TED@BCG Toronto
Alexander Belcredi: How a long-forgotten virus could help us solve the antibiotics crisis
亚历山大 · 贝尔克雷迪: 一种被遗忘已久的病毒将如何帮我们解决抗生素危机
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病毒的名声一直都不好——但有些病毒将来某天也许能够拯救我们的生命，生物科技企业家亚历山大 · 贝尔克雷迪如是说。在这个引人入胜的演讲中，他向我们介绍了噬菌体——一种自然产生的病毒，能精准猎杀对人体有害的细菌；同时他也展示了在对抗耐抗生素超级细菌日益增长的威胁中，这些曾被遗忘的生命体会如何给我们带来新希望。
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneur
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Take a moment
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大家花一点时间，
00:14
and think about a virus.
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想一想病毒（是什么）。
00:16
What comes to your mind?
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你脑海里浮现的是什么呢？
00:18
An illness?
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是疾病？
00:20
A fear?
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还是恐惧？
00:21
Probably something really unpleasant.
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多半是非常不愉快的感觉吧。
00:23
And yet, viruses are not all the same.
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然而，病毒的影响并非都是负面的。
00:25
It's true, some of them cause
devastating disease.
devastating disease.
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的确，有些病毒能引发致命疾病；
00:29
But others can do the exact opposite --
they can cure disease.
they can cure disease.
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但另一些病毒则截然
相反——它们能治愈疾病，
相反——它们能治愈疾病，
00:33
These viruses are called "phages."
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这类病毒被称为“噬菌体”。
00:36
Now, the first time I heard
about phages was back in 2013.
about phages was back in 2013.
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我第一次听说噬菌体
病毒要追溯到2013年，
病毒要追溯到2013年，
00:39
My father-in-law, who's a surgeon,
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我身为外科医生的岳父
00:41
was telling me about a woman
he was treating.
he was treating.
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向我介绍了他当时的一名
女性患者的治疗情况。
女性患者的治疗情况。
00:44
The woman had a knee injury,
required multiple surgeries,
required multiple surgeries,
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该女性患者膝盖受伤，
需要进行多次手术，
需要进行多次手术，
在进行这些手术的过程中，
00:47
and over the course of these,
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她的腿部出现了慢性
细菌感染的症状。
细菌感染的症状。
00:48
developed a chronic
bacterial infection in her leg.
bacterial infection in her leg.
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不幸的是，
00:51
Unfortunately for her,
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所有当时的抗生素
00:52
the bacteria causing the infection
also did not respond
also did not respond
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对引发她感染的细菌都不起作用。
00:55
to any antibiotic that was available.
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一般来说，在这种情况下，
唯一的选择就是截肢，
唯一的选择就是截肢，
00:58
So at this point, typically, the only
option left is to amputate the leg
option left is to amputate the leg
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以阻止感染进一步扩大。
01:02
to stop the infection
from spreading further.
from spreading further.
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我的岳父急需一种不同的治疗方案，
01:05
Now, my father-in-law was desperate
for a different kind of solution,
for a different kind of solution,
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他请求实施尚处于实验阶段的
唯一可能有效的噬菌体方案，
唯一可能有效的噬菌体方案，
01:08
and he applied for an experimental,
last-resort treatment using phages.
last-resort treatment using phages.
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你猜怎么着？那个治疗方案生效了。
01:13
And guess what? It worked.
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使用噬菌体之后不到三周，
慢性感染就得到了治愈，
慢性感染就得到了治愈，
01:15
Within three weeks of applying the phages,
the chronic infection had healed up,
the chronic infection had healed up,
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01:19
where before, no antibiotic was working.
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而在此之前，所有抗生素无一有效。
01:22
I was fascinated by this weird conception:
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我被这个奇特的概念深深迷住了:
病毒竟然能够治愈细菌感染。
01:27
viruses curing an infection.
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01:30
To this day, I am fascinated
by the medical potential of phages.
by the medical potential of phages.
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直至今日，我依然为
噬菌体的医疗潜能所着迷。
噬菌体的医疗潜能所着迷。
于是，我去年辞掉工作，
在这个领域创立了一家公司。
在这个领域创立了一家公司。
01:34
And I actually quit my job last year
to build a company in this space.
to build a company in this space.
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01:38
Now, what is a phage?
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那么，究竟什么是噬菌体呢？
01:41
The image that you see here was taken
by an electron microscope.
by an electron microscope.
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你们看到的这个影像
是用电子显微镜拍的，
是用电子显微镜拍的，
01:45
And that means what we see on the screen
is in reality extremely tiny.
is in reality extremely tiny.
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也就是说，实际上我们在
屏幕上看到的东西极其微小。
屏幕上看到的东西极其微小。
01:49
The grainy thing in the middle
with the head, the long body
with the head, the long body
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中间粒状的东西有头、长长的身体、
还有很多脚——
01:53
and a number of feet --
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01:54
this is the image of a prototypical phage.
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这就是一个典型噬菌体的形貌，
看上去还有点可爱呢。
01:57
It's kind of cute.
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（笑声）
01:58
(Laughter)
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02:00
Now, take a look at your hand.
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现在，看看你的手，
02:03
In our team, we've estimated
that you have more than 10 billion phages
that you have more than 10 billion phages
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据我们团队的估计，人的每只手上
有100多亿个噬菌体。
02:08
on each of your hands.
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它们在你手上干什么呢？
02:09
What are they doing there?
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（笑声）
02:11
(Laughter)
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事实上，病毒擅长感染细胞；
02:12
Well, viruses are good at infecting cells.
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而噬菌体则擅长感染细菌。
02:15
And phages are great
at infecting bacteria.
at infecting bacteria.
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和我们的身体一样，
02:18
And your hand, just like
so much of our body,
so much of our body,
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你的手就是细菌活动的温床，
02:20
is a hotbed of bacterial activity,
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是噬菌体的理想狩猎场，
02:22
making it an ideal
hunting ground for phages.
hunting ground for phages.
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因为终究噬菌体会猎杀细菌。
02:26
Because after all, phages hunt bacteria.
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02:29
It's also important to know that phages
are extremely selective hunters.
are extremely selective hunters.
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还有重要的一点需要了解，
即噬菌体都是挑剔的猎手；
即噬菌体都是挑剔的猎手；
02:34
Typically, a phage will only infect
a single bacterial species.
a single bacterial species.
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通常，一个噬菌体
只会感染一种细菌。
只会感染一种细菌。
02:38
So in this rendering here,
the phage that you see
the phage that you see
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所以，在这张渲染图中的噬菌体，
只会猎杀一种叫做
金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌，
金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌，
02:41
hunts for a bacterium
called Staphylococcus aureus,
called Staphylococcus aureus,
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02:44
which is known as MRSA
in its drug-resistant form.
in its drug-resistant form.
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在耐药状态下它被称为MRSA，
它会导致皮肤和伤口感染。
02:48
It causes skin or wound infections.
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噬菌体猎杀所用的工具是它的脚，
02:51
The way the phage hunts is with its feet.
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这些脚其实是超级
灵敏的感受器官，
灵敏的感受器官，
02:54
The feet are actually extremely
sensitive receptors,
sensitive receptors,
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用于准确探测细菌细胞的表面。
02:56
on the lookout for the right surface
on a bacterial cell.
on a bacterial cell.
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噬菌体一旦探测到细菌表面，
03:00
Once it finds it,
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就会锁定住细菌的细胞壁，
03:01
the phage will latch on
to the bacterial cell wall
to the bacterial cell wall
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接着将自己的DNA
注射进入细菌体内。
注射进入细菌体内。
03:04
and then inject its DNA.
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03:06
DNA sits in the head of the phage
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位于噬菌体头部的DNA，
通过它那长长的身躯进入细菌体内。
03:08
and travels into the bacteria
through the long body.
through the long body.
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这时，噬菌体会对细菌重新编码，
03:11
At this point, the phage
reprograms the bacteria
reprograms the bacteria
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以生产出大量新的噬菌体。
03:14
into producing lots of new phages.
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事实上，细菌已变成了噬菌体工厂。
03:16
The bacteria, in effect,
becomes a phage factory.
becomes a phage factory.
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一旦细菌体内积累了
约50-100个噬菌体后，
约50-100个噬菌体后，
03:19
Once around 50-100 phages have accumulated
within the bacteria cell,
within the bacteria cell,
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这些噬菌体就会释放
03:23
the phages are then able
to release a protein
to release a protein
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一种破坏细菌细胞壁的蛋白质。
03:26
that disrupts the bacteria cell wall.
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03:28
As the bacteria bursts,
the phages move out
the phages move out
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当细菌破裂时，噬菌体就跑出来，
继续搜寻新的细菌进行感染。
03:31
and go on the hunt again
for a new bacteria to infect.
for a new bacteria to infect.
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很抱歉，这可能听起来
又像一种可怕的病毒了。
又像一种可怕的病毒了。
03:35
Now, I'm sorry, this probably
sounded like a scary virus again.
sounded like a scary virus again.
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03:39
But it's exactly this ability of phages --
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但这正是噬菌体所拥有的能力——
在细菌内部繁殖，然后杀死细菌——
03:41
to multiply within the bacteria
and then kill them --
and then kill them --
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从医学的角度来看，
这让噬菌体显得很有趣。
这让噬菌体显得很有趣。
03:44
that make them so interesting
from a medical point of view.
from a medical point of view.
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另外一个让我十分感兴趣的方面，
03:47
The other part that I find
extremely interesting
extremely interesting
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是这件事的发展规模。
03:50
is the scale at which this is going on.
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就在五年前，我对噬菌体还一窍不通；
03:52
Now, just five years ago,
I really had no clue about phages.
I really had no clue about phages.
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然而，今天我会告诉你们，
它们是自然法则的一部分。
它们是自然法则的一部分。
03:55
And yet, today I would tell you
they are part of a natural principle.
they are part of a natural principle.
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噬菌体和细菌又回到了进化早期，
03:59
Phages and bacteria go back
to the earliest days of evolution.
to the earliest days of evolution.
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它们总是成双存在，
并且彼此相互制约；
并且彼此相互制约；
04:03
They have always existed in tandem,
keeping each other in check.
keeping each other in check.
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04:07
So this is really the story of yin
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
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这跟阴和阳，或是
猎人与猎物的关系别无二致，
猎人与猎物的关系别无二致，
只不过它们的关系存在于微观世界。
04:11
at a microscopic level.
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04:14
Some scientists have even estimated
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有些科学家甚至估计，
噬菌体可能是地球上
数量最多的生命体。
数量最多的生命体。
04:16
that phages are the most
abundant organism on our planet.
abundant organism on our planet.
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04:20
So even before we continue
talking about their medical potential,
talking about their medical potential,
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所以，在我们继续讨论
它们的医疗潜能之前，
它们的医疗潜能之前，
我想每人都该了解噬菌体，
和它们在地球上扮演的角色：
和它们在地球上扮演的角色：
04:23
I think everybody should know
about phages and their role on earth:
about phages and their role on earth:
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它们搜寻、感染，进而杀死细菌。
04:27
they hunt, infect and kill bacteria.
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04:30
Now, how come we have something
that works so well in nature,
that works so well in nature,
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那么，大自然中怎么会有
如此运作完美的生物，
如此运作完美的生物，
无处不在，时时刻刻伴随着我们；
04:33
every day, everywhere around us,
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然而在世界上大多数地方，
04:35
and yet, in most parts of the world,
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在我们的医药市场上，
04:37
we do not have a single drug on the market
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却没有一种能利用这种机制
去对抗细菌感染的药物呢？
去对抗细菌感染的药物呢？
04:39
that uses this principle
to combat bacterial infections?
to combat bacterial infections?
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04:43
The simple answer is: no one
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
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答案其实很简单：
还没人发明这种药，
还没人发明这种药，
至少还没有这样一种药品能够符合
04:47
at least not one that conforms
to the Western regulatory standards
to the Western regulatory standards
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04:50
that set the norm
for so much of the world.
for so much of the world.
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为世界多数东西制定
标准的西方监管准则，
标准的西方监管准则，
想知道其中的原因，
就要往前追溯一下。
就要往前追溯一下。
04:53
To understand why,
we need to move back in time.
we need to move back in time.
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04:57
This is a picture of Félix d'Herelle.
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照片中的这位是菲利克斯 · 德雷尔，
04:59
He is one of the two scientists
credited with discovering phages.
credited with discovering phages.
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他是发现噬菌体的两位科学家之一。
05:02
Except, when he discovered them
back in 1917, he had no clue
back in 1917, he had no clue
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只不过当1917年他发现噬菌体时，
05:06
what he had discovered.
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他对于自己的发现还一无所知。
05:08
He was interested in a disease
called bacillary dysentery,
called bacillary dysentery,
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当时，他对一种叫做
菌痢的疾病很感兴趣，
菌痢的疾病很感兴趣，
05:12
which is a bacterial infection
that causes severe diarrhea,
that causes severe diarrhea,
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这是一种由细菌感染
引发的严重腹泻疾病，
引发的严重腹泻疾病，
那个年代，这种疾病的致死率很高，
05:14
and back then, was actually
killing a lot of people,
killing a lot of people,
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毕竟那会儿治疗细菌感染的
药物还没有问世。
药物还没有问世。
05:17
because after all, no cure for bacterial
infections had been invented.
infections had been invented.
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当时他正在观察从疾病
幸存者身上提取的样本，
幸存者身上提取的样本，
05:21
He was looking at samples from patients
who had survived this illness.
who had survived this illness.
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05:25
And he found that something
weird was going on.
weird was going on.
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他发现了一些奇怪的事情，
05:27
Something in the sample
was killing the bacteria
was killing the bacteria
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样本中的某种东西
正在杀死那些致病的细菌。
05:29
that were supposed to cause the disease.
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05:31
To find out what was going on,
he did an ingenious experiment.
he did an ingenious experiment.
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为了查明原因，他做了
一个非常巧妙的实验。
一个非常巧妙的实验。
他取出样本，进行过滤，
05:35
He took the sample, filtered it
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直到确定样本中
只保留了极微小的生物，
只保留了极微小的生物，
05:37
until he was sure that only something
very small could have remained,
very small could have remained,
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05:40
and then took a tiny drop and added it
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
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接着，他从中取出一小滴，
滴入刚培养好的细菌中。
滴入刚培养好的细菌中。
05:45
And he observed
that within a number of hours,
that within a number of hours,
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他观察到，在接下来的
几个小时之内，
几个小时之内，
细菌统统被杀死了。
05:47
the bacteria had been killed.
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05:49
He then repeated this,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
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于是他重复进行这个实验，
再次过滤、从中取一小滴，
再次过滤、从中取一小滴，
05:53
adding it to the next batch
of fresh bacteria.
of fresh bacteria.
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滴入下一批最新培养出的细菌中；
05:55
He did this in sequence 50 times,
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他接连将这组实验做了50次，
05:58
always observing the same effect.
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每次都观察到了相同的效果。
06:00
And at this point,
he made two conclusions.
he made two conclusions.
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于是，他得出了两个结论。
06:02
First of all, the obvious one:
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
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首先，最明显的一个结论就是：
没错，有样东西正在杀死细菌，
没错，有样东西正在杀死细菌，
它就存在于那些液体中。
06:06
and it was in that liquid.
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另外一个结论是：
它本质上一定是生物，
它本质上一定是生物，
06:07
The other one: it had to be
biologic in nature,
biologic in nature,
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06:10
because a tiny drop was sufficient
to have a huge impact.
to have a huge impact.
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因为一小滴竟足以
产生如此大的影响。
产生如此大的影响。
06:14
He called the agent he had found
an "invisible microbe"
an "invisible microbe"
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他把刚发现的这种试剂
叫做“看不见的微生物”，
叫做“看不见的微生物”，
06:18
and gave it the name "bacteriophage,"
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并将其命名为“噬菌体”，
06:19
which, literally translated,
means "bacteria eater."
means "bacteria eater."
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其字面意思就是“细菌吞噬者”。
顺便提一句，
06:22
And by the way, this is one
of the most fundamental discoveries
of the most fundamental discoveries
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这是现代微生物学上
最基础性的发现之一，
最基础性的发现之一，
06:25
of modern microbiology.
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许多现代科技又回到我们
对噬菌体运作机制的理解——
对噬菌体运作机制的理解——
06:27
So many modern techniques go back
to our understanding of how phages work --
to our understanding of how phages work --
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06:31
in genomic editing,
but also in other fields.
but also in other fields.
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不仅是基因编辑技术，
在其他领域也是如此。
在其他领域也是如此。
06:33
And just today, the Nobel Prize
in chemistry was announced
in chemistry was announced
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而就在今天，两名研究噬菌体、
并开发基于噬菌体药物的科学家
并开发基于噬菌体药物的科学家
06:36
for two scientists who work with phages
and develop drugs based on that.
and develop drugs based on that.
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获得了诺贝尔化学奖。
06:41
Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s,
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追溯到二十世纪
二十年代和三十年代，
二十年代和三十年代，
人们也立刻看到了
噬菌体的医学潜能。
噬菌体的医学潜能。
06:43
people also immediately saw
the medical potential of phages.
the medical potential of phages.
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即使看不见噬菌体，
06:46
After all, albeit invisible,
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06:48
you had something
that reliably was killing bacteria.
that reliably was killing bacteria.
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我们毕竟拥有了能
杀死细菌的可靠物质。
杀死细菌的可靠物质。
06:51
Companies that still exist today,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
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像雅培、百时美施贵宝或礼来
这些今天依然存在的公司，
这些今天依然存在的公司，
06:54
sold phage preparations.
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开始销售噬菌体制剂。
但问题在于，如果用一种
不可见的微生物做基础，
不可见的微生物做基础，
06:57
But the reality is, if you're starting
with an invisible microbe,
with an invisible microbe,
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07:00
it's very difficult to get
to a reliable drug.
to a reliable drug.
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是很难生产出可靠药物的。
07:03
Just imagine going to the FDA today
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试想一下，你今天就去FDA，
07:05
and telling them all about
that invisible virus
that invisible virus
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向他们介绍你要给病人用的
这种不可见的病毒，
这种不可见的病毒，
他们会作何反应。
07:07
you want to give to patients.
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所以当上世纪四十年代
化学抗生素问世的时候，
化学抗生素问世的时候，
07:09
So when chemical antibiotics
emerged in the 1940s,
emerged in the 1940s,
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07:12
they completely changed the game.
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它们彻底改变了游戏规则。
07:14
And this guy played a major role.
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这主要得归功于图上的这个人。
他是亚历山大 · 弗莱明，
07:16
This is Alexander Fleming.
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因为他对世界上第一种抗生素
07:18
He won the Nobel Prize in medicine
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07:19
for his work contributing
to the development
to the development
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青霉素的开发做出了巨大贡献，
而获得了诺贝尔医学奖。
07:22
of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
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07:24
And antibiotics really work
very differently than phages.
very differently than phages.
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抗生素与噬菌体的
作用原理截然不同。
作用原理截然不同。
07:29
For the most part, they inhibit
the growth of the bacteria,
the growth of the bacteria,
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最大的不同就是，
抗生素会抑制细菌生长，
抗生素会抑制细菌生长，
07:31
and they don't care so much
which kind of bacteria are present.
which kind of bacteria are present.
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不管是哪种细菌。
07:35
The ones that we call broad-spectrum
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我们称之为广谱抗菌的抗生素，
07:37
will even work against
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
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它们甚至会抑制人体内所有细菌。
与之相比，噬菌体的
作用面则很有限，
作用面则很有限，
07:40
Compare that to phages,
which work extremely narrowly
which work extremely narrowly
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只对一类细菌有效，
07:43
against one bacterial species,
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因此，抗生素的优势显而易见。
07:44
and you can see the obvious advantage.
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07:47
Now, back then, this must have felt
like a dream come true.
like a dream come true.
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那时，抗生素的出现
让人们觉得梦想成真。
让人们觉得梦想成真。
07:50
You had a patient
with a suspected bacterial infection,
with a suspected bacterial infection,
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你有一名患者疑似患上了细菌感染，
07:53
you gave him the antibiotic,
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你给他开了抗生素，
07:55
and without really needing to know
anything else about the bacteria
anything else about the bacteria
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而你不需要真正对
引发疾病的细菌有更多了解，
07:58
causing the disease,
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很多患者的病就治好了。
07:59
many of the patients recovered.
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08:01
And so as we developed
more and more antibiotics,
more and more antibiotics,
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因此，随着我们开发出
越来越多的抗生素，
越来越多的抗生素，
08:03
they, rightly so, became the first-line
therapy for bacterial infections.
therapy for bacterial infections.
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新抗生素立刻就会成为
治疗细菌感染的首选。
治疗细菌感染的首选。
顺便一提，抗生素为我们
寿命的延长做出了巨大贡献。
寿命的延长做出了巨大贡献。
08:07
And by the way, they have contributed
tremendously to our life expectancy.
tremendously to our life expectancy.
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08:12
We are only able to do
complex medical interventions
complex medical interventions
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今天，我们能够进行
复杂的医疗干预
复杂的医疗干预
08:14
and medical surgeries today
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和外科手术，
08:16
because we have antibiotics,
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是因为我们有抗生素，
08:17
and we don't risk the patient
dying the very next day
dying the very next day
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所以，我们不再冒着患者
可能因为手术中细菌感染
可能因为手术中细菌感染
而在术后第二天死去的危险。
08:20
from the bacterial infection that he might
contract during the operation.
contract during the operation.
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08:24
So we started to forget about phages,
especially in Western medicine.
especially in Western medicine.
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因此，我们开始忘记噬菌体的
存在，尤其是在西药中。
存在，尤其是在西药中。
08:28
And to a certain extent, even when
I was growing up, the notion was:
I was growing up, the notion was:
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更确切的说，甚至在我
成长过程中，大家的观念都是：
成长过程中，大家的观念都是：
我们已解决了细菌感染问题；
因为我们有了抗生素。
因为我们有了抗生素。
08:32
we have solved bacterial infections;
we have antibiotics.
we have antibiotics.
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08:37
Of course, today,
we know that this is wrong.
we know that this is wrong.
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当然，今天我们都知道，
这种观念是大错特错的。
这种观念是大错特错的。
08:40
Today, most of you
will have heard about superbugs.
will have heard about superbugs.
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现在，多数人都听说过超级细菌吧。
08:42
Those are bacteria
that have become resistant
that have become resistant
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那是一种即便不是对所有抗生素，
08:45
to many, if not all, of the antibiotics
that we have developed
that we have developed
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也是对很多我们开发的、
治疗细菌感染的抗生素
治疗细菌感染的抗生素
08:49
to treat this infection.
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有抗药性的细菌。
08:51
How did we get here?
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这一切是如何发生的呢？
08:53
Well, we weren't as smart
as we thought we were.
as we thought we were.
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事实上，我们并非
像我们想的那样聪明。
像我们想的那样聪明。
08:56
As we started using
antibiotics everywhere --
antibiotics everywhere --
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从我们开始在所有地方
都使用抗生素——
都使用抗生素——
08:59
in hospitals, to treat and prevent;
at home, for simple colds;
at home, for simple colds;
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在医院用于治疗和预防；
在家里对付小感冒；
在家里对付小感冒；
09:02
on farms, to keep animals healthy --
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在农场用，为使动物保持健康——
09:05
the bacteria evolved.
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细菌进化了。
在抗生素的围攻之下，
09:07
In the onslaught of antibiotics
that were all around them,
that were all around them,
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09:11
those bacteria survived
that were best able to adapt.
that were best able to adapt.
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活下来的细菌都是适应力最强的。
09:15
Today, we call these
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
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今天，我们称之为“多药耐药性细菌”。
09:18
And let me put a scary number out there.
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我要向大家展示一组可怕的数据，
在最近一项由英国
政府委托的研究中，
政府委托的研究中，
09:20
In a recent study commissioned
by the UK government,
by the UK government,
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09:22
it was estimated that by 2050,
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预计直至2050年，
09:25
ten million people could die every year
from multidrug-resistant infections.
from multidrug-resistant infections.
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每年大约会有一千万人
死于多药耐药性细菌感染。
死于多药耐药性细菌感染。
09:29
Compare that to eight million deaths
from cancer per year today,
from cancer per year today,
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和目前每年死于癌症的八百万人相比，
09:33
and you can see
that this is a scary number.
that this is a scary number.
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这个数字显然非常可怕。
09:35
But the good news is,
phages have stuck around.
phages have stuck around.
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但好消息是，噬菌体的
应用离我们不远了。
应用离我们不远了。
09:39
And let me tell you, they are not
impressed by multidrug resistance.
impressed by multidrug resistance.
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而且，我得告诉你们，
它们可不在乎多药耐药性。
它们可不在乎多药耐药性。
09:42
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:43
They are just as happily killing
and hunting bacteria all around us.
and hunting bacteria all around us.
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它们只是喜欢猎杀我们周围的细菌。
而且，它们仍然保持着选择性，
在今天看来依然是一件好事。
在今天看来依然是一件好事。
09:50
And they've also stayed selective,
which today is really a good thing.
which today is really a good thing.
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今天，我们能可靠地识别
09:53
Today, we are able to reliably identify
a bacterial pathogen
a bacterial pathogen
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在多种情况下造成
感染的细菌病原体，
感染的细菌病原体，
09:56
that's causing an infection
in many settings.
in many settings.
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09:59
And their selectivity will help us
avoid some of the side effects
avoid some of the side effects
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而噬菌体的选择性会帮助我们避免
通常由广谱抗生素所造成的副作用。
10:02
that are commonly associated
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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10:06
But maybe the best news of all is:
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
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也许这才是最好的消息：
噬菌体不再是不可见微生物。
噬菌体不再是不可见微生物。
我们可以看到它们，
10:10
We can look at them.
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10:11
And we did so together before.
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之前我们已经看过了。
我们能对它们的基因进行测序，
10:13
We can sequence their DNA.
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10:15
We understand how they replicate.
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了解它们的复制机制。
10:16
And we understand the limitations.
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我们也明白它们的局限性。
10:18
We are in a great place
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我们正处在一个
10:20
to now develop strong and reliable
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
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能够开发强力而可靠的
基于噬菌体的药物新时代，
基于噬菌体的药物新时代，
10:24
And that's what's happening
around the globe.
around the globe.
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世界各地都已经开始行动了。
包括我们公司在内，
超过10家生物科技公司
超过10家生物科技公司
10:26
More than 10 biotech companies,
including our own company,
including our own company,
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正开发人类噬菌体应用
以治疗细菌性感染，
以治疗细菌性感染，
10:29
are developing human-phage applications
to treat bacterial infections.
to treat bacterial infections.
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10:32
A number of clinical trials
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
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数个临床试验
正在欧洲和美国进行。
正在欧洲和美国进行。
所以，我确信我们正站在
10:37
So I'm convinced
that we're standing on the verge
that we're standing on the verge
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噬菌体疗法复兴的边缘。
10:40
of a renaissance of phage therapy.
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10:42
And to me, the correct way to depict
the phage is something like this.
the phage is something like this.
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依我看，描画噬菌体的
正确方式应该像这样。
正确方式应该像这样。
10:46
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:49
To me, phages are the superheroes
that we have been waiting for
that we have been waiting for
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在我看来，在与多药耐药性
细菌感染的战斗中，
细菌感染的战斗中，
10:52
in our fight against
multidrug-resistant infections.
multidrug-resistant infections.
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噬菌体就是我们一直
期待的超级英雄。
期待的超级英雄。
所以，下次你想到病毒的时候，
10:56
So the next time you think about a virus,
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请记住这个噬菌体超人形象！
10:59
keep this image in mind.
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11:01
After all, a phage might
one day save your life.
one day save your life.
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毕竟，噬菌体也许
会在某一天挽救你的生命。
会在某一天挽救你的生命。
11:04
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
11:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneurAlexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs.
Why you should listen
Alexander Belcredi has been working in the pharmaceutical space for over a decade. He spent nine years at BCG where he was part of the global health care team, focusing on pharma and medtech. While at BCG, Belcredi became acutely aware of the urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics and was fascinated by the role that phage therapy can play. In 2017, he co-founded PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, a biotech company developing phage-based pharmaceuticals to treat bacterial infections, where he is now the CEO. Belcredi holds an MA in Modern History and Economics from the University of St. Andrews as well as an MBA from INSEAD.
Alexander Belcredi | Speaker | TED.com