ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.

Why you should listen

Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.

Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.

More profile about the speaker
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Nanfu Wang: What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy

王男栿: 在中國一胎化政策下長大的樣貌

Filmed:
2,722,175 views

TED 研究員及紀錄片導演王男栿說,中國在 2015 年終止一胎化政策,但我們才剛開始了解,生活在這個計畫之下是什麼樣子。她帶來了一些來自她的電影《獨生國度》中的影片片段,和大家分享沒被說出的故事,揭露出一胎化政策的複雜後果,也揭示出宣傳的可怕力量。
- Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
My name名稱 is Nanfu南福.
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我是男栿。
00:15
In Chinese中文, "nan" means手段 "man."
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在中文,「男」意思是「男人」。
00:18
And "fu" means手段 "pillar支柱."
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而「栿」是樑柱。
00:21
My family家庭 had hoped希望 for a boy男孩,
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我的家人希望能生男孩,
00:23
who would grow增長 up
to be the pillar支柱 of the family家庭.
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且這個男孩長大後能成為家中的支柱。
00:27
And when I turned轉身 out to be a girl女孩,
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結果生出我這個女孩時,
00:29
they named命名 me Nanfu南福 anyway無論如何.
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他們還是把我命名為男栿了。
00:31
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:33
I was born天生 in 1985,
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我生於 1985 年,
00:35
six years年份 before China中國 announced公佈
its one-child一個小孩 policy政策.
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中國在六年後才宣佈一胎化政策。
00:40
Right after I was born天生,
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在我出生之後,
00:43
the local本地 officials官員 came來了
and ordered有序 my mom媽媽 to be sterilized消毒.
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地方官員就來找我母親,
命令她做結紮手術。
00:48
My grandpa爺爺 stood站在 up to the officials官員,
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我祖父站出來對抗官員,
00:51
because he wanted a grandson孫子
to carry攜帶 on the family家庭 name名稱.
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因為他希望能有個孫子來傳家。
00:55
Eventually終於, my parents父母 were allowed允許
to have a second第二 child兒童,
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最後,我父母被允許生第二個孩子,
01:00
but they had to wait for five years年份
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但必須要等五年,
01:02
and pay工資 a substantial大量的 fine.
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且要支付一筆不小的罰金。
01:05
Growing生長 up, my brother哥哥 and I
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我和我弟弟在成長過程中,
01:08
were surrounded包圍 by children孩子
from one-child一個小孩 families家庭.
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身邊都是獨子或獨女。
01:13
I remember記得 feeling感覺 a sense of shame恥辱
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我還記得我當時感到羞恥,
01:16
because I had a younger更年輕 brother哥哥.
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只因為我有個弟弟。
01:19
I felt like our family家庭 did something wrong錯誤
for having two children孩子.
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我覺得我的家庭有兩個孩子
就好像是做錯了事。
當時,我並沒有去追究
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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01:25
where this sense of shame恥辱
and guilt有罪 came來了 from.
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這種羞恥感和罪惡感來自何處。
01:31
A year and a half ago,
I had my own擁有 first child兒童.
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一年半之前,我自己生了第一胎。
01:34
It was the best最好 thing
that ever happened發生 in my life.
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那是我人生中最美好的事。
01:38
Becoming變得 a mother母親
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成為母親
01:39
gave me a totally完全 new perspective透視
on my own擁有 childhood童年,
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讓我對於我自己的童年有了新的觀點,
01:43
and it brought back
my memories回憶 of early life in China中國.
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我早期生活在中國的記憶被喚起。
01:49
For the past過去 three decades幾十年,
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在過去三十年間,
01:51
everyone大家 in my family家庭 had to apply應用
for a permission允許 from the government政府
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我家中的每一個人
都必須要向政府申請許可,
01:56
to have a child兒童.
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才能生孩子。
01:58
And I wondered想知道
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我很納悶,
01:59
what it was like for people
who lived生活 under the one-child一個小孩 policy政策.
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生活在一胎化政策下的人,
過的是怎樣的生活?
02:04
So I decided決定 to make
a documentary記錄 about it.
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所以我決定針對這個主題
拍一支紀錄片。
02:08
One of the people I interviewed採訪
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我訪談的其中一個人
02:10
was the midwife助產士 who delivered交付
all of the babies嬰兒 born天生 in my village,
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是我的村子裡接生了所有寶寶的產婆,
02:16
including包含 myself.
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我也是她接生的。
02:18
She was 84 years年份 old
when I interviewed採訪 her.
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我訪問她時,她已經八十四歲。
02:22
I asked her,
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我問她:
02:24
"Do you remember記得 how many許多 babies嬰兒
you delivered交付 throughout始終 your career事業?"
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「你記得你的職涯中
接生過多少個孩子嗎?」
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries交付.
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她沒有接生的人數。
02:31
She said she had performed執行
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但她說她進行了
02:34
60,000 forced被迫 abortions人工流產
and sterilizations絕育.
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六萬次強迫墮胎和結紮。
02:40
Sometimes有時, she said,
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她說,有時,
02:43
a late-term晚期 fetus胎兒
would survive生存 an abortion流產,
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晚期墮胎的胎兒會生存下來,
02:46
and she would kill the baby寶寶
after delivering交付 it.
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她必須要在接生孩子之後再將他殺死。
02:49
She remembered記得 how her hands would tremble顫抖
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她還記得當她這麼做的時候,
她的雙手都在發抖。
02:53
as she did the work.
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02:55
Her story故事 shocked吃驚 me.
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她的故事讓我很震驚。
02:57
When I set out to make the film電影,
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當我決定要拍這部片子時,
03:00
I expected預期 it would be a simple簡單 story故事
of perpetrators肇事者 and victims受害者.
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我預期的是行兇者
和受害者之間的簡單故事。
03:04
People who carried攜帶的 out the policy政策
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執行政策的人,
03:06
and people who are living活的
with the consequences後果.
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以及承受其後果繼續生活的人。
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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但我看見的並非如此。
03:12
As I was finishing精加工
my interview訪問 with the midwife助產士,
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在我和產婆的訪談尾聲,
03:15
I noticed注意到 an area in her house
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我注意到她的房子中有一區
03:17
that was decorated裝飾
with elaborate闡述 homemade自製 flags.
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用精心自製的旗子來裝飾。
03:21
And each flag has a picture圖片
of a baby寶寶 on it.
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每一支旗子上面都有一個寶寶的照片。
03:26
These were flags
that were sent發送 by families家庭
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她協助許多家庭處理不孕的問題,
03:29
whom she helped幫助 treat對待
their infertility不孕不育 problems問題.
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這些旗子就是那些家庭送來的。
03:33
She explained解釋 that she had had enough足夠
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她解釋說,她實在受夠了
03:36
of performing執行 abortions人工流產
and sterilizations絕育 --
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進行墮胎和結紮——
03:38
that the only work she did now
was to help families家庭 have babies嬰兒.
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現在她只做一種工作,
就是協助家庭生孩子。
03:44
She said she was full充分 of guilt有罪
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她說,實行一胎化政策
03:47
for carrying攜帶 out the one-child一個小孩 policy政策,
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讓她充滿罪惡感,
03:50
and she hoped希望 that by helping幫助
families家庭 have babies嬰兒,
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她希望透過協助家庭生孩子,
03:53
she could counteract抵消
what she did in the past過去.
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她能夠彌補過去所做的行為。
03:57
It became成為 clear明確 to me
she, too, was a victim受害者 of the policy政策.
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我意識到,她也是這項政策的受害者。
04:02
Every一切 voice語音 was telling告訴 her
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所有的聲音都在告訴她,
04:05
that what she did was right
and necessary必要 for China's中國的 survival生存.
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她做的是對的事,
為了中國的生存是必要的。
04:10
And she did what she thought
was right for her country國家.
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她做了她認為對國家有幫助的事。
04:14
I know how strong強大 that message信息 was.
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我知道那種訊息有多強烈。
04:17
It was everywhere到處
around myself when I grew成長 up.
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在我成長過程中,
身邊到處都是那種訊息。
04:20
It was printed印刷的 on matches火柴,
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印在火柴盒上、
04:23
playing播放 cards,
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撲克牌上、
04:24
textbooks教科書, posters海報.
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教科書上、海報上。
04:27
The propaganda宣傳 praising讚美
the one-child一個小孩 policy政策
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我們身邊到處都是
讚頌一胎化政策的宣傳。
04:29
was everywhere到處 around us.
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〔該環不環,該紮不紮,見了就抓。〕
04:30
[Anyone任何人 who refuses拒絕 to sterilize消毒
will be arrested被捕.]
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不遵守政策要面臨的威脅
也是無所不在。
04:33
And so were the threats威脅
against反對 disobeying違反 it.
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04:35
The message信息 seeped裡透 into our minds頭腦
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這個訊息滲入我們的腦中,
04:38
so much so that I grew成長 up
feeling感覺 embarrassed尷尬
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滲入的程度到了讓我在成長過程中
會因為我有弟弟就感到不好意思。
04:41
for having a younger更年輕 brother哥哥.
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04:45
With each person I filmed拍攝,
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我每拍攝一個人,
04:49
I saw how their minds頭腦 and hearts心中
can be influenced影響 by the propaganda宣傳,
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我就會看到他們的大腦和心
如何被宣傳所影響,
04:55
and how their willingness願意
to make sacrifices犧牲 for the greater更大 good
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和他們肯為了更大的利益
而犧牲的意願
05:00
can be twisted扭曲 into something
very dark黑暗 and tragic悲慘.
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如何被扭曲成又黑暗又可悲。
05:04
China中國 is not the only place地點
where this happens發生.
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這種事不只發生在中國。
05:08
There is no country國家 on earth地球
where propaganda宣傳 isn't present當下.
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地球上的所有國家都會有宣傳。
05:14
And in societies社會 that are supposed應該 to be
more open打開 and free自由 than China中國,
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在應該比中國更開放、
更自由的國家中,
05:18
it can be even harder更難 to recognize認識
what propaganda宣傳 looks容貌 like.
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可能更難辨視出宣傳的樣貌。
05:23
It hides in plain sight視力 as news新聞 reports報告,
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宣傳就隱藏在看不見的地方,
偽裝成新聞報導、
05:27
TV電視 commercials廣告, political政治 campaigning競選
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電視廣告、政治活動,
05:31
and in our social社會 media媒體 feeds供稿.
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也藏在社交媒體的饋送中。
05:34
It works作品 to change更改 our minds頭腦
without our knowledge知識.
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宣傳的作用是要在我們
不知情的情況下改變我們的想法。
05:40
Every一切 society社會 is vulnerable弱勢
to accepting驗收 propaganda宣傳 as truth真相,
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每個社會都很容易
會把宣傳當作真相來接受,
05:45
and no society社會 where propaganda宣傳
replaces取代 the truth真相
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如果在一個社會中,
宣傳取代了真相,
05:48
can be truly free自由.
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它就不是真正自由的社會。
05:50
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:51
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Shuyun Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.

Why you should listen

Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.

Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.

More profile about the speaker
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com