TEDxDanubia
Giulia Enders: The surprisingly charming science of your gut
茱莉亚·恩德斯: 令人惊奇的肠道科学
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你是否好奇我们如何排便？学习我们肠道——消化（和更多功能）发生的系统——作为医生和作家的茱莉亚·恩德斯（Giulia Enders）为我们了其中完整的、迷人的科学，包括它与心理健康的联系。结果显示，近距离观察可能羞于接触的事物可以让我们变得无畏，让我们学会自我欣赏
Giulia Enders - Doctor, author
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are. Full bio
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
A few years ago,
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几年前，
00:14
I always had this thing happening to me,
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我总是会面临这样的场景，
特别是在家庭聚会的时候，
00:17
especially at family gatherings
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00:19
like teas with aunts and uncles
or something like this.
or something like this.
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比如说跟叔叔阿姨们一起喝茶。
00:22
When people come up to you,
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他们走到你身边，
00:23
and they ask you,
"So, what are you doing?"
"So, what are you doing?"
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然后问你，“你最近在干嘛呢？”
00:27
And I would have
this magical one-word reply,
this magical one-word reply,
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而我会用一个能使每个人都高兴的
00:30
which would make everybody happy:
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充满魔力的词回答：
00:33
"Medicine.
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“学医。
00:34
I'm going to be a doctor."
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我将要成为一名医生。”
00:35
Very easy, that's it,
everybody's happy and pleased.
everybody's happy and pleased.
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非常容易，每个人也都很高兴。
00:39
And it could be so easy,
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它要是这么容易就好了，
00:41
but this effect really only lasts
for 30 seconds with me,
for 30 seconds with me,
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但是这种效果对我来说
只会持续30秒。
只会持续30秒。
00:45
because that's then the time
when one of them would ask,
when one of them would ask,
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因为之后有的人会问，
00:49
"So, in what area of medicine?
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“那么，你想进入哪个医学领域？
00:51
What specialty do you want to go into?"
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哪个专业呢？”
00:54
And then I would have to strip down
in all honesty and just say,
in all honesty and just say,
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然后我就会实话实说，
00:58
"OK, so I'm fascinated with the colon.
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“我很痴迷于结肠。
01:02
It all started with the anus,
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一切都是从肛门开始的，
01:03
and now it's basically
the whole intestinal tract."
the whole intestinal tract."
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现在基本上是整个肠道。”
01:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:08
And this would be the moment
when the enthusiasm trickled,
when the enthusiasm trickled,
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然后这一刻热烈的气氛冷了下来，
01:12
and it would maybe also get,
like, awkwardly silent in the room,
like, awkwardly silent in the room,
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可能房间里也变成了尴尬的沉默，
01:16
and I would think this was terribly sad,
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而我觉得这是很令人难过的，
因为我相信我们的内脏是很迷人的。
01:18
because I do believe
our bowels are quite charming.
our bowels are quite charming.
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（笑声）
01:22
(Laughter)
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01:23
And while we're in a time
where many people are thinking about
where many people are thinking about
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我们所处的时代，有很多人在考虑
01:27
what new superfood smoothie to make
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哪种超级食品容易消化，
01:29
or if gluten is maybe bad for them,
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或者麸质是否有损他们的健康，
01:32
actually, hardly anyone seems to care
about the organ where this happens,
about the organ where this happens,
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但事实上，很少有人去关心
消化过程所发生的器官，
消化过程所发生的器官，
以及它具体的解剖结构和背后的机制。
01:37
the concrete anatomy
and the mechanisms behind it.
and the mechanisms behind it.
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01:40
And sometimes it seems to me
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有时在我看来，
01:41
like we're all trying
to figure out this magic trick,
to figure out this magic trick,
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我们都在试图去揭秘魔术，
01:45
but nobody's checking out the magician,
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但是没有人检查魔术师，
01:47
just because he has, like,
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可能仅仅因为他有，比如说
01:48
an embarrassing hairstyle or something.
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一个难看的发型或者什么的。
01:52
And actually,
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而事实上，
01:54
there are reasons science
disliked the gut for a long time;
disliked the gut for a long time;
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长久以来，
科学家都不怎么青睐肠道，
科学家都不怎么青睐肠道，
01:58
I have to say this.
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我必须得说出来。
因为它太复杂了，
01:59
So, it's complex.
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它的表面积很大——
02:00
There's a lot of surface area --
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是我们皮肤表面积的40倍。
02:02
about 40 times the area of our skin.
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02:04
Then, in such a tight pipe,
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在这么一根紧密的管道里，
02:06
there are so many immune cells
that are being trained there.
that are being trained there.
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有很多的免疫细胞在生长发育，
02:09
We have 100 trillion bacteria
doing all sorts of things --
doing all sorts of things --
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我们有一百万亿的细菌
在里面从事各种活动——
在里面从事各种活动——
产生小分子，
02:12
producing little molecules.
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02:13
Then there's about 20 different hormones,
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然后大概还有20种不同的激素分子，
02:16
so we are on a very different level
than our genitals, for example.
than our genitals, for example.
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举例来说，肠道跟生殖器
的复杂程度不在同一个层级上。
的复杂程度不在同一个层级上。
02:19
And the nervous system
of our gut is so complex
of our gut is so complex
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我们肠道上的神经系统也很复杂，
02:23
that when we cut out a piece,
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如果我们切出一小块，
02:24
it's independent enough
that when we poke it,
that when we poke it,
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它能够独立到当我们戳它的时候，
02:27
it mumbles back at us, friendly.
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对我们友好地咕哝一下。
02:29
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:32
But at least those reasons are also
the reasons why it's so fascinating
the reasons why it's so fascinating
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但至少这些也是让它如此迷人
和重要的理由。
02:37
and important.
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02:39
It took me three steps to love the gut.
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我用了三个步骤就爱上了肠道。
02:42
So today, I invite you to follow me
on those three steps.
on those three steps.
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所以今天，
我邀请你们跟着我的这三步走。
我邀请你们跟着我的这三步走。
02:47
The very first was just looking at it
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首先，就是看着它，
并且提问，比如“它是如何工作的？”
02:49
and asking questions
like, "How does it work?"
like, "How does it work?"
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02:53
and "Why does it have to look
so weird for that sometimes?"
so weird for that sometimes?"
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以及“为什么它有时看起来这么奇怪？”
02:57
And it actually wasn't me asking
the first kind of these questions,
the first kind of these questions,
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事实上，这类的问题
不是我首先提出来的，
不是我首先提出来的，
而是我的室友。
03:01
but my roommate.
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03:02
After one heavy night of partying,
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在一天晚上的派对过后，
03:05
he came into our shared-room kitchen,
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他来到我们共用的厨房，说，
03:08
and he said, "Giulia, you study medicine.
How does pooping work?"
How does pooping work?"
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“朱莉娅，你是学医的，
你说说排便的工作原理是什么？”
你说说排便的工作原理是什么？”
（笑声）
03:13
(Laughter)
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03:15
And I did study medicine
but I had no idea,
but I had no idea,
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我的确是学医的，
但这个我还真不知道，
但这个我还真不知道，
03:18
so I had to go up to my room
and look it up in different books.
and look it up in different books.
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因此我回到自己的房间,
从不同的书上去找答案。
从不同的书上去找答案。
03:21
And I found something interesting,
I thought, at that time.
I thought, at that time.
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然后我找到一些
在当时觉得很有趣的东西。
在当时觉得很有趣的东西。
03:24
So it turns out, we don't only have
this outer sphincter,
this outer sphincter,
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结果是，我们不仅有外括约肌，
我们还有内括约肌。
03:28
we also have an inner sphincter muscle.
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03:30
The outer sphincter we all know,
we can control it,
we can control it,
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我们都知道外括约肌，我们能控制它，
03:32
we know what's going on there;
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我们知道那里发生了什么，
而内括约肌，我们就不怎么了解了。
03:34
the inner one, we really don't.
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03:35
So what happens is,
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所以事情是这样的，
03:37
when there are leftovers from digestion,
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当有消化后的残渣产生时，
03:39
they're being delivered
to the inner one first.
to the inner one first.
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它们首先会被送到内括约肌，
03:42
This inner one will open in a reflex
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内括约肌会在反射作用下打开，
03:44
and let through a little bit for testing.
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然后测试性地让它们一点点地通过。
03:46
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:48
So, there are sensory cells
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这里有感觉细胞，
03:50
that will analyze what has been delivered:
Is it gaseous or is it solid?
Is it gaseous or is it solid?
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会分析送过来的是什么：
是气体还是固体？
是气体还是固体？
03:56
And they will then send
this information up to our brain,
this information up to our brain,
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然后它们会向大脑反馈信息，
03:59
and this is the moment
when our brain knows,
when our brain knows,
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我们的大脑就会知道
04:01
"Oh, I have to go to the toilet."
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“哦，我要去上厕所了。”
04:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:06
The brain will then do
what it's designed to do
what it's designed to do
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然后大脑会用它神奇的意识
04:08
with its amazing consciousness.
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去完成它的本职工作。
04:10
It will mediate with our surroundings,
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它会结合我们周围的环境进行调和，
04:13
and it will say something like,
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它可能会这样说，
04:14
"So, I checked.
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“我已经检查过了，
04:16
We are at this TEDx conference -- "
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我们正在TEDx大会上——“
04:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:23
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:25
Gaseous?
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肚子里有气体？
04:26
Maybe, if you're sitting on the sides,
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也许，如果你坐在靠边的位置，
04:28
and you know you can pull it off silently.
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你知道你可以默默地放掉它。
04:32
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:34
But solid --
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但是肚子里有固体——
04:35
maybe later.
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可能要等会儿。
04:36
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:37
Since our outer sphincter and the brain
is connected with nervous cells,
is connected with nervous cells,
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由于我们的外括约肌跟大脑是
由神经细胞连接在一起的，
由神经细胞连接在一起的，
它们互相协调、合作，
04:43
they coordinate, cooperate,
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04:45
and they put it back in a waiting line --
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于是就会把残渣放回到等候线。
04:47
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:50
for other times,
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其它的时候，
04:51
like, for example, when we're at home
sitting on the couch,
sitting on the couch,
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比如说，当我们在家里坐在沙发上时，
我们没有其它更要紧的事去做，
04:54
we have nothing better to do,
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我们可以自由地去洗手间。
04:55
we are free to go.
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04:57
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:01
Us humans are actually one
of the very few animals that do this
of the very few animals that do this
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我们人类是很少的几种用这种
05:06
in such an advanced and clean way.
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先进的、干净的方式排便的动物之一。
05:08
To be honest, I had some newfound respect
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说实话，我有过一些出于对这个
05:11
for that nice, inner sphincter dude --
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友好的内括约肌兄弟的新发现——
05:14
not connected to nerves
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没有跟那些
太过关注外部世界
和时间的神经相连——
和时间的神经相连——
05:15
that care too much about
the outer world or the time --
the outer world or the time --
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05:19
just caring about me for once.
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就仅仅关心我本身。
05:21
I thought that was nice.
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我想这一点很好。
05:23
And I used to not be a great fan
of public restrooms,
of public restrooms,
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我曾经不习惯使用公共厕所，
05:27
but now I can go anywhere,
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但是现在我去哪里都行了，
05:29
because I consider it more
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因为我现在考虑更多的是
05:30
when that inner muscle puts a suggestion
on my daily agenda.
on my daily agenda.
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内括约肌为我的
日程安排提供的建议。
日程安排提供的建议。
05:34
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:36
And also I learned
something else, which was:
something else, which was:
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我还学到了一些东西，即：
05:38
looking closely at something
I might have shied away from --
I might have shied away from --
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密切关注那些我曾经回避的东西——
05:43
maybe the weirdest part of myself --
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也许是我自己身上最奇怪的部分——
05:46
left me feeling more fearless,
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让我感到更加的无畏，
05:48
and also appreciating myself more.
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并且更加的欣赏自己了。
05:51
And I think this happens a lot of times
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我认为这发生在很多时候，
05:53
when you look at the gut, actually.
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尤其是当你看着肠道的时候，
05:55
Like those funny rumbling
noises that happen
noises that happen
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它们时常发出的可笑的隆隆声，
05:58
when you're in a group of friends
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当你和一群朋友在一起
或者在办公室会议桌上，
05:59
or at the office conference table,
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会发出类似“Merrr,merrr...."的声音。
06:01
going, like, "Merrr, merrr..."
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06:04
This is not because we're hungry.
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这并不是因为我们饿了。
06:06
This is because our small intestine
is actually a huge neat freak,
is actually a huge neat freak,
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这是因为我们的小肠是
一个巨大但灵巧的怪物，
一个巨大但灵巧的怪物，
它花费时间在消化道上
将所有的东西清理干净，
将所有的东西清理干净，
06:10
and it takes the time in between digestion
to clean everything up,
to clean everything up,
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06:15
resulting in those eight meters
of gut -- really, seven of them --
of gut -- really, seven of them --
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使得那些8米长的肠道，
事实上是其中的7米左右，
事实上是其中的7米左右，
06:18
being very clean
and hardly smelling like anything.
and hardly smelling like anything.
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变得十分干净，而且很难闻到任何味道。
06:22
It will, to achieve this,
create a strong muscular wave
create a strong muscular wave
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它为了实现这一点，
就创造出了一个强大的肌肉收缩，
就创造出了一个强大的肌肉收缩，
06:26
that moves everything forward
that's been leftover after digestion.
that's been leftover after digestion.
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从而推动着未消化完的残余物前进。
06:30
This can sometimes create a sound,
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这么做有时就会产生一种声音，
06:32
but doesn't necessarily have to always.
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但是并不是总是都这样。
06:35
So what we're embarrassed of
is really a sign
is really a sign
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所以，让我们感觉尴尬的
其实是一个信号，
其实是一个信号，
06:38
of something keeping
our insides fine and tidy.
our insides fine and tidy.
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表明我们身体内部正在保持和谐干净。
06:41
Or this weird, crooked shape
of our stomach --
of our stomach --
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我们的胃甚至还会变形扭曲，
06:44
a bit Quasimodo-ish.
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看起来很不舒服。
06:46
This actually makes us be able
to put pressure on our belly
to put pressure on our belly
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这样的举动事实上使
我们能够将压力堆积到腹部，
我们能够将压力堆积到腹部，
06:50
without vomiting,
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不需要通过呕吐的方式，
06:51
like when we're laughing
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就像当我们笑的时候，
当我们运动的时候，
06:52
and when we're doing sports,
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因为这些压力会上升，
而不会堆积到一旁。
而不会堆积到一旁。
06:54
because the pressure will go up
and not so much sideways.
and not so much sideways.
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06:57
This also creates this air bubble
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这种方式也产生了气泡，
06:59
that's usually always very visible
in X-rays, for example,
in X-rays, for example,
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在X光线中能够清楚地看到，
而且有时，对于一些人来说，
07:03
and can sometimes, with some people,
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07:05
when it gets too big,
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当气泡变得太大，
07:07
create discomfort
or even some sensations of pain.
or even some sensations of pain.
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会产生不适感，
甚至一些隐隐的疼痛。
甚至一些隐隐的疼痛。
07:10
But for most of the people,
is just results
is just results
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但是对于大多数人来说，
结果只是
结果只是
07:12
that it's far easier to burp
when you're laying on your left side
when you're laying on your left side
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相对于向右侧，当你向左侧躺
会更容易打嗝。
07:15
instead of your right.
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07:18
And soon I moved a bit further
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不久，我又进行了更加深入的研究，
07:20
and started to look at the whole picture
of our body and health.
of our body and health.
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我开始观察我们的身体
整体的健康状况。
整体的健康状况。
事实上，这是我在听说
07:23
This was actually after I had heard
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某个我不是很熟的人自杀之后，
07:26
that someone I knew a little bit
had killed himself.
had killed himself.
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而那个人前一天正坐在我旁边，
07:29
It happened that I had been sitting
next to that person the day before,
next to that person the day before,
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我闻见他有很严重的口臭。
07:34
and I smelled that he had very bad breath.
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当我第二天知道这个自杀事件时，
07:37
And when I learned
of the suicide the next day,
of the suicide the next day,
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07:40
I thought: Could the gut have
something to do with it?
something to do with it?
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我不禁想：肠道问题是不是跟自杀有关？
07:43
And I frantically started searching
if there were scientific papers
if there were scientific papers
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于是我开始疯狂搜寻
是否有科学论文
是否有科学论文
07:46
on the connection of gut and brain.
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研究了肠道和大脑的联系。
07:48
And to my surprise, I found many.
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出乎意料的是，我找到了很多。
07:51
It turns out it's maybe not as simple
as we sometimes think.
as we sometimes think.
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研究显示，事实远比
我们想的要复杂得多。
我们想的要复杂得多。
07:55
We tend to think our brain
makes these commands
makes these commands
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我们过去认为，是大脑做出那些指令，
07:57
and then sends them down
to the other organs,
to the other organs,
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然后那些指令下传到其他器官，
07:59
and they all have to listen.
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所有器官都需要听从。
08:01
But really, it's more that 10 percent
of the nerves that connect brain and gut
of the nerves that connect brain and gut
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但是事实上，超过10%的
连接着大脑和肠道的神经
连接着大脑和肠道的神经
08:06
deliver information
from the brain to the gut.
from the brain to the gut.
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把信息从大脑传递到肠道。
08:09
We know this, for example,
in stressful situations,
in stressful situations,
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正如我们所知道的，
比如，在压力的环境下，
比如，在压力的环境下，
08:13
when there are transmitters from the brain
that are being sensed by our gut,
that are being sensed by our gut,
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我们的肠道感知到大脑发出的信息。
08:17
so the gut will try to lower all the work,
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于是它放缓所有的功能，
08:20
and not be working
and taking away blood and energy
and taking away blood and energy
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或者暂停工作，
暂停血液和能量的供应，
暂停血液和能量的供应，
以便保存能量来解决问题。
08:25
to save energy for problem-solving.
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08:27
This can go as far as nervous vomiting
or nervous diarrhea
or nervous diarrhea
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它能够运行直到
由于紧张性呕吐或者腹泻
由于紧张性呕吐或者腹泻
08:31
to get rid of food that it then
doesn't want to digest.
doesn't want to digest.
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而摆脱它们不想去消化的食物。
08:34
Maybe more interestingly,
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或许更有趣的是，
08:36
90 percent of the nervous fibers
that connect gut and brain
that connect gut and brain
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90%连接肠道和大脑的神经纤维
08:39
deliver information
from our gut to our brain.
from our gut to our brain.
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将肠道的信息传递到大脑，
08:43
And when you think about it a little bit,
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仔细想一想，这也说得通，
因为我们的大脑是非常独立的。
08:45
it does make sense,
because our brain is very isolated.
because our brain is very isolated.
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08:48
It's in this bony skull
surrounded by a thick skin,
surrounded by a thick skin,
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它在头盖骨中被薄膜包裹，
08:53
and it needs information
to put together a feeling
to put together a feeling
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它需要汇总信息来检查自身的情况，
08:56
of "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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比如”我的整个身体在干什么？“
08:59
And the gut, actually, is possibly
the most important advisor for the brain
the most important advisor for the brain
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而肠道事实上是大脑最重要的建议者
因为它是我们身体中最大的感觉器官
09:04
because it's our largest sensory organ,
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09:07
collecting information not only
on the quality of our nutrients,
on the quality of our nutrients,
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不仅收集我们营养物的质量信息
09:10
but really also on how are so many
of our immune cells doing,
of our immune cells doing,
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还有收集免疫细胞的信息
或者就像它能够感知到的
我们血液中的激素情况
我们血液中的激素情况
09:14
or things like the hormones
in our blood that it can sense.
in our blood that it can sense.
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于是它打包这些信息，
然后把它们传到大脑
然后把它们传到大脑
09:17
And it can package this information,
and send it up to the brain.
and send it up to the brain.
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09:21
It can, there, not reach areas
like visual cortex or word formations --
like visual cortex or word formations --
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这种传输不需要到达
视觉皮层或者语言区域，
视觉皮层或者语言区域，
09:25
otherwise, when we digest,
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否则，当我们消化时，
09:27
we would see funny colors
or we would make funny noises -- no.
or we would make funny noises -- no.
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我们会看见搞笑的颜色或者
会发出搞笑的声音——不。
会发出搞笑的声音——不。
09:32
But it can reach areas
for things like morality,
for things like morality,
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但是它能到达类似道德判断，
09:35
fear or emotional processing
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害怕或者情绪处理的区域，
09:36
or areas for self-awareness.
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或者自我意识区域。
09:39
So it does make sense
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所以，它确实起了很大的作用，
09:40
that when our body and our brain
are putting together this feeling
are putting together this feeling
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当我们的身体和我们的大脑
将这种感觉整合在一起，
将这种感觉整合在一起，
09:44
of, "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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即”整个身体在干什么？“时，
09:46
that the gut has something
to contribute to this process.
to contribute to this process.
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肠道在这个过程中起到了一定的作用。
09:52
And it also makes sense
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这个说法也确实言之有理，
09:53
that people who have conditions
like irritable bowel syndrome
like irritable bowel syndrome
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那些患有肠易激综合征的人
09:56
or inflammatory bowel disease
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或者患有炎性肠病的人，
09:58
have a higher risk of having
anxiety or depression.
anxiety or depression.
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更容易得焦虑症和抑郁症。
10:01
I think this is good information to share,
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我认为这是值得分享的信息，
10:04
because many people will think,
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因为很多人都会认为
10:05
"I have this gut thing, and maybe
I also have this mental health thing."
I also have this mental health thing."
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3385
”我肠道有问题，
那可能我也有精神健康问题。“
那可能我也有精神健康问题。“
10:09
And maybe -- because science is not
clear on that right now --
clear on that right now --
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可能，因为在这个领域
科学家们尚未研究得很清楚——
科学家们尚未研究得很清楚——
10:12
it's really just that the brain
is feeling sympathy with their gut.
is feeling sympathy with their gut.
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也许仅仅是大脑正在慰问肠道。
10:17
This has yet to grow in evidence
until it can come to practice.
until it can come to practice.
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在能够用于实践之前，
这仅仅是一种迹象。
这仅仅是一种迹象。
10:21
But just knowing about
these kinds of research
these kinds of research
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但是单单是了解这些研究，
10:24
that's out there at the moment
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在那一刻
10:26
helps me in my daily life.
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为我的日常生活提供了许多帮助。
10:28
And it makes me think
differently of my moods
differently of my moods
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它让我以不同的角度
去认识情绪，
去认识情绪，
10:30
and not externalize so much all the time.
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也让我不再那么频繁地
外化自己的情绪。
外化自己的情绪。
10:33
I feel oftentimes during the day
we are a brain and a screen,
we are a brain and a screen,
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我时常感觉到在一天的生活中，
我们就是一个大脑或屏幕，
我们就是一个大脑或屏幕，
10:37
and we will tend to look
for answers right there
for answers right there
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我们试图寻找在眼前的答案，
10:40
and maybe the work is stupid
or our neighbor --
or our neighbor --
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可能我们的工作
很愚蠢或者我们邻居——
很愚蠢或者我们邻居——
10:43
but really, moods can also
come from within.
come from within.
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但是，情绪也会来自于内部。
10:45
And just knowing this helped me,
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了解这些确实帮助了我，
10:47
for example, when I sometimes
wake up too early,
wake up too early,
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举个例子，当我有时过早起床，
10:50
and I start to worry and wander
around with my thoughts.
around with my thoughts.
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我开始担心并且开始神游，。
10:53
Then I think, "Stop.
What did I eat yesterday?
What did I eat yesterday?
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然后我想：
”停下来，我昨天吃了什么？
”停下来，我昨天吃了什么？
10:56
Did I stress myself out too much?
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我是不是过度劳累了？
10:58
Did I eat too late or something?"
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2036
我是不是吃得太晚了或者别的什么？“
11:00
And then maybe get up
and make myself a tea,
and make myself a tea,
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然后可能就起床给自己倒一杯茶，
11:02
something light to digest.
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一些易于消化的食物。
11:04
And as simple as that sounds,
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这些想法听起来很简单，
11:06
I think it's been
surprisingly good for me.
surprisingly good for me.
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但我认为对我来说效果显著。
11:10
Step three took me further
away from our body,
away from our body,
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第三步让我更深入地了解了我的身体，
11:15
and to really understanding
bacteria differently.
bacteria differently.
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3101
真正地改变了对细菌的理解。
11:18
The research we have today
is creating a new definition
is creating a new definition
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3248
如今的研究创造了一个新的定义，
11:22
of what real cleanliness is.
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关于真正的清洁是什么。
11:25
And it's not the hygiene hypothesis --
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它不是卫生假说——
11:28
I think many maybe know this.
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我知道很多人可能了解这个。
11:30
So it states that when you have
too little microbes in your environment
too little microbes in your environment
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它说的是，当你处于
一个无菌环境中时，
一个无菌环境中时，
11:33
because you clean all the time,
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由于你总是很爱干净，
那并不是一件很好的事情，
11:35
that's not really a good thing,
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1602
11:37
because people get more allergies
or autoimmune diseases then.
or autoimmune diseases then.
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因为这样会使人们得上
更多的过敏症或者自身免疫疾病。
更多的过敏症或者自身免疫疾病。
11:40
So I knew this hypothesis,
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2218
所以我知道这个假设后，
11:43
and I thought I wouldn't learn so much
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1853
我认为自己观察肠道清洁时，
11:44
from looking at cleanliness in the gut.
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不会有什么收获。
11:47
But I was wrong.
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但是我错了。
11:49
It turns out,
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结果表明，
11:51
real cleanliness is not about
killing off bacteria right away.
killing off bacteria right away.
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真正的清洁并不是立马消除细菌。
11:55
Real cleanliness is a bit different.
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真正的清洁是不同的。
当我们看到事实，
11:57
When we look at the facts,
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11:59
95 percent of all bacteria on this planet
don't harm us -- they can't,
don't harm us -- they can't,
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4840
在这个星球的95%的细菌
并不会伤害我们——
并不会伤害我们——
12:04
they don't have the genes to do so.
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它们没有相应的基因去做这些事。
12:06
Many, actually, help us a lot,
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2041
事实上，其中很多细菌还会帮助我们，
12:08
and scientists at the moment
are looking into things like:
are looking into things like:
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科学家在这个时候开始调查类似于：
12:12
Do some bacteria help us clean the gut?
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”一些细菌能否帮助我们清理肠道？“
12:14
Do they help us digest?
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1374
”它们能否帮助我们消化？“
12:16
Do they make us put on weight
or have a lean figure
or have a lean figure
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”它们能否帮助我们增重或保持线条，
12:18
although we're eating lots?
262
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即使我们吃了很多？“
12:20
Are others making us feel more courageous
or even more resilient to stress?
or even more resilient to stress?
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”其他细菌能否让我们变得
更加勇敢，或者甚至适应压力？“
更加勇敢，或者甚至适应压力？“
12:25
So you see, there are more questions
when it comes to cleanliness.
when it comes to cleanliness.
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3995
所以你看，当涉及到清洁时，
有太多的问题会产生。
有太多的问题会产生。
12:30
And, actually, the thing is,
it's about a healthy balance, I think.
it's about a healthy balance, I think.
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事实上，我认为真相就是
保持一个健康的平衡。
保持一个健康的平衡。
12:33
You can't avoid the bad all the time.
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2413
你不能一直避免不好的事物，
12:35
This is simply not possible;
267
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1733
这几乎是不可能的，
12:37
there's always something bad around.
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1969
我们身边总是会有不好的东西。
12:40
So what really the whole deal is
when you look at a clean gut,
when you look at a clean gut,
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所以真正统筹全局的处理就是，
当你观察干净的肠道时，
当你观察干净的肠道时，
12:44
it's about having good bacteria,
enough of them,
enough of them,
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3822
有足够的有益细菌，
12:48
and then some bad.
271
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1235
也有一些不好的细菌。
12:50
Our immune system needs the bad, too,
272
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1888
我们的免疫系统也需要不好的细菌，
12:52
so it knows what it's looking out for.
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这样它就知道该留心什么。
12:54
So I started having this different
perspective on cleanliness
perspective on cleanliness
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3435
所以我开始有了
一个不同的关于干净的观点，
一个不同的关于干净的观点，
12:58
and a few weeks later,
275
766377
1386
在几周之后，
12:59
I held a talk at my university,
276
767787
2132
我在大学做了一次演讲，
13:01
and I made a mistake by 1,000.
277
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2096
我在1000位听众前犯了个错误。
13:04
And I went home and I realized
in that moment,
in that moment,
278
772063
2434
当我回到家，我意识到了这个错误，
13:06
I was like, "Ah! I made
a mistake by 1,000.
a mistake by 1,000.
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774521
3015
不禁想：”啊！我在1000人面前犯了错。
13:09
Oh God, that's so much,
and that's so embarrassing."
and that's so embarrassing."
280
777560
3083
我的天，这么多人，太尴尬了。”
13:12
And I started to think about this,
I was like, "Ugh!"
I was like, "Ugh!"
281
780667
2767
我不停地懊悔和感叹，
13:15
And after a while I said,
282
783458
1191
过了一会儿我说，
”好吧，我的确犯了一个错误，
13:16
"OK, I made this one mistake,
283
784673
1830
13:18
but then I also told so many
good and right and helpful things,
good and right and helpful things,
284
786527
4084
但是我也说了
很多正确的，有帮助的东西，
很多正确的，有帮助的东西，
13:22
so I think it's OK, you know?
285
790635
1471
应该没关系的，
13:24
It's a clean thing."
286
792130
1370
是可以接受的。”
13:25
And then I was like, "Oh, wait.
287
793524
2428
然后我又想“哦，等一下。
13:27
Maybe I took my perspective
on cleanliness further."
on cleanliness further."
288
795976
3166
也许我关于干净的理论更升华了。”
13:31
And it's my theory at the moment
that maybe we all do.
that maybe we all do.
289
799166
2682
这就是我当时的理论。
13:33
Take it a bit further than just
cleaning our living room,
cleaning our living room,
290
801872
2770
将这个概念带入到
比打扫房间更广大的领域，
比打扫房间更广大的领域，
13:36
where maybe we make it
to sort like a life hygiene.
to sort like a life hygiene.
291
804666
3106
可能就是一次生命的卫生。
13:39
Knowing that this is about
fostering the good
fostering the good
292
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3633
了解到这是在培育一种善，
13:43
just as much as trying to shelter
yourself from the bad
yourself from the bad
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就像你尽量避开糟糕的事一样，
13:47
had a very calming effect on me.
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就会让我平静下来。
13:49
So in that sense,
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从这层意义上说，
13:51
I hope today I told you
mostly good and helpful things,
mostly good and helpful things,
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我希望今天我告诉了你们
很多有帮助的东西，
很多有帮助的东西，
13:54
and thank you for your time,
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也很感谢你们能够抽出时间
13:56
for listening to me.
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来听我的演讲。
13:57
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Giulia Enders - Doctor, authorGiulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are.
Why you should listen
Giulia Enders is a medical doctor and author from Germany. In 2012, her presentation "Darm mit Charme" ("Charming Bowles") won her first prize at the Science Slam in Berlin and went viral on YouTube. Shortly after that she was asked to write a book which turned out a great success in Germany and around the world. Her bestseller Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ has sold more than four million copies and has been published in over 40 countries. Today Enders is doing research for her medical doctorate at the Institute for Microbiology in Frankfurt and has continued to communicate science in TV and museum projects.
Giulia Enders | Speaker | TED.com