TEDxDanubia
Giulia Enders: The surprisingly charming science of your gut
Giulia Enders: Presenetljivo očarljiva znanost vašega črevesja
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Ste kdaj razmišljali, kako kakamo? Podučite se o črevesju, sistemu, kjer se dogaja prebava (in še veliko več). Doktorica in avtorica Giulia Enders nas popelje v kompleksno, fascinantno znanost za njim, ki vključuje njegovo povezavo z mentalnim zdravjem. Kaže, da nas lahko podrobni pogled na nekaj, ob čemer nam je morda nerodno, naredi bolj pogumne in naklonjene sebi.
Giulia Enders - Doctor, author
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are. Full bio
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
A few years ago,
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Pred nekaj leti
00:14
I always had this thing happening to me,
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se mi je kar naprej nekaj dogajalo,
00:17
especially at family gatherings
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še posebej na družinskih srečanjih,
00:19
like teas with aunts and uncles
or something like this.
or something like this.
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na čaju s tetami in strici ali kaj takega,
00:22
When people come up to you,
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Ljudje so pristopili
00:23
and they ask you,
"So, what are you doing?"
"So, what are you doing?"
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in so me vprašali:
"No, s čim se ukvarjaš?"
"No, s čim se ukvarjaš?"
00:27
And I would have
this magical one-word reply,
this magical one-word reply,
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Jaz pa sem v odgovor ponudila
tisto čudežno besedo,
tisto čudežno besedo,
00:30
which would make everybody happy:
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ki je vse osrečila:
00:33
"Medicine.
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"Medicina.
00:34
I'm going to be a doctor."
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Zdravnica bom."
00:35
Very easy, that's it,
everybody's happy and pleased.
everybody's happy and pleased.
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Zelo lahko, to je to
in vsi so srečni in zadovoljni.
in vsi so srečni in zadovoljni.
00:39
And it could be so easy,
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In lahko bi bilo lahko,
00:41
but this effect really only lasts
for 30 seconds with me,
for 30 seconds with me,
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a ta učinek pri meni
v resnici traja le 30 sekund,
v resnici traja le 30 sekund,
00:45
because that's then the time
when one of them would ask,
when one of them would ask,
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ker potem pride čas,
ko eden od njih vpraša:
ko eden od njih vpraša:
00:49
"So, in what area of medicine?
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"Katero področje medicine pa?
00:51
What specialty do you want to go into?"
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Kaj boš specializirala?"
00:54
And then I would have to strip down
in all honesty and just say,
in all honesty and just say,
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In potem se moram razkriti in rečem:
00:58
"OK, so I'm fascinated with the colon.
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"OK, noro me privlači črevesje.
01:02
It all started with the anus,
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Vse se je začelo z anusom,
01:03
and now it's basically
the whole intestinal tract."
the whole intestinal tract."
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zdaj pa gre v bistvu
za cel prebavni trakt."
za cel prebavni trakt."
01:06
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:08
And this would be the moment
when the enthusiasm trickled,
when the enthusiasm trickled,
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To je trenutek, ko navdušenje popusti
01:12
and it would maybe also get,
like, awkwardly silent in the room,
like, awkwardly silent in the room,
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in v sobi morda nastane neprijetna tišina
01:16
and I would think this was terribly sad,
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in pomislim, kako strašno žalostno je to,
01:18
because I do believe
our bowels are quite charming.
our bowels are quite charming.
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ker dejansko verjamem, da so
naša prebavila precej očarljiva.
naša prebavila precej očarljiva.
01:22
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:23
And while we're in a time
where many people are thinking about
where many people are thinking about
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Smo v času, ko mnogi ljudje razmišljajo,
01:27
what new superfood smoothie to make
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kateri novi super smuti bi si naredili
01:29
or if gluten is maybe bad for them,
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in ali je gluten slab zanje,
01:32
actually, hardly anyone seems to care
about the organ where this happens,
about the organ where this happens,
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le redko kdo pa se dejansko zanima
za organ, kjer se vse to dogaja,
za organ, kjer se vse to dogaja,
01:37
the concrete anatomy
and the mechanisms behind it.
and the mechanisms behind it.
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konkretna anatomija in mehanizmi za njo.
01:40
And sometimes it seems to me
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In včasih se mi zdi,
01:41
like we're all trying
to figure out this magic trick,
to figure out this magic trick,
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da poskušamo razvozlati magični trik,
01:45
but nobody's checking out the magician,
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nihče pa ne opazuje čarodeja,
01:47
just because he has, like,
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ker pač ima
01:48
an embarrassing hairstyle or something.
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sramotno frizuro ali kaj takega.
01:52
And actually,
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In dejansko
01:54
there are reasons science
disliked the gut for a long time;
disliked the gut for a long time;
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obstajajo razlogi, zakaj znanost
tako dolgo ni marala črevesja,
tako dolgo ni marala črevesja,
01:58
I have to say this.
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to moram povedati.
01:59
So, it's complex.
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Kompleksno je.
02:00
There's a lot of surface area --
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Veliko površine zavzema,
02:02
about 40 times the area of our skin.
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približno 40-krat toliko kot koža.
02:04
Then, in such a tight pipe,
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Potem gre za ozko cev,
02:06
there are so many immune cells
that are being trained there.
that are being trained there.
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v kateri so mnoge imunske celice,
ki se tam urijo.
ki se tam urijo.
02:09
We have 100 trillion bacteria
doing all sorts of things --
doing all sorts of things --
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Imamo 100 bilijonov bakterij,
ki počnejo razne stvari -
ki počnejo razne stvari -
02:12
producing little molecules.
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proizvajajo majhne molekule.
02:13
Then there's about 20 different hormones,
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Potem je tam okoli 20 različnih hormonov,
02:16
so we are on a very different level
than our genitals, for example.
than our genitals, for example.
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tako da smo na zelo različni stopnji
kot na primer naše genitalije.
kot na primer naše genitalije.
02:19
And the nervous system
of our gut is so complex
of our gut is so complex
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In živčni sistem našega
črevesja je tako kompleksen,
črevesja je tako kompleksen,
02:23
that when we cut out a piece,
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da če ga delček izrežemo,
02:24
it's independent enough
that when we poke it,
that when we poke it,
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je dovolj neodvisen, da ko ga zbodemo,
02:27
it mumbles back at us, friendly.
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nam prijazno zamrmra.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
02:32
But at least those reasons are also
the reasons why it's so fascinating
the reasons why it's so fascinating
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Vsaj to so razlogi, zakaj
je črevesje tako fascinantno
je črevesje tako fascinantno
02:37
and important.
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in pomembno.
02:39
It took me three steps to love the gut.
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V treh korakih sem vzljubila črevesje.
02:42
So today, I invite you to follow me
on those three steps.
on those three steps.
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Zato vas danes vabim, da mi
sledite po teh treh korakih.
sledite po teh treh korakih.
02:47
The very first was just looking at it
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Prvi je bil samo gledanje
02:49
and asking questions
like, "How does it work?"
like, "How does it work?"
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in zastavljanje vprašanj,
na primer: "Kako deluje?"
na primer: "Kako deluje?"
02:53
and "Why does it have to look
so weird for that sometimes?"
so weird for that sometimes?"
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in: "Zakaj mora včasih
tako čudno izgledati?"
tako čudno izgledati?"
02:57
And it actually wasn't me asking
the first kind of these questions,
the first kind of these questions,
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V bistvu nisem jaz prva
spraševala takih vprašanj,
spraševala takih vprašanj,
03:01
but my roommate.
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ampak moj sostanovalec.
03:02
After one heavy night of partying,
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Po neki divji prekrokani noči
03:05
he came into our shared-room kitchen,
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je prišel v našo skupno kuhinjo
03:08
and he said, "Giulia, you study medicine.
How does pooping work?"
How does pooping work?"
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in rekel: "Giulia, ti študiraš medicino.
Kako deluje kakanje?"
Kako deluje kakanje?"
03:13
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
03:15
And I did study medicine
but I had no idea,
but I had no idea,
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Jaz sem študirala medicino,
a nisem imela pojma,
a nisem imela pojma,
03:18
so I had to go up to my room
and look it up in different books.
and look it up in different books.
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zato sem šla gor v svojo sobo
in pobrskala po različnih knjigah.
in pobrskala po različnih knjigah.
03:21
And I found something interesting,
I thought, at that time.
I thought, at that time.
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In našla sem nekaj, kar se mi je
takrat zdelo zanimivo.
takrat zdelo zanimivo.
03:24
So it turns out, we don't only have
this outer sphincter,
this outer sphincter,
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Kot kaže, nimamo le te zunanje
mišice zapiralke,
mišice zapiralke,
03:28
we also have an inner sphincter muscle.
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ampak tudi notranjo zapiralno mišico.
03:30
The outer sphincter we all know,
we can control it,
we can control it,
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Zunanjo zapiralko poznamo,
lahko jo nadzorujemo,
lahko jo nadzorujemo,
03:32
we know what's going on there;
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vemo, kaj se tam dogaja.
03:34
the inner one, we really don't.
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Notranje pa ne poznamo.
03:35
So what happens is,
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Gre za to,
03:37
when there are leftovers from digestion,
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da se ostanke od prebave
03:39
they're being delivered
to the inner one first.
to the inner one first.
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dostavi najprej k notranji zapiralki.
03:42
This inner one will open in a reflex
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Ta notranja zapiralka se refleksno odpre
03:44
and let through a little bit for testing.
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in skozi spusti malo za test.
03:46
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
03:48
So, there are sensory cells
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Tam so senzorične celice,
03:50
that will analyze what has been delivered:
Is it gaseous or is it solid?
Is it gaseous or is it solid?
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ki analizirajo, ali je to,
kar je dostavljeno, plinasto ali trdno.
kar je dostavljeno, plinasto ali trdno.
03:56
And they will then send
this information up to our brain,
this information up to our brain,
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To informacijo pošljejo v možgane
03:59
and this is the moment
when our brain knows,
when our brain knows,
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in to je trenutek, ko možgani vedo:
04:01
"Oh, I have to go to the toilet."
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"O, na stranišče moram."
04:03
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:06
The brain will then do
what it's designed to do
what it's designed to do
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Možgani bodo naredili to,
za kar so ustvarjeni,
za kar so ustvarjeni,
04:08
with its amazing consciousness.
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s svojo izjemno zavestjo.
04:10
It will mediate with our surroundings,
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Posredovali bodo v svojo okolico
04:13
and it will say something like,
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in rekli nekaj takega:
04:14
"So, I checked.
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"Torej, preverili smo.
04:16
We are at this TEDx conference -- "
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Smo na tej TEDx konferenci...
04:18
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:23
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
04:25
Gaseous?
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Plinasto?
04:26
Maybe, if you're sitting on the sides,
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Mogoče, če sedite na strani
04:28
and you know you can pull it off silently.
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in veste, da ga lahko spustite po tihem.
04:32
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:34
But solid --
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Ampak trdno...
04:35
maybe later.
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mogoče kasneje.
04:36
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:37
Since our outer sphincter and the brain
is connected with nervous cells,
is connected with nervous cells,
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Ker so naša zapiralka in možgani
povezani z živčnimi celicami,
povezani z živčnimi celicami,
04:43
they coordinate, cooperate,
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koordinirajo, sodelujejo
04:45
and they put it back in a waiting line --
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in ga potisnejo nazaj v čakalno vrsto...
04:47
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:50
for other times,
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... za drugič,
04:51
like, for example, when we're at home
sitting on the couch,
sitting on the couch,
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ko boste recimo doma sedeli na kavču
in ne boste imeli nič boljšega za početi,
takrat imamo prosto pot.
takrat imamo prosto pot.
04:54
we have nothing better to do,
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04:55
we are free to go.
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04:57
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:01
Us humans are actually one
of the very few animals that do this
of the very few animals that do this
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Ljudje smo dejansko ena od redkih
živali, ki to počnemo
živali, ki to počnemo
05:06
in such an advanced and clean way.
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na tako napreden in čist način.
05:08
To be honest, I had some newfound respect
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Če sem poštena, sem imela
na novo odkrito spoštovanje
na novo odkrito spoštovanje
05:11
for that nice, inner sphincter dude --
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do te prijetne notranje zapiralne bejbe,
05:14
not connected to nerves
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ki ni povezana z živci,
05:15
that care too much about
the outer world or the time --
the outer world or the time --
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ki jih preveč skrbi
za zunanji svet ali čas,
za zunanji svet ali čas,
05:19
just caring about me for once.
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samo zame skrbi.
05:21
I thought that was nice.
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Mislila sem si, da je to lepo.
05:23
And I used to not be a great fan
of public restrooms,
of public restrooms,
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In včasih nisem bila velika
pristašinja javnih stranišč,
pristašinja javnih stranišč,
05:27
but now I can go anywhere,
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zdaj pa lahko grem kjer koli,
05:29
because I consider it more
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ker to bolj pretehtam,
05:30
when that inner muscle puts a suggestion
on my daily agenda.
on my daily agenda.
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ko mi ta notranja mišica pripelje
predlog na moj dnevni razpored.
predlog na moj dnevni razpored.
05:34
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:36
And also I learned
something else, which was:
something else, which was:
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Naučila sem tudi nekaj drugega:
05:38
looking closely at something
I might have shied away from --
I might have shied away from --
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natančno opazovanje nečesa,
kar me je prej morda spravljajo v zadrego,
kar me je prej morda spravljajo v zadrego,
05:43
maybe the weirdest part of myself --
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morda mojega najbolj čudnega dela,
05:46
left me feeling more fearless,
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me je napravilo bolj pogumno
05:48
and also appreciating myself more.
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in bolj se znam ceniti.
05:51
And I think this happens a lot of times
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Mislim, da se to pogosto zgodi,
05:53
when you look at the gut, actually.
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ko gledamo črevesje.
05:55
Like those funny rumbling
noises that happen
noises that happen
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Kot tisti smešni zvoki kruljenja,
ki se zgodijo,
ki se zgodijo,
05:58
when you're in a group of friends
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ko smo v skupini prijateljev
05:59
or at the office conference table,
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ali v pisarni za konferenčno mizo
06:01
going, like, "Merrr, merrr..."
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in dela: "Mrrrr, mrrr..."
06:04
This is not because we're hungry.
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Ne zato, ker smo lačni.
06:06
This is because our small intestine
is actually a huge neat freak,
is actually a huge neat freak,
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Zato, ker je tanko črevo
v bistvu mahnjeno na čistočo
v bistvu mahnjeno na čistočo
06:10
and it takes the time in between digestion
to clean everything up,
to clean everything up,
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in med prebavami dolgo traja,
da se vse počisti,
da se vse počisti,
06:15
resulting in those eight meters
of gut -- really, seven of them --
of gut -- really, seven of them --
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da je potem tistih osem metrov
črevesja - sedem, v bistvu -
črevesja - sedem, v bistvu -
06:18
being very clean
and hardly smelling like anything.
and hardly smelling like anything.
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zelo čisti in skoraj ne smrdijo.
06:22
It will, to achieve this,
create a strong muscular wave
create a strong muscular wave
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Da to doseže, bo ustvarilo
močan mišični val,
močan mišični val,
06:26
that moves everything forward
that's been leftover after digestion.
that's been leftover after digestion.
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ki potiska naprej vse,
kar je ostalo od prebave.
kar je ostalo od prebave.
06:30
This can sometimes create a sound,
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To lahko včasih ustvari zvok,
06:32
but doesn't necessarily have to always.
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a ne nujno vedno.
06:35
So what we're embarrassed of
is really a sign
is really a sign
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To, česar se torej sramujemo, je znamenje,
06:38
of something keeping
our insides fine and tidy.
our insides fine and tidy.
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da nekaj ohranja
našo notranjost lepo in čisto.
našo notranjost lepo in čisto.
06:41
Or this weird, crooked shape
of our stomach --
of our stomach --
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Ali pa tista čudna, zvita oblika
našega želodca,
našega želodca,
06:44
a bit Quasimodo-ish.
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podobna kot notredamski zvonar.
06:46
This actually makes us be able
to put pressure on our belly
to put pressure on our belly
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Zaradi te oblike lahko
izvajamo pritisk na želodec,
izvajamo pritisk na želodec,
06:50
without vomiting,
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ne da bi bruhali,
06:51
like when we're laughing
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ko se recimo smejimo
06:52
and when we're doing sports,
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in ko se ukvarjamo s športi,
06:54
because the pressure will go up
and not so much sideways.
and not so much sideways.
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ker gre pritisk gor in ne toliko na stran.
06:57
This also creates this air bubble
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To ustvari zračni mehurček,
06:59
that's usually always very visible
in X-rays, for example,
in X-rays, for example,
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ki je ponavadi vedno viden na rentgenu
07:03
and can sometimes, with some people,
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in lahko včasih pri nekaterih ljudeh
07:05
when it gets too big,
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postane prevelik
07:07
create discomfort
or even some sensations of pain.
or even some sensations of pain.
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in ustvari nelagodje
ali celo občutek bolečine.
ali celo občutek bolečine.
07:10
But for most of the people,
is just results
is just results
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Pri večini ljudi gre pa za to,
07:12
that it's far easier to burp
when you're laying on your left side
when you're laying on your left side
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da je mnogo lažje rigniti,
ko ležijo na levi strani
ko ležijo na levi strani
07:15
instead of your right.
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namesto na desni.
07:18
And soon I moved a bit further
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Kmalu sem se pomaknila še naprej
07:20
and started to look at the whole picture
of our body and health.
of our body and health.
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in začela gledati celo sliko
našega telesa in zdravja.
našega telesa in zdravja.
07:23
This was actually after I had heard
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To je bilo v bistvu po tem,
ko sem slišala,
ko sem slišala,
07:26
that someone I knew a little bit
had killed himself.
had killed himself.
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da se je nekdo, ki sem
ga malo poznala, ubil.
ga malo poznala, ubil.
07:29
It happened that I had been sitting
next to that person the day before,
next to that person the day before,
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Dan prej sem po naključju
sedela poleg tega človeka
sedela poleg tega človeka
07:34
and I smelled that he had very bad breath.
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in zavohala, da ima zelo slab zadah.
07:37
And when I learned
of the suicide the next day,
of the suicide the next day,
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Ko sem naslednjega dne
izvedela za samomor,
izvedela za samomor,
07:40
I thought: Could the gut have
something to do with it?
something to do with it?
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sem pomislila: Bi lahko bilo
kaj narobe s črevesjem?
kaj narobe s črevesjem?
07:43
And I frantically started searching
if there were scientific papers
if there were scientific papers
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Divje sem začela iskati,
če obstajajo kaki znanstveni članki
če obstajajo kaki znanstveni članki
07:46
on the connection of gut and brain.
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o povezavi med črevesjem in možgani.
07:48
And to my surprise, I found many.
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Na moje presenečenje sem jih našla veliko.
07:51
It turns out it's maybe not as simple
as we sometimes think.
as we sometimes think.
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Očitno to ni tako preprosto,
kot pogosto mislimo.
kot pogosto mislimo.
07:55
We tend to think our brain
makes these commands
makes these commands
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Mislimo, da naši možgani dajejo ukaze
07:57
and then sends them down
to the other organs,
to the other organs,
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in jih potem pošljejo drugim organom,
07:59
and they all have to listen.
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ki morajo ubogati.
08:01
But really, it's more that 10 percent
of the nerves that connect brain and gut
of the nerves that connect brain and gut
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A v resnici je več kot 10 % živcev,
ki povezujejo možgane in črevesje
ki povezujejo možgane in črevesje
08:06
deliver information
from the brain to the gut.
from the brain to the gut.
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in prenašajo informacije
od možganov do črevesja.
od možganov do črevesja.
08:09
We know this, for example,
in stressful situations,
in stressful situations,
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Vemo, da na primer v stresnih situacijah,
08:13
when there are transmitters from the brain
that are being sensed by our gut,
that are being sensed by our gut,
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ko naše črevesje občuti
možganske prenašalce,
možganske prenašalce,
08:17
so the gut will try to lower all the work,
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črevesje poskuša zmanjšati delo
08:20
and not be working
and taking away blood and energy
and taking away blood and energy
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in ne dela in ne jemlje krvi in energije,
08:25
to save energy for problem-solving.
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da prihrani energijo
za reševanje problemov.
za reševanje problemov.
08:27
This can go as far as nervous vomiting
or nervous diarrhea
or nervous diarrhea
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To se pokaže kot živčno bruhanje
ali živčna driska,
ali živčna driska,
08:31
to get rid of food that it then
doesn't want to digest.
doesn't want to digest.
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da se telo znebi hrane,
ki je takrat noče prebavljati.
ki je takrat noče prebavljati.
08:34
Maybe more interestingly,
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Mogoče še bolj zanimivo,
08:36
90 percent of the nervous fibers
that connect gut and brain
that connect gut and brain
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90 % živčnih vlaken, ki povezujejo
črevesje in možgane,
črevesje in možgane,
08:39
deliver information
from our gut to our brain.
from our gut to our brain.
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prenaša informacije od našega
črevesja v možgane.
črevesja v možgane.
08:43
And when you think about it a little bit,
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In ko malo pomislimo o tem,
08:45
it does make sense,
because our brain is very isolated.
because our brain is very isolated.
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je to smiselno, ker so naši
možgani zelo izolirani.
možgani zelo izolirani.
08:48
It's in this bony skull
surrounded by a thick skin,
surrounded by a thick skin,
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So v tej koščeni lobanji,
obdani z debelo kožo,
obdani z debelo kožo,
08:53
and it needs information
to put together a feeling
to put together a feeling
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in potrebujejo informacije,
da vzpostavijo občutje:
da vzpostavijo občutje:
08:56
of "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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"Kako se počutim kot celo telo?"
08:59
And the gut, actually, is possibly
the most important advisor for the brain
the most important advisor for the brain
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In črevesje je verjetno
najpomembnejši svetovalec možganov,
najpomembnejši svetovalec možganov,
09:04
because it's our largest sensory organ,
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ker je naš največji senzorični organ,
09:07
collecting information not only
on the quality of our nutrients,
on the quality of our nutrients,
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ki zbira informacije,
ne le o kvaliteti naših hranil,
ne le o kvaliteti naših hranil,
09:10
but really also on how are so many
of our immune cells doing,
of our immune cells doing,
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ampak resnično tudi o tem, kako
so kaj naše številne imunske celice
so kaj naše številne imunske celice
09:14
or things like the hormones
in our blood that it can sense.
in our blood that it can sense.
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ali stvari, kot so hormoni
v naši krvi, ki jih lahko zazna.
v naši krvi, ki jih lahko zazna.
09:17
And it can package this information,
and send it up to the brain.
and send it up to the brain.
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545908
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Zbere te informacije
in jih pošlje gor v možgane.
in jih pošlje gor v možgane.
09:21
It can, there, not reach areas
like visual cortex or word formations --
like visual cortex or word formations --
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Ne more doseči področij, kot je
vizualni korteks ali tvorba besed,
vizualni korteks ali tvorba besed,
09:25
otherwise, when we digest,
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ker bi v tem primeru, ko prebavljamo,
09:27
we would see funny colors
or we would make funny noises -- no.
or we would make funny noises -- no.
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videli smešne barve ali pa bi
tvorili smešne zvoke. Ne.
tvorili smešne zvoke. Ne.
09:32
But it can reach areas
for things like morality,
for things like morality,
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Lahko pa doseže področja
za stvari, kot so moralnost,
za stvari, kot so moralnost,
09:35
fear or emotional processing
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strah ali čustveno procesiranje
09:36
or areas for self-awareness.
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ali področja za samozavedanje.
09:39
So it does make sense
204
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Zato je smiselno,
09:40
that when our body and our brain
are putting together this feeling
are putting together this feeling
205
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da ko naše telo in možgani
vzpostavljajo občutje,
vzpostavljajo občutje,
09:44
of, "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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kako se počutim kot celo telo,
09:46
that the gut has something
to contribute to this process.
to contribute to this process.
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da lahko črevesje k temu procesu
nekaj doprinese.
nekaj doprinese.
09:52
And it also makes sense
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1219
Zato je tudi smiselno,
09:53
that people who have conditions
like irritable bowel syndrome
like irritable bowel syndrome
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581346
3266
da ljudje, ki imajo bolezni,
kot je npr. razdražljivo črevesje
kot je npr. razdražljivo črevesje
09:56
or inflammatory bowel disease
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584636
1836
ali kronična vnetna črevesna bolezen,
09:58
have a higher risk of having
anxiety or depression.
anxiety or depression.
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3352
imajo večje tveganje
za anksioznost in depresijo.
za anksioznost in depresijo.
10:01
I think this is good information to share,
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589872
2506
Mislim, da je to informacijo treba deliti,
10:04
because many people will think,
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592402
1514
ker bodo mnogi mislili:
10:05
"I have this gut thing, and maybe
I also have this mental health thing."
I also have this mental health thing."
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593940
3385
"To črevesno stvar imam in mogoče
imam tudi to mentalno zadevo."
imam tudi to mentalno zadevo."
10:09
And maybe -- because science is not
clear on that right now --
clear on that right now --
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597349
3293
Mogoče - ker si znanost v tem
trenutku še ni čisto na jasnem -
trenutku še ni čisto na jasnem -
10:12
it's really just that the brain
is feeling sympathy with their gut.
is feeling sympathy with their gut.
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600666
3312
gre le za to, da so možgani
sočutni do črevesja.
sočutni do črevesja.
10:17
This has yet to grow in evidence
until it can come to practice.
until it can come to practice.
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605117
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Potrebujemo še veliko dokazov,
da bomo lahko prešli v prakso.
da bomo lahko prešli v prakso.
10:21
But just knowing about
these kinds of research
these kinds of research
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609599
2591
A že to, da vemo, da
obstajajo take raziskave,
obstajajo take raziskave,
10:24
that's out there at the moment
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612214
2046
da so zunaj,
10:26
helps me in my daily life.
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614284
2215
mi pomaga v vsakodnevnem življenju.
10:28
And it makes me think
differently of my moods
differently of my moods
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616523
2320
In zato drugače mislim
o svojih razpoloženjih
o svojih razpoloženjih
10:30
and not externalize so much all the time.
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618867
2812
in stvari več ne konkretiziram kar naprej.
10:33
I feel oftentimes during the day
we are a brain and a screen,
we are a brain and a screen,
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4269
Pogosto čez dan pomislim,
da smo možgani in zaslon
da smo možgani in zaslon
10:37
and we will tend to look
for answers right there
for answers right there
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625996
2827
in tam bomo poiskali odgovore
10:40
and maybe the work is stupid
or our neighbor --
or our neighbor --
225
628847
2275
in mogoče se to delo zdi
vašemu sosedu neumno,
vašemu sosedu neumno,
10:43
but really, moods can also
come from within.
come from within.
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631146
2338
a res je, da razpoloženje
prihaja od znotraj.
prihaja od znotraj.
10:45
And just knowing this helped me,
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1837
Že samo to zavedanje mi je pomagalo,
10:47
for example, when I sometimes
wake up too early,
wake up too early,
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3230
ko se na primer prezgodaj zbudim
10:50
and I start to worry and wander
around with my thoughts.
around with my thoughts.
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2711
in začnem skrbeti in razmišljati.
10:53
Then I think, "Stop.
What did I eat yesterday?
What did I eat yesterday?
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3031
Takrat si rečem:
"Nehaj. Kaj sem jedla včeraj?
"Nehaj. Kaj sem jedla včeraj?
10:56
Did I stress myself out too much?
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1701
Sem se preveč vznemirjala?
10:58
Did I eat too late or something?"
232
646138
2036
Sem jedla prepozno ali kaj?"
11:00
And then maybe get up
and make myself a tea,
and make myself a tea,
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2239
In potem mogoče vstanem
in si napravim čaj,
in si napravim čaj,
11:02
something light to digest.
234
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1526
nekaj lahko prebavljivega.
11:04
And as simple as that sounds,
235
652011
2075
In naj se sliši še tako preprosto,
11:06
I think it's been
surprisingly good for me.
surprisingly good for me.
236
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mislim, da je to zame presenetljivo dobro.
11:10
Step three took me further
away from our body,
away from our body,
237
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4874
Korak tri me je peljal
proč od našega telesa
proč od našega telesa
11:15
and to really understanding
bacteria differently.
bacteria differently.
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3101
in k resničnemu razumevanju bakterij.
11:18
The research we have today
is creating a new definition
is creating a new definition
239
666985
3248
Raziskave, ki jih danes imamo,
ustvarjajo novo definicijo,
ustvarjajo novo definicijo,
11:22
of what real cleanliness is.
240
670257
2223
kaj je resnična čistoča.
11:25
And it's not the hygiene hypothesis --
241
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3533
Ne gre za hipotezo higiene -
11:28
I think many maybe know this.
242
676923
1381
mislim, da mnogi to poznajo.
11:30
So it states that when you have
too little microbes in your environment
too little microbes in your environment
243
678328
3542
Pravi, da ko imaš premalo
mikrobov v svojem okolju,
mikrobov v svojem okolju,
11:33
because you clean all the time,
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1601
ker kar naprej čistiš,
11:35
that's not really a good thing,
245
683519
1602
to ni dobro,
11:37
because people get more allergies
or autoimmune diseases then.
or autoimmune diseases then.
246
685145
3674
ker ljudje potem dobijo več
alergij in avtoimunskih bolezni.
alergij in avtoimunskih bolezni.
11:40
So I knew this hypothesis,
247
688843
2218
To hipotezo sem poznala,
mislila sem, da se ne bom veliko naučila,
11:43
and I thought I wouldn't learn so much
248
691085
1853
11:44
from looking at cleanliness in the gut.
249
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2464
če bom gledala čistočo črevesja.
11:47
But I was wrong.
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1327
Motila sem se.
11:49
It turns out,
251
697385
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Očitno
11:51
real cleanliness is not about
killing off bacteria right away.
killing off bacteria right away.
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3965
pri resnični čistoči ne gre za
takojšnje uničenje vseh bakterij.
takojšnje uničenje vseh bakterij.
11:55
Real cleanliness is a bit different.
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2609
Resnična čistoča je malo drugačna.
11:57
When we look at the facts,
254
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1528
Ko pogledamo dejstva,
11:59
95 percent of all bacteria on this planet
don't harm us -- they can't,
don't harm us -- they can't,
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707532
4840
nam 95 % vseh bakterij na tem planetu
ne škoduje, ne morejo nam,
ne škoduje, ne morejo nam,
12:04
they don't have the genes to do so.
256
712396
1785
ker nimajo pravih genov za to.
12:06
Many, actually, help us a lot,
257
714896
2041
Mnoge nam dejansko pomagajo
12:08
and scientists at the moment
are looking into things like:
are looking into things like:
258
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3237
in znanstveniki trenutno proučujejo
stvari, kot so:
stvari, kot so:
12:12
Do some bacteria help us clean the gut?
259
720222
2621
nam nekatere bakterije pomagajo
čistiti črevesje?
čistiti črevesje?
12:14
Do they help us digest?
260
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1374
Nam pomagajo prebavljati?
12:16
Do they make us put on weight
or have a lean figure
or have a lean figure
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2469
Se zaradi njih zredimo ali smo vitki,
12:18
although we're eating lots?
262
726758
1915
čeprav veliko jemo?
12:20
Are others making us feel more courageous
or even more resilient to stress?
or even more resilient to stress?
263
728697
4677
Nam druge pomagajo, da se počutimo
pogumnejše ali smo bolj odporni na stres?
pogumnejše ali smo bolj odporni na stres?
12:25
So you see, there are more questions
when it comes to cleanliness.
when it comes to cleanliness.
264
733398
3995
Vidite torej, da obstaja mnogo
vprašanj glede čistoče.
vprašanj glede čistoče.
12:30
And, actually, the thing is,
it's about a healthy balance, I think.
it's about a healthy balance, I think.
265
738171
3274
In stvar je, da gre
za zdravo ravnovesje, se mi zdi.
za zdravo ravnovesje, se mi zdi.
12:33
You can't avoid the bad all the time.
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2413
Ves čas se ne moremo izogibati slabemu.
12:35
This is simply not possible;
267
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1733
To preprosto ni mogoče,
12:37
there's always something bad around.
268
745663
1969
ker je okoli nas vedno kaj slabega.
12:40
So what really the whole deal is
when you look at a clean gut,
when you look at a clean gut,
269
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4675
Ko gledate na čisto črevesje,
gre v bistvu za to,
gre v bistvu za to,
12:44
it's about having good bacteria,
enough of them,
enough of them,
270
752793
3822
da imate dovolj dobrih bakterij
12:48
and then some bad.
271
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1235
in nekaj slabih.
12:50
Our immune system needs the bad, too,
272
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1888
Imunski sistem potrebuje tudi slabe,
12:52
so it knows what it's looking out for.
273
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2538
da ve, za kaj mora poskrbeti.
12:54
So I started having this different
perspective on cleanliness
perspective on cleanliness
274
762918
3435
Zato sem začela drugače gledati na čistočo
12:58
and a few weeks later,
275
766377
1386
in nekaj tednov kasneje
12:59
I held a talk at my university,
276
767787
2132
sem imela na svoji univerzi predavanje
13:01
and I made a mistake by 1,000.
277
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2096
in sem se zmotila za 1000.
13:04
And I went home and I realized
in that moment,
in that moment,
278
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2434
Šla sem domov in se
v tistem trenutku zavedla:
v tistem trenutku zavedla:
13:06
I was like, "Ah! I made
a mistake by 1,000.
a mistake by 1,000.
279
774521
3015
"Ah, zmotila sem se za 1000.
13:09
Oh God, that's so much,
and that's so embarrassing."
and that's so embarrassing."
280
777560
3083
O Bog, to je tako veliko,
to je tako sramotno."
to je tako sramotno."
13:12
And I started to think about this,
I was like, "Ugh!"
I was like, "Ugh!"
281
780667
2767
In začela sem o tem razmišljati
in sem si mislila: "Oh."
in sem si mislila: "Oh."
13:15
And after a while I said,
282
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1191
Čez čas sem rekla:
13:16
"OK, I made this one mistake,
283
784673
1830
"Prav, naredila sem to eno napako,
13:18
but then I also told so many
good and right and helpful things,
good and right and helpful things,
284
786527
4084
a povedala sem še toliko
dobrih in koristnih reči,
dobrih in koristnih reči,
13:22
so I think it's OK, you know?
285
790635
1471
zato mislim, da je vse v redu.
13:24
It's a clean thing."
286
792130
1370
To je čista stvar."
13:25
And then I was like, "Oh, wait.
287
793524
2428
Potem pa sem si rekla: "Počakaj.
13:27
Maybe I took my perspective
on cleanliness further."
on cleanliness further."
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795976
3166
Mogoče sem svoj pogled
na čistočo peljala malo dlje."
na čistočo peljala malo dlje."
13:31
And it's my theory at the moment
that maybe we all do.
that maybe we all do.
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Moja teorija je v trenutno ta,
da mogoče vsi to počnemo.
da mogoče vsi to počnemo.
13:33
Take it a bit further than just
cleaning our living room,
cleaning our living room,
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Stvari peljemo dlje,
kot da le čistimo svojo dnevno sobo,
kot da le čistimo svojo dnevno sobo,
13:36
where maybe we make it
to sort like a life hygiene.
to sort like a life hygiene.
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mogoče iz tega naredimo
življenjsko higieno.
življenjsko higieno.
13:39
Knowing that this is about
fostering the good
fostering the good
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Zavedanje, da gre za spodbujanje dobrega
13:43
just as much as trying to shelter
yourself from the bad
yourself from the bad
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ravno toliko kot poskušanje
ščitenja sebe pred slabim,
ščitenja sebe pred slabim,
13:47
had a very calming effect on me.
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je imelo name pomirjevalen učinek.
13:49
So in that sense,
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V tem smislu torej
13:51
I hope today I told you
mostly good and helpful things,
mostly good and helpful things,
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upam, da sem vam danes
povedala večinoma dobre in koristne reči
povedala večinoma dobre in koristne reči
13:54
and thank you for your time,
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in hvala za vaš čas,
13:56
for listening to me.
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da ste me poslušali.
13:57
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Giulia Enders - Doctor, authorGiulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are.
Why you should listen
Giulia Enders is a medical doctor and author from Germany. In 2012, her presentation "Darm mit Charme" ("Charming Bowles") won her first prize at the Science Slam in Berlin and went viral on YouTube. Shortly after that she was asked to write a book which turned out a great success in Germany and around the world. Her bestseller Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ has sold more than four million copies and has been published in over 40 countries. Today Enders is doing research for her medical doctorate at the Institute for Microbiology in Frankfurt and has continued to communicate science in TV and museum projects.
Giulia Enders | Speaker | TED.com