ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edsel Salvaña - Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic.

Why you should listen

Dr. Edsel Salvaña discovered that the driving force behind a new AIDS epidemic in the Philippines is the entry and spread of a deadlier strain of HIV -- a situation that can easily occur anywhere in the world.

Salvaña is an infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist and is the director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health at the University of the Philippines in Manila. He is using next-generation sequencing and other cutting-edge genetic tools to study HIV viral diversity and superinfection. He is looking at how HIV develops drug resistance to better understand why his country suddenly has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia; and why HIV treatment that works well in developed countries is failing on emerging HIV strains in the Philippines and resource-limited settings. He trains doctors in infectious diseases, and supervises the care of several thousand HIV patients at the Philippine General Hospital. He has been a national force in the formulation of HIV treatment guidelines, campaigning against stigma, and raising awareness.

Salvaña's advocacy work has been featured in Science, and he has been recognized with numerous national and international awards including the "Ten Outstanding Young Persons of the World" from JCI International and the Young Physician Leader Award from the Interacademy Medical Panel of the World Academy of Sciences. He was named a TED Fellow in 2017.

More profile about the speaker
Edsel Salvaña | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Edsel Salvaña: The dangerous evolution of HIV

Edsel Salvaña: A perigosa evolução do HIV

Filmed:
1,348,118 views

Você acredita que estamos vencendo a batalha contra o HIV? Talvez não... com a chegada da próxima onda de vírus adaptados e resistentes a drogas. Nesta reveladora palestra TED, Edsel Salvaña, bolsista TED, descreve um tipo agressivo de HIV, o subtipo AE. Atualmente, esse vírus está assolando seu país, as Filipinas, e Edsel nos alerta sobre algo que pode facilmente se tornar uma epidemia global iminente.
- Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The Philippines: an idyllic country
0
916
2346
Filipinas: um país idílico
00:15
with some of the clearest water
and bluest skies on the planet.
1
3286
3753
que possui uma das águas mais limpas
e um dos céus mais azuis do planeta.
00:19
It is also the epicenter
2
7063
1592
É também o epicentro
00:20
of one of the fastest-growing
HIV epidemics in the world.
3
8679
3401
de uma das epidemias de HIV
com crescimento mais rápido no mundo.
00:24
On the surface, it seems
as if we are just a late bloomer.
4
12494
3808
À primeira vista, parece
que começou tardiamente.
00:28
However, the reasons
for our current epidemic
5
16326
2843
Entretanto, os motivos
da nossa epidemia atual
00:31
are much more complicated
6
19193
1824
são muito mais complicados
00:33
and may foreshadow
a global resurgence of HIV.
7
21041
3921
e podem ser um presságio
de um ressurgimento mundial do HIV.
00:38
While overall new cases of HIV
continue to drop in the world,
8
26128
4481
Enquanto os novos casos de HIV
pelo mundo continuam diminuindo no geral,
00:42
this trend may be short-lived
9
30633
2460
essa tendência poderá ter curta duração
00:45
when the next wave of more aggressive
and resistant viruses arrive.
10
33117
3885
quando surgir a próxima onda de vírus
mais agressivos e resistentes.
00:49
HIV has a potential to transform itself
into a new and different virus
11
37601
5822
O HIV tem potencial para se transformar
em um vírus novo e diferente
00:55
every time it infects a cell.
12
43447
1555
cada vez que infecta uma célula.
00:57
Despite the remarkable progress
we've made in reversing the epidemic,
13
45700
4063
Apesar do progresso notável
que fizemos para reverter a epidemia,
01:01
the truth is that we are just a few
viral mutations away from disaster.
14
49787
4814
a verdade é que estamos a poucas
mutações virais de distância do desastre.
01:07
To appreciate the profound way
in which HIV transforms itself
15
55125
3979
Para conhecer a forma profunda
na qual o HIV se transforma
01:11
every time it reproduces,
16
59128
1673
cada vez que se reproduz,
01:12
let's make a genetic comparison.
17
60825
1748
vamos fazer uma comparação genética.
01:15
If we look at the DNA variation
among humans of different races
18
63161
3595
Se olharmos para a variação de DNA
entre as diferentes raças de humanos
01:18
from different continents,
19
66780
1613
de continentes diferentes,
01:20
the actual DNA difference
is only 0.1 percent.
20
68417
3496
a diferença real de DNA é de apenas 0,1%.
01:24
If we look at the genetic difference
21
72469
2094
Se olharmos para a diferença genética
01:26
between humans, great apes,
and rhesus macaques,
22
74587
4134
entre humanos, grandes primatas,
e macacos Rhesus,
01:30
that number is seven percent.
23
78745
1929
o número é de 7%.
01:33
In contrast, the genetic difference
between HIV subtypes
24
81348
4111
Em contrapartida, a diferença genética
entre subtipos de HIV
01:37
from different patients
25
85483
1575
de pacientes diferentes
01:39
may be as much as 35 percent.
26
87082
2473
pode ser de até 35%.
01:42
Within a person infected with HIV,
27
90094
2747
Entre pessoas infectadas com HIV,
01:44
the genetic difference
between an infecting mother virus
28
92865
3396
a diferença genética
entre um vírus que infecta uma mãe
01:48
and subsequent daughter viruses
29
96285
2325
e os vírus subsequentes de suas filhas
01:50
has been shown to be
as much as five percent.
30
98634
2387
mostrou ser de até 5%.
01:53
This is the equivalent of a gorilla
giving birth to a chimpanzee,
31
101376
4643
É o equivalente a uma gorila
que desse à luz um chipanzé,
01:58
then to an orangutan,
32
106043
1828
depois a um orangotango,
01:59
then to a baboon,
33
107895
1559
depois a um babuíno,
02:01
then to any random great ape
within its lifetime.
34
109478
2873
depois a qualquer outro mamífero
grande, ao longo de sua vida.
02:04
There are nearly 100 subtypes of HIV,
35
112375
3941
Existem, aproximadamente,
100 subtipos de HIV,
02:08
with new subtypes
being discovered regularly.
36
116340
2469
com novos subtipos
sendo descobertos regularmente.
02:11
HIV in the developed world
is almost all of one subtype:
37
119448
5312
No mundo desenvolvido, o HIV
é praticamente de apenas um subtipo:
02:16
subtype B.
38
124784
1153
subtipo B.
02:18
Mostly everything we know
and do to treat HIV
39
126850
3850
Quase tudo que sabemos
e fazemos para tratar o HIV
02:22
is based on studies on subtype B,
40
130724
3557
é baseado em estudos do subtipo B,
02:26
even though it only
accounts for 12 percent
41
134305
2638
mesmo que represente apenas 12%
02:28
of the total number
of cases of HIV in the world.
42
136967
3484
do número total de casos de HIV no mundo.
02:33
But because of the profound
genetic difference
43
141182
2611
Mas, por causa da profunda
diferença genética
02:35
among different subtypes,
44
143817
2350
entre os subtipos,
02:38
some subtypes are more likely
to become drug-resistant
45
146191
3437
alguns deles são mais propícios
a se tornarem resistentes a drogas
02:42
or progress to AIDS faster.
46
150168
2024
ou evoluírem rapidamente para AIDS.
02:44
We discovered that the explosion
of HIV cases in the Philippines
47
152763
4722
Nós descobrimos que a explosão
dos casos de HIV nas Filipinas
02:49
is due to a shift
from the Western subtype B
48
157509
4232
se devem a uma mutação
do subtipo B Ocidental
02:53
to a more aggressive
Southeast Asian subtype AE.
49
161765
4631
para um mais agressivo,
o subtipo AE do Leste Asiático.
02:58
We are seeing younger and sicker patients
50
166794
2731
Estamos presenciando pacientes
mais novos e mais doentes
03:01
with high rates of drug resistance.
51
169549
1980
com altos índices de resistência a drogas.
03:04
Initial encroachment of this subtype
52
172195
2873
A invasão inicial desse subtipo
03:07
is already occurring
in developed countries,
53
175092
2711
já está ocorrendo em países desenvolvidos,
03:09
including Australia,
Canada and the United States.
54
177827
3740
incluindo Austrália,
Canadá e Estados Unidos.
03:13
We may soon see a similar
explosion of cases in these countries.
55
181591
4504
Em breve, devemos ver uma explosão
parecida de casos nesses países.
03:19
And while we think that HIV is done
56
187393
3005
E enquanto pensamos
que o HIV está erradicado
03:22
and that the tide has turned for it,
57
190422
1998
e que a maré virou,
03:24
just like with real tides,
it can come right back.
58
192444
2966
assim como as marés de verdade,
ele pode voltar.
03:27
In the early 1960s,
malaria was on the ropes.
59
195834
3436
No começo da década de 60,
a malária estava sob controle.
03:31
As the number of cases dropped,
60
199294
1995
Assim que o número de casos caiu,
03:33
people and governments
stopped paying attention.
61
201313
2769
as pessoas e os governos
pararam de prestar atenção.
03:36
The result was a deadly resurgence
of drug-resistant malaria.
62
204106
4754
O resultado foi uma ressurgência mortal
de uma malária resistente a drogas.
03:41
We need to think of HIV
63
209562
1688
Precisamos pensar no HIV
03:43
not as a single virus
that we think we've figured out,
64
211274
3697
não como um único vírus que descobrimos,
03:46
but as a collection of rapidly evolving
and highly unique viruses,
65
214995
6194
mas como uma coleção de vírus singulares
de desenvolvimento rápido,
03:53
each of which can set off
the next deadly epidemic.
66
221213
2780
cada um com potencial de desencadear
a próxima epidemia mortal.
03:56
We are incorporating
more powerful and new tools
67
224474
3536
Estamos incorporando
ferramentas mais novas e poderosas
04:00
to help us detect
the next deadly HIV strain,
68
228034
3135
para nos ajudar a detectar
a próxima cepa mortal do vírus
04:03
and this needs to go hand in hand
with urgent research
69
231193
4028
e isso precisa andar lado a lado
com pesquisa urgente
04:07
on the behavior and proper treatment
of non-B subtypes.
70
235245
4472
sobre o comportamento e tratamento correto
de subtipos que não sejam 'B'.
04:12
We need to convince our governments
71
240201
1810
Precisamos convencer nossos governos
04:14
and our funding agencies
72
242035
1650
e agências de financiamento
04:15
that HIV is not yet done.
73
243709
3298
que o HIV não foi erradicado.
04:20
Over 35 million people have died of HIV.
74
248357
4090
Mais de 35 milhões de pessoas
morreram de HIV.
04:25
We are on the verge
of an AIDS-free generation.
75
253098
3410
Nós estamos próximos
de uma geração livre da AIDS.
04:28
We need to pay attention.
76
256532
2193
Precisamos prestar atenção.
04:30
We need to remain vigilant
77
258749
2333
Precisamos nos manter vigilantes
04:33
and follow through.
78
261106
1497
e seguir em frente.
04:34
Otherwise, millions more will die.
79
262627
2903
Do contrário, mais milhões morrerão.
04:37
Thank you.
80
265554
1199
Obrigado.
04:38
(Applause)
81
266777
4414
(Aplausos)
Translated by Beatriz Amorim Cunha
Reviewed by Cláudia Sander

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edsel Salvaña - Infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist
TED Fellow Edsel Salvaña studies the genetics of HIV, and he worries that we are just a few mutations away from the next deadly pandemic.

Why you should listen

Dr. Edsel Salvaña discovered that the driving force behind a new AIDS epidemic in the Philippines is the entry and spread of a deadlier strain of HIV -- a situation that can easily occur anywhere in the world.

Salvaña is an infectious disease specialist, molecular epidemiologist and is the director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health at the University of the Philippines in Manila. He is using next-generation sequencing and other cutting-edge genetic tools to study HIV viral diversity and superinfection. He is looking at how HIV develops drug resistance to better understand why his country suddenly has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia; and why HIV treatment that works well in developed countries is failing on emerging HIV strains in the Philippines and resource-limited settings. He trains doctors in infectious diseases, and supervises the care of several thousand HIV patients at the Philippine General Hospital. He has been a national force in the formulation of HIV treatment guidelines, campaigning against stigma, and raising awareness.

Salvaña's advocacy work has been featured in Science, and he has been recognized with numerous national and international awards including the "Ten Outstanding Young Persons of the World" from JCI International and the Young Physician Leader Award from the Interacademy Medical Panel of the World Academy of Sciences. He was named a TED Fellow in 2017.

More profile about the speaker
Edsel Salvaña | Speaker | TED.com