between the fungus and the plant.
between the fungus and the plant.
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02:34
However, the lack of an appropriate
method at that moment
method at that moment
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但是，当时并没有合适的方法，
02:38
prevented him from identifying
this mechanism at the molecular level.
this mechanism at the molecular level.
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让他能够从分子层面
定义这一机制。
定义这一机制。
02:45
Using purification and mutational
genomic approaches,
genomic approaches,
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利用提纯和基因突变方法，
02:48
as well as a technique
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还有另一种
可以测度菌丝生长指向的技术，
02:50
allowing the measurement
of directed hyphal growth,
of directed hyphal growth,
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130年后的今天，
我能很高兴的告诉你们，
我能很高兴的告诉你们，
02:53
today I'm glad to tell you
that after 130 years,
that after 130 years,
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我和我之前的团队
终于识别了这种植物信号。
终于识别了这种植物信号。
02:57
my former team and I
could finally identify such plant signals
could finally identify such plant signals
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我们是通过研究一种叫
03:02
by studying the interaction
between a pathogenic fungus
between a pathogenic fungus
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尖孢镰刀菌的病原真菌
03:05
called Fusarium oxysporum
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和它的宿主之一，番茄，来识别的。
03:07
and one of its host plants,
the tomato plant.
the tomato plant.
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03:12
As well, we could characterize
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同时，我们还识别了
03:14
the fungal receptor
receiving those signals
receiving those signals
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真菌接收这些信号的接收器，
以及发生在真菌体内，
03:17
and part of the underlying reaction
occurring within the fungus
occurring within the fungus
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指引它向植物生长的潜在反应。
03:20
and leading to its direct growth
toward the plant.
toward the plant.
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03:24
(Applause)
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（掌声）
03:27
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
03:28
(Applause)
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理解这一分子过程，
03:30
The understanding
of such molecular processes
of such molecular processes
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提供了众多可以用来
03:32
offers a panel of potential molecules
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进行创新抗菌治疗的潜在分子种类。
03:35
that can be used to create
novel antifungal treatments.
novel antifungal treatments.
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03:39
And those treatments would disrupt
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这些疗法会扰乱
03:42
the interaction between
the fungus and the plant
the fungus and the plant
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真菌和植物之间的相互作用，
要么通过阻断植物信号实现，
03:44
either by blocking the plant signal
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要么通过阻断真菌的
信号接收系统实现。
信号接收系统实现。
03:47
or the fungal reception system
which receives those signals.
which receives those signals.
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真菌感染已经摧毁过大量农作物。
03:51
Fungal infections have devastated
agriculture crops.
agriculture crops.
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此外，我们所处的，
03:55
Moreover, we are now in an era
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是一个对粮食需求
显著上涨的时代。
显著上涨的时代。
03:57
where the demand of crop production
is increasing significantly.
is increasing significantly.
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这是由于人口增长，经济发展，
04:01
And this is due to population growth,
economic development,
economic development,
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气候变化以及
对生物燃料的需求引起的。
对生物燃料的需求引起的。
04:05
climate change and demand for bio fuels.
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04:08
Our understanding
of the molecular mechanism
of the molecular mechanism
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我们对真菌和宿主植物之间作用的
04:11
of interaction between
a fungus and its host plant,
a fungus and its host plant,
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分子机制的了解，
譬如番茄这一宿主，
04:14
such as the tomato plant,
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可能代表着迈向更有效对抗
04:16
potentially represents a major step
towards developing more efficient strategy
towards developing more efficient strategy
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植物真菌病毒的一大步，
04:21
to combat plant fungal diseases
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进而可以解决影响人们生活，
04:24
and therefore solving of problems
that affect people's lives,
that affect people's lives,
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食品安全和经济增长的问题。
04:27
food security and economic growth.
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谢谢。
04:30
Thank you.
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（掌声）
04:31
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mennat El Ghalid - MycologistMennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity.
Why you should listen
Mycologist Mennat El Ghalid received an Initial Training Networks - Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship to pursue her PhD project in the Molecular Genetics of Fungal Pathogenicity Unit and the International Campus of Excellence in Agrifood CeiA3 at the Universidad de Cordoba (Spain). During her PhD, her former team and herself identified the compounds secreted from the plant roots attracting Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne plant pathogenic fungus and characterized the underlying mechanisms of attraction. Such compounds were tracked since the 19th century. The discovery was published in the Nature Journal.
El Ghalid became a TED Fellow in 2017 and have been selected as one of the 100 women honorees for OkayAfrica's 2018 #OKAY100Women list for her dedicated work and for being a promising talent within the field of STEM. She is currently working at Institut Pasteur (France) in the Biology and Pathogenicity Unit to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and the main cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised humans.
Mennat El Ghalid | Speaker | TED.com