ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mennat El Ghalid - Mycologist
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity.

Why you should listen

Mycologist Mennat El Ghalid received an Initial Training Networks - Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship to pursue her PhD project in the Molecular Genetics of Fungal Pathogenicity Unit and the International Campus of Excellence in Agrifood CeiA3 at the Universidad de Cordoba (Spain). During her PhD, her former team and herself identified the compounds secreted from the plant roots attracting Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne plant pathogenic fungus and characterized the underlying mechanisms of attraction. Such compounds were tracked since the 19th century. The discovery was published in the Nature Journal.

El Ghalid became a TED Fellow in 2017 and have been selected as one of the 100 women honorees for OkayAfrica's 2018 #OKAY100Women list for her dedicated work and for being a promising talent within the field of STEM. She is currently working at Institut Pasteur (France) in the Biology and Pathogenicity Unit to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and the main cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised humans.

More profile about the speaker
Mennat El Ghalid | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Mennat El Ghalid: How fungi recognize (and infect) plants

美娜.艾爾.賈理德: 真菌如何辨識(並感染)植物

Filmed:
1,145,074 views

每年世界都會因真菌而損失能夠餵飽五億人的食物,因為真菌是世界上最具 毀滅性的植物病原體。身為 TED 研究會員的真菌學家美娜.艾爾.賈理德解說她和團隊的突破性研究成果:理解真菌用來攻擊植物的分子訊號,藉此來阻隔真菌與植物的交流,進而拯救我們的作物。
- Mycologist
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
"Will the blight枯萎病 end結束 the chestnut板栗?
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「枝枯病會奪走栗樹嗎?
00:15
The farmers農民 rather guess猜測 not.
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農人寧可猜測不會。
00:17
It keeps保持 smouldering悶 燒 at the roots
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栗樹的根不斷地鬱結
00:20
And sending發出 up new shoots
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並送出新枝
00:22
Till直到 another另一個 parasite寄生物
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直到另一種寄生物
00:23
Shall come to end結束 the blight枯萎病."
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前來終結枝枯病。」
00:28
At the beginning開始 of the 20th century世紀,
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二十世紀初,
00:30
the eastern American美國 chestnut板栗 population人口,
counting數數 nearly幾乎 four billion十億 trees樹木,
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美國東部有將近四百萬棵栗樹,
00:35
was completely全然 decimated元氣大傷
by a fungal真菌 infection感染.
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因真菌感染而全數滅亡。
00:38
Fungi菌類 are the most destructive有害
pathogens病原體 of plants植物,
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真菌是世界上最具
毀滅性的植物病原體,
00:41
including包含 crops作物 of major重大的
economic經濟 importance重要性.
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重要經濟作物也深受其害。
00:44
Can you imagine想像 that today今天,
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你能想像現在
00:46
crop作物 losses損失 associated相關
with fungal真菌 infection感染
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和真菌感染有關的作物損失
00:49
are estimated預計 at billions數十億 of dollars美元
per year, worldwide全世界?
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每年全球估計有數十億美元嗎?
00:53
That represents代表 enough足夠 food餐飲 calories卡路里
to feed飼料 half a billion十億 people.
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換算成食物熱量能滿足五億人。
00:57
And this leads引線 to severe嚴重 repercussions反響,
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真菌感染會造成嚴重的後果,
00:59
including包含 episodes發作 of famine飢荒
in developing發展 countries國家,
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包含在發展中國家引起饑荒、
01:03
large reduction減少 of income收入
for farmers農民 and distributors經銷商,
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農夫和批發商收入大幅減少、
01:06
high prices價格 for consumers消費者
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消費者必須高價購買,
01:08
and risk風險 of exposure曝光 to mycotoxin黴菌 毒素,
poison produced生成 by fungi菌類.
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以及曝露在由真菌產生的
黴菌毒素的風險中。
01:14
The problems問題 that we face面對
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我們面臨到的問題
01:15
is that the current當前 method方法
used to prevent避免 and treat對待
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是現在用來預防和處理
01:18
those dreadful可怕 diseases疾病,
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那些致命疾病的方法,
01:19
such這樣 as genetic遺傳 control控制,
exploiting利用 natural自然 sources來源 of resistance抵抗性,
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例如遺傳控制、
開發抵抗真菌的天然資源,
01:24
crop作物 rotation迴轉 or seed種子
treatment治療, among其中 others其他,
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輪作或種子處理等等,
01:27
are still limited有限 or ephemeral短暫的.
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這些做的都還是有限且不夠持久。
01:30
They have to be constantly經常 renewed更新.
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處理方式必須不斷更新。
01:33
Therefore因此, we urgently迫切 need
to develop發展 more efficient高效 strategies策略
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所以我們迫切需要
發展更有效的策略,
01:37
and for this, research研究 is required需要
to identify鑑定 biological生物 mechanisms機制
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因此研究必須能辨識出
01:42
that can be targeted針對
by novel小說 antifungal抗 真菌 treatments治療.
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能以新型抗真菌法對抗的生物機轉。
01:49
One feature特徵 of fungi菌類
is that they cannot不能 move移動
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真菌的特色是無法移動,
01:52
and only grow增長 by extension延期
to form形成 a sophisticated複雜的 network網絡,
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而且只能透過擴展生長,
進而形成複雜的網絡,
01:56
the mycelium菌絲.
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稱為菌絲體。
01:58
In 1884, Anton安東 de Bary巴里,
the father父親 of plant pathology病理,
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1884 年,植物病理學之父狄伯瑞
02:02
was the first to presume假設
that fungi菌類 are guided引導 by signals信號
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率先提出真菌依靠訊號引導的假設,
此訊號來自它的寄主植物,
02:06
sent發送 out from the host主辦 plant,
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02:08
meaning含義 a plant upon which哪一個
it can lodge小屋 and subsist生存,
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這意味著發訊號的植物
可以供給食宿,
02:12
so signals信號 act法案 as a lighthouse燈塔
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所以訊號扮演像燈塔的角色,
02:14
for fungi菌類 to locate定位, grow增長 toward, reach達到
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為真菌定位、提供發展和延伸方向,
02:19
and finally最後 invade入侵 and colonize拓殖 a plant.
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最後入侵並定殖於某植物。
02:23
He knew知道 that the identification鑑定
of such這樣 signals信號
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他知道辨識出這種訊號
02:26
would unlock開鎖 a great knowledge知識
that then serves供應 to elaborate闡述 strategy戰略
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能解開一大知識庫之謎,
之後能藉此規畫出
阻擋真菌和植物交流的策略。
02:31
to block the interaction相互作用
between之間 the fungus and the plant.
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02:34
However然而, the lack缺乏 of an appropriate適當
method方法 at that moment時刻
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然而,當時欠缺適合的方法,
02:38
prevented防止 him from identifying識別
this mechanism機制 at the molecular分子 level水平.
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因此他未能在分子層級
辨識出這種機轉。
02:45
Using運用 purification純化 and mutational突變
genomic基因組 approaches方法,
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透過純化和突變基因的方式,
02:48
as well as a technique技術
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加上一種技術,
02:50
allowing允許 the measurement測量
of directed針對 hyphal菌絲 growth發展,
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能測量出被引導的菌絲生長,
02:53
today今天 I'm glad高興 to tell you
that after 130 years年份,
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今天我很高興能告訴大家,
在 130 年後,
02:57
my former前任的 team球隊 and I
could finally最後 identify鑑定 such這樣 plant signals信號
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我與之前合作的團隊
終於能辨識出這種植物訊號,
03:02
by studying研究 the interaction相互作用
between之間 a pathogenic fungus
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我們透過研究一種病原菌
和植物的互動,
03:05
called Fusarium枯萎 oxysporum病菌
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即尖孢鐮刀菌,
03:07
and one of its host主辦 plants植物,
the tomato番茄 plant.
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和此菌的一種寄主植物
──蕃茄植株。
03:12
As well, we could characterize表徵
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同樣的,我們也能描繪出
03:14
the fungal真菌 receptor接收器
receiving接收 those signals信號
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真菌用來接收那些訊號的接收器、
03:17
and part部分 of the underlying底層 reaction反應
occurring發生 within the fungus
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在真菌中的部分潛在反應,
03:20
and leading領導 to its direct直接 growth發展
toward the plant.
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以及它朝植物直接生長的位置。
03:24
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
03:27
Thank you.
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謝謝。
03:28
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
03:30
The understanding理解
of such這樣 molecular分子 processes流程
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了解這種分子過程
03:32
offers報價 a panel面板 of potential潛在 molecules分子
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能提供潛在的分子平臺,
03:35
that can be used to create創建
novel小說 antifungal抗 真菌 treatments治療.
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用來創造新的抗真菌處理方式。
03:39
And those treatments治療 would disrupt破壞
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那些處理方式會中斷
03:42
the interaction相互作用 between之間
the fungus and the plant
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真菌和植物之間的交流,
03:44
either by blocking閉塞 the plant signal信號
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透過阻隔植物發出的訊號,
03:47
or the fungal真菌 reception招待會 system系統
which哪一個 receives收到 those signals信號.
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或是阻隔真菌接受訊號的系統來做到。
03:51
Fungal真菌 infections感染 have devastated滿目瘡痍
agriculture農業 crops作物.
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真菌感染摧毀了農作物。
03:55
Moreover此外, we are now in an era時代
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而且我們正處於
03:57
where the demand需求 of crop作物 production生產
is increasing增加 significantly顯著.
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需要大幅提升糧食產量的時代,
04:01
And this is due應有 to population人口 growth發展,
economic經濟 development發展,
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以因應人口成長、經濟發展、
04:05
climate氣候 change更改 and demand需求 for bio生物 fuels燃料.
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氣候變遷和對生物燃料的需求。
04:08
Our understanding理解
of the molecular分子 mechanism機制
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我們對分子機轉的了解,
04:11
of interaction相互作用 between之間
a fungus and its host主辦 plant,
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對真菌和寄主植物之間的互動,
04:14
such這樣 as the tomato番茄 plant,
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例如和蕃茄植株之間的互動,
04:16
potentially可能 represents代表 a major重大的 step
towards developing發展 more efficient高效 strategy戰略
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可能是很重要的關鍵,
讓我們能發展更有效的策略
來抵抗植物的真菌病,
04:21
to combat戰鬥 plant fungal真菌 diseases疾病
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04:24
and therefore因此 solving of problems問題
that affect影響 people's人們 lives生活,
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進而解決影響人類生活的問題、
04:27
food餐飲 security安全 and economic經濟 growth發展.
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糧食安全和經濟成長的問題。
04:30
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:31
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)
Reviewed by Regina Chu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mennat El Ghalid - Mycologist
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity.

Why you should listen

Mycologist Mennat El Ghalid received an Initial Training Networks - Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship to pursue her PhD project in the Molecular Genetics of Fungal Pathogenicity Unit and the International Campus of Excellence in Agrifood CeiA3 at the Universidad de Cordoba (Spain). During her PhD, her former team and herself identified the compounds secreted from the plant roots attracting Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne plant pathogenic fungus and characterized the underlying mechanisms of attraction. Such compounds were tracked since the 19th century. The discovery was published in the Nature Journal.

El Ghalid became a TED Fellow in 2017 and have been selected as one of the 100 women honorees for OkayAfrica's 2018 #OKAY100Women list for her dedicated work and for being a promising talent within the field of STEM. She is currently working at Institut Pasteur (France) in the Biology and Pathogenicity Unit to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and the main cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised humans.

More profile about the speaker
Mennat El Ghalid | Speaker | TED.com