TEDxStanford
Marily Oppezzo: Want to be more creative? Go for a walk
Marily Oppezzo: ¿Quieres ser más creativo? Ve a dar un paseo.
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A la hora de generar nuevas ideas, todos tenemos momentos en los que no se nos ocurre nada. Pero las investigaciones de Marily Oppezzo, especialista en ciencias del comportamiento y aprendizaje, nos muestran que levantarse y salir a dar un paseo puede ser suficiente para estimular la creatividad. En esta charla rápida y divertida, Oppezzo nos explica cómo caminar podría ayudarnos a aprovechar al máximo nuestra próxima lluvia de ideas.
Marily Oppezzo - Behavioral and learning scientist
Marily Oppezzo studies how the movement of the body can affect the movement of the mind. Full bio
Marily Oppezzo studies how the movement of the body can affect the movement of the mind. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The creative process -- you know this --
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El proceso creativo, como Uds. saben,
de la idea inicial al producto final,
00:15
from the first idea to the final product,
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00:17
is a long process.
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es un largo proceso.
00:19
It's super-iterative, lots of refinement,
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Es superiterativo, con muchos ajustes,
sangre, sudor, lágrimas, ¡y años!
00:22
blood, sweat, tears and years.
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No es cuestión de ir a dar un paseo
00:24
And we're not saying
you're going to go out for a walk
you're going to go out for a walk
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y volver con la Capilla Sixtina, ¿verdad?
00:27
and come back with the Sistine Chapel
in your left hand.
in your left hand.
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Entonces, ¿en qué etapa
del proceso nos centramos?
del proceso nos centramos?
00:29
So what frame of the creative
process did we focus on?
process did we focus on?
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Solo la primera parte.
00:32
Just this first part.
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00:34
Just brainstorming,
coming up with a new idea.
coming up with a new idea.
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Solo la lluvia de ideas,
generar una nueva idea.
generar una nueva idea.
00:38
We actually ran four studies
with a variety of people.
with a variety of people.
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Hicimos cuatro estudios
con una variedad de personas,
con una variedad de personas,
00:42
You were either walking
indoors or outdoors.
indoors or outdoors.
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caminando adentro o afuera,
00:44
And all of these studies
found the same conclusion.
found the same conclusion.
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y todos estos estudios
llegaron a la misma conclusión.
llegaron a la misma conclusión.
00:48
I'm only going to tell you
about one of them today.
about one of them today.
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Hoy solo voy a hablarles
de uno de estos estudios.
de uno de estos estudios.
Uno de los tests de creatividad que usamos
fue el test de los usos alternativos.
fue el test de los usos alternativos.
00:51
One of the tests we used for creativity
was alternate uses.
was alternate uses.
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00:55
In this test, you have four minutes.
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Son cuatro minutos,
00:57
Your job is to come up with as many other
ways to use common everyday objects
ways to use common everyday objects
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y la tarea es generar
la mayor cantidad posible
la mayor cantidad posible
de usos alternativos
para objetos cotidianos.
para objetos cotidianos.
01:01
as you can think of.
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01:02
So, for example,
what else would you do with a key,
what else would you do with a key,
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Por ejemplo, ¿qué otra cosa
se puede hacer con una llave,
se puede hacer con una llave,
01:05
other than to use it
for opening up a lock?
for opening up a lock?
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además de abrir una cerradura?
01:08
Clearly, you could use it
as a third eyeball for a giraffe, right?
as a third eyeball for a giraffe, right?
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Obviamente, podría servir como
tercer ojo para una jirafa, ¿no?
tercer ojo para una jirafa, ¿no?
01:12
Maybe. That's sort of interesting,
kind of new. But is it creative?
kind of new. But is it creative?
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Podría ser. Es interesante y novedoso
en cierta medida, pero ¿es creativo?
en cierta medida, pero ¿es creativo?
01:17
So people came up with
as many ideas as they could,
as many ideas as they could,
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Los participantes generaban
tantas ideas como podían
tantas ideas como podían
01:20
and we had to decide:
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y nosotros teníamos que decidir
si eran creativas o no.
si eran creativas o no.
01:21
Is this creative or not?
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01:24
The definition of creativity
that a lot of people go with
that a lot of people go with
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La definición de creatividad
que mucha gente acepta
que mucha gente acepta
01:27
is "appropriate novelty."
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es la de "novedad adecuada".
01:29
For something to be appropriate,
it has to be realistic,
it has to be realistic,
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Para que algo sea "adecuado"
tiene que ser realista,
tiene que ser realista,
01:32
so unfortunately, you can't use
a key as an eyeball.
a key as an eyeball.
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así que, lamentablemente,
la llave no sirve como ojo.
la llave no sirve como ojo.
01:36
Boo!
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¡Buuu!
Pero "novedad", el segundo aspecto,
significa que nadie lo haya dicho antes.
significa que nadie lo haya dicho antes.
01:37
But "novel," the second thing,
is that nobody had to have said it.
is that nobody had to have said it.
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01:42
So for us, it had to be appropriate first,
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Entonces la idea tenía que ser
adecuada, en primer lugar,
adecuada, en primer lugar,
01:45
and then for novelty,
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y luego novedosa,
01:46
nobody else in the entire population
that we surveyed could have said it.
that we surveyed could have said it.
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o sea que no se le hubiera ocurrido
a ningún otro sujeto del estudio.
a ningún otro sujeto del estudio.
01:50
So you might think you could use
a key to scratch somebody's car,
a key to scratch somebody's car,
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O sea que se te podía ocurrir
usar la llave para rayar un auto,
usar la llave para rayar un auto,
pero, si alguien más lo decía,
01:54
but if somebody else said that,
you didn't get credit for it.
you didn't get credit for it.
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no sumaba puntos para ninguno de los dos.
01:57
Neither of you did.
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Pero hubo una sola persona que dijo esto:
01:58
However, only one person said this:
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02:02
"If you were dying
and it were a murder mystery,
and it were a murder mystery,
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"Si fueras la víctima
de un misterioso asesinato,
de un misterioso asesinato,
02:05
and you had to carve the name
of the murderer into the ground
of the murderer into the ground
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y tuvieras que escribir el nombre
del asesino en el suelo
del asesino en el suelo
con tus últimas palabras".
02:08
with your dying words."
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02:10
One person said this.
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Una persona dijo esto.
02:11
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
Y es una idea creativa,
porque es adecuada y es novedosa.
porque es adecuada y es novedosa.
02:12
And it's a creative idea,
because it's appropriate and it's novel.
because it's appropriate and it's novel.
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El test de generación de ideas
podía hacerse sentado
podía hacerse sentado
02:16
You either did this test and came up
with ideas while you were seated
with ideas while you were seated
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02:19
or while you were walking on a treadmill.
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o caminando en la cinta.
02:22
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:24
They did the test twice,
with different objects.
with different objects.
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Hicieron el test dos veces,
con distintos objetos.
con distintos objetos.
Tres grupos.
02:26
Three groups: the first group sat first
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El primer grupo lo hizo
sentado la primera vez,
sentado la primera vez,
02:30
and then sat again for the second test.
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y luego sentado de nuevo la segunda vez.
02:32
The second group sat first
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El segundo grupo lo hizo
sentado la primera vez
sentado la primera vez
02:35
and then did the second test
while walking on a treadmill.
while walking on a treadmill.
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y caminando en la cinta la segunda vez.
02:38
The third group --
and this is interesting --
and this is interesting --
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El tercer grupo, y esto es interesante,
02:41
they walked on the treadmill first,
and then they sat.
and then they sat.
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caminó en la cinta la primera vez,
y luego se sentó.
y luego se sentó.
02:44
OK, so the two groups
that sat together for the first test,
that sat together for the first test,
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Entonces, los dos grupos que estuvieron
sentados juntos la primera vez,
sentados juntos la primera vez,
02:48
they looked pretty similar to each other,
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tuvieron resultados similares
y generaron un promedio
de 20 ideas creativas por persona.
de 20 ideas creativas por persona.
02:50
and they averaged
about 20 creative ideas per person.
about 20 creative ideas per person.
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02:54
The group that was walking
on the treadmill
on the treadmill
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El grupo que estaba caminando en la cinta
02:56
did almost twice as well.
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generó casi el doble de ideas.
02:59
And they were just walking
on a treadmill in a windowless room.
on a treadmill in a windowless room.
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Y solo estaban caminando en una cinta,
en un cuarto sin ventanas.
en un cuarto sin ventanas.
Recuerden que el test se hizo dos veces.
03:04
Remember, they took the test twice.
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Las personas que siguieron sentadas
la segunda vez, no mejoraron;
la segunda vez, no mejoraron;
03:06
The people who sat twice for that second
test didn't get any better;
test didn't get any better;
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03:10
practice didn't help.
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la práctica no ayudó.
03:12
But these same people who were sitting
and then went on the treadmill
and then went on the treadmill
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Pero los que se sentaron primero
y luego pasaron a la cinta
y luego pasaron a la cinta
se vieron estimulados por la caminata.
03:15
got a boost from walking.
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03:17
Here's the interesting thing.
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Y aquí está lo interesante:
Los que caminaron la primera vez,
03:19
The people who were
walking on the treadmill
walking on the treadmill
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tuvieron un efecto residual
durante la segunda vuelta
durante la segunda vuelta
03:21
still had a residue effect of the walking,
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y continuaron siendo creativos.
03:24
and they were still creative afterwards.
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Quiere decir que deberían a dar un paseo
03:26
So the implication of this
is that you should go for a walk
is that you should go for a walk
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antes de una reunión importante.
03:29
before your next big meeting
and just start brainstorming right away.
and just start brainstorming right away.
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Y empezar a generar
ideas ni bien regresen.
ideas ni bien regresen.
Tenemos cinco consejos para Uds.
03:34
We have five tips for you
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03:36
that will help make this
the best effect possible.
the best effect possible.
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que los van a ayudar a obtener
el mejor efecto posible.
el mejor efecto posible.
03:39
First, you want to pick a problem
or a topic to brainstorm.
or a topic to brainstorm.
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Primero: elijan un problema
o un tema para pensar.
o un tema para pensar.
03:44
So, this is not the shower effect,
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Este no es el "efecto ducha",
03:46
when you're in the shower
and all of a sudden,
and all of a sudden,
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cuando abrimos la botella del champú
y de pronto se nos ocurre una idea.
y de pronto se nos ocurre una idea.
03:48
a new idea pops out of the shampoo bottle.
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Es algo en lo que estamos
pensando con anterioridad,
pensando con anterioridad,
03:50
This is something
you're thinking about ahead of time.
you're thinking about ahead of time.
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con la intención de generar
una perspectiva diferente
una perspectiva diferente
03:53
They're intentionally thinking about
brainstorming a different perspective
brainstorming a different perspective
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durante la caminata.
03:57
on the walk.
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03:58
Secondly -- I get asked this a lot:
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Segundo, algo que me preguntan mucho:
04:00
Is this OK while running?
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¿funciona corriendo?
04:02
Well, the answer for me
is that if I were running,
is that if I were running,
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Bueno, yo, personalmente,
si estuviera corriendo,
si estuviera corriendo,
04:05
the only new idea I would have
would be to stop running, so ...
would be to stop running, so ...
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la única idea nueva que tendría
sería dejar de correr, así que...
sería dejar de correr, así que...
04:09
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
04:10
But if running for you
is a comfortable pace, good.
is a comfortable pace, good.
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Pero, si correr es un ritmo
cómodo para Uds., está bien.
cómodo para Uds., está bien.
04:14
It turns out, whatever physical
activity is not taking a lot of attention.
activity is not taking a lot of attention.
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Tiene que ser una actividad física
que no requiera demasiada atención.
que no requiera demasiada atención.
04:18
So just walking at a comfortable
pace is a good choice.
pace is a good choice.
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Una simple caminata a un ritmo
cómodo es una buena idea.
cómodo es una buena idea.
04:22
Also, you want to come up with
as many ideas as you can.
as many ideas as you can.
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La otra cosa es generar
tantas ideas como sea posible.
tantas ideas como sea posible.
Un aspecto clave de la creatividad
es no quedarse con la primera idea.
es no quedarse con la primera idea.
04:25
One key of creativity
is to not lock on that first idea.
is to not lock on that first idea.
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No paren; sigan generando ideas
04:28
Keep going.
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04:30
Keep coming up with new ones,
until you pick one or two to pursue.
until you pick one or two to pursue.
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y después elijan una
o dos para desarrollar.
o dos para desarrollar.
Tal vez les preocupe no escribirlas.
04:35
You might worry that you don't want
to write them down,
to write them down,
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¿Qué pasa si se olvidan?
04:38
because what if you forget them?
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Bueno, la idea es hablar en voz alta,
04:39
So the idea here is to speak them.
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como lo hicimos en el estudio.
04:41
Everybody was speaking their new ideas.
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Pueden ponerse los auriculares
y grabar en el teléfono
y grabar en el teléfono
04:43
So you can put your headphones on
and record through your phone
and record through your phone
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y hacer de cuenta que están teniendo
una conversación creativa.
una conversación creativa.
04:47
and then just pretend you're having
a creative conversation, right?
a creative conversation, right?
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Porque el acto de escribir la idea
ya constituye un filtro.
ya constituye un filtro.
04:50
Because the act of writing
your idea down is already a filter.
your idea down is already a filter.
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04:54
You're going to be like,
"Is this good enough to write down?"
"Is this good enough to write down?"
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¿Es una buena idea?
¿Vale la pena escribirla?
¿Vale la pena escribirla?
Así que hablen, graben tantas ideas
como puedan y piénsenlas después.
como puedan y piénsenlas después.
04:56
And then you write it down.
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04:58
So just speak as many as you can,
record them and think about them later.
record them and think about them later.
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Y por último: pónganse
un límite de tiempo.
un límite de tiempo.
05:01
And finally: don't do this forever. Right?
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Si están caminando y la idea no viene,
05:04
If you're on the walk
and that idea's not coming to you,
and that idea's not coming to you,
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déjenlo para otro momento.
05:07
come back to it later at another time.
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Creo que ahora tenemos un receso,
05:10
I think we're coming up
on a break right now,
on a break right now,
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05:12
so I have an idea:
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así que tengo una idea:
05:14
Why don't you grab a leash
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¿por qué no agarran la correa
05:16
and take your thoughts for a walk?
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y sacan a pasear sus pensamientos?
05:19
Thank you.
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Gracias.
05:20
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marily Oppezzo - Behavioral and learning scientistMarily Oppezzo studies how the movement of the body can affect the movement of the mind.
Why you should listen
Inheriting an energetic passion for health from her dad, Marily Oppezzo's past research has investigated ways to use the world to motivate healthy brains and healthy behaviors. She is currently an Instructor of Medicine at the Stanford Prevention Research Center. She is also working with Dr. Dan Schwartz to find out if fidgeting in the classroom may be a desirable cognitive tool rather than an irritating hallmark of inattention, and she's working with Dr. Margaret Neale and Dr. Jodi Prochaska to discover how walking may improve negotiation outcomes.
Along her way, Oppezzo has collected several souvenir lessons from her range of work and educational experiences:
Bartending:
1. The environment has incredible power to elicit and shape behaviors; and
2. Everyone has at least one interesting story in them.
Dietetics:
1. Biochemistry is fascinating;
2. We grant food immense powers. It can be simultaneously viewed as a vehicle of health, morality, social bonding, government conspiracy, inequality and pleasure; and
3. A plateful of knowledge doesn't always help the medicine go down.
Teaching / education:
1. Watching people learn, grow, and change is a deep gratification unique to teaching and behavior change work; and
2. Learning, like behavior change, takes distributed practice to become part of you. (We can’t binge-watch knowledge any more than we should pull flossing all-nighters).
Cardiac rehab:
1. Everyone has the capacity to be an inspiration and in surprising, unexpected ways; and
2. Health becomes incredibly valuable once you experience a true loss of it; and
3. Exercise is the ultimate multitasker: it can heal the brain, the heart and the body all at once.
Marily Oppezzo | Speaker | TED.com