TED2019
Nanfu Wang: What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy
Nanfu Wang: Como foi medrar baixo a política do fillo único na China
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A política do fillo único da China finalizou no 2015, pero só estamos comezando a entender como era vivir baixo o programa, afirma a membro TED e autora de documentais Nanfu Wang. Con imaxes da súa película "One Child Nation" (A nación do fillo único), comparte historias inéditas que revelan as complexas consecuencias desa política e sacan á luz o poder sixiloso da propaganda.
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
My name is Nanfu.
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Chámome Nanfu.
00:15
In Chinese, "nan" means "man."
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En chinés, "nan" significa "home".
00:18
And "fu" means "pillar."
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E "fu" significa "pilar"
00:21
My family had hoped for a boy,
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A miña familia desexara un neno,
00:23
who would grow up
to be the pillar of the family.
to be the pillar of the family.
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que ao medrar se convertese
no pilar da familia.
no pilar da familia.
00:27
And when I turned out to be a girl,
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E cando resultei ser unha nena,
00:29
they named me Nanfu anyway.
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chamáronme igualmente Nanfu.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
00:33
I was born in 1985,
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Nacín en 1985,
00:35
six years before China announced
its one-child policy.
its one-child policy.
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seis anos antes de que China anunciase
a sua política do fillo único.
a sua política do fillo único.
00:40
Right after I was born,
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Xusto despois de nacer eu,
00:43
the local officials came
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
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os funcionarios locais ordenáronlle
á miña nai que se esterilizara.
á miña nai que se esterilizara.
00:48
My grandpa stood up to the officials,
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O meu avó enfrontouse aos funcionarios,
00:51
because he wanted a grandson
to carry on the family name.
to carry on the family name.
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porque quería un neto
que perpetuara o apelido familiar.
que perpetuara o apelido familiar.
00:55
Eventually, my parents were allowed
to have a second child,
to have a second child,
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Ao final, permitíronlles aos meus pais
ter un segundo fillo,
ter un segundo fillo,
01:00
but they had to wait for five years
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pero tiveron que agardar cinco anos
01:02
and pay a substantial fine.
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e pagar unha elevada multa.
01:05
Growing up, my brother and I
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Durante a nosa infancia, meu irmán e eu
01:08
were surrounded by children
from one-child families.
from one-child families.
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estabamos rodeados de nenos
de familias de fillos únicos.
de familias de fillos únicos.
01:13
I remember feeling a sense of shame
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Lembro sentir vergoña
01:16
because I had a younger brother.
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por ter un irmán menor.
01:19
I felt like our family did something wrong
for having two children.
for having two children.
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Sentíame como se a nosa familia
fixese algo malo por ter dous fillos.
fixese algo malo por ter dous fillos.
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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Nese momento, non me preguntaba
01:25
where this sense of shame
and guilt came from.
and guilt came from.
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de onde viña ese sentimento
de vergoña e culpa.
de vergoña e culpa.
01:31
A year and a half ago,
I had my own first child.
I had my own first child.
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Hai un ano e medio
tiven o meu primero fillo.
tiven o meu primero fillo.
01:34
It was the best thing
that ever happened in my life.
that ever happened in my life.
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Foi o mellor que me pasou na vida.
01:38
Becoming a mother
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Converterme en nai
01:39
gave me a totally new perspective
on my own childhood,
on my own childhood,
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deume unha nova perspectiva
da miña infancia,
da miña infancia,
01:43
and it brought back
my memories of early life in China.
my memories of early life in China.
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e revivín lembranzas
da miña xuventude na China.
da miña xuventude na China.
01:49
For the past three decades,
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Nas últimas tres décadas,
01:51
everyone in my family had to apply
for a permission from the government
for a permission from the government
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todos na miña familia tiveron
que solicitar un permiso do goberno
que solicitar un permiso do goberno
01:56
to have a child.
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para ter un fillo.
01:58
And I wondered
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E pregunteime:
01:59
what it was like for people
who lived under the one-child policy.
who lived under the one-child policy.
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Como era a vida para a xente que vivía
baixo a política do fillo único?
baixo a política do fillo único?
02:04
So I decided to make
a documentary about it.
a documentary about it.
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E entón decidín facer un documental
sobre isto.
sobre isto.
02:08
One of the people I interviewed
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Unha das persoas que entrevistei
02:10
was the midwife who delivered
all of the babies born in my village,
all of the babies born in my village,
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foi a parteira que se encargou
de todos os partos na miña aldea,
de todos os partos na miña aldea,
02:16
including myself.
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incluíndo o meu.
02:18
She was 84 years old
when I interviewed her.
when I interviewed her.
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Tiña 84 anos cando a entrevistei.
02:22
I asked her,
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E pregunteille:
02:24
"Do you remember how many babies
you delivered throughout your career?"
you delivered throughout your career?"
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"Lembra cantos partos asistiu
en toda a súa carreira?"
en toda a súa carreira?"
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries.
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Dos partos non sabía a cifra.
02:31
She said she had performed
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Dixo que practicara
02:34
60,000 forced abortions
and sterilizations.
and sterilizations.
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60 000 abortos forzados
e esterilizacións.
e esterilizacións.
02:40
Sometimes, she said,
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Ás veces, explicoume,
02:43
a late-term fetus
would survive an abortion,
would survive an abortion,
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un feto sobrevivía ao aborto,
02:46
and she would kill the baby
after delivering it.
after delivering it.
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e ela mataba o bebé tralo parto.
02:49
She remembered how her hands would tremble
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Ela lembraba como lle tremían as mans
02:53
as she did the work.
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ao facelo.
02:55
Her story shocked me.
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A súa historia impactoume.
02:57
When I set out to make the film,
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Cando comencei a facer a película,
03:00
I expected it would be a simple story
of perpetrators and victims.
of perpetrators and victims.
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esperaba que fose unha historia sinxela
de responsábeis e vitimas.
de responsábeis e vitimas.
03:04
People who carried out the policy
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De persoas que executaban a política
03:06
and people who are living
with the consequences.
with the consequences.
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e persoas que vivían coas consecuencias.
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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Pero iso non foi o que atopei.
03:12
As I was finishing
my interview with the midwife,
my interview with the midwife,
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Cara ao remate da miña entrevista
coa parteira,
coa parteira,
03:15
I noticed an area in her house
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vin unha área da casa
03:17
that was decorated
with elaborate homemade flags.
with elaborate homemade flags.
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que estaba decorada
con elaboradas bandeiras caseiras.
con elaboradas bandeiras caseiras.
03:21
And each flag has a picture
of a baby on it.
of a baby on it.
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E cada bandeira tiña a foto dun bebé.
03:26
These were flags
that were sent by families
that were sent by families
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As bandeiras eran presentes
enviados polas familias
enviados polas familias
03:29
whom she helped treat
their infertility problems.
their infertility problems.
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cuxos problemas de infertilidade
ela axudara a tratar.
ela axudara a tratar.
03:33
She explained that she had had enough
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Ela contoume que se fartara
03:36
of performing abortions
and sterilizations --
and sterilizations --
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de practicar abortos e esterilizacións,
03:38
that the only work she did now
was to help families have babies.
was to help families have babies.
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e que agora só traballaba
en axudar ás familias a ter fillos.
en axudar ás familias a ter fillos.
03:44
She said she was full of guilt
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Díxome que se sentía chea de culpa
03:47
for carrying out the one-child policy,
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por levar a cabo a política do fillo único
03:50
and she hoped that by helping
families have babies,
families have babies,
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e esperaba que ao axudar
ás familias a ter fillos,
ás familias a ter fillos,
03:53
she could counteract
what she did in the past.
what she did in the past.
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puidera compensar o que fixo no pasado.
03:57
It became clear to me
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
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E fíxoseme claro que ela tamén era
unha vítima da política.
unha vítima da política.
04:02
Every voice was telling her
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Todos lle dicían
04:05
that what she did was right
and necessary for China's survival.
and necessary for China's survival.
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que o seu labor era correcto
e necesario para a supervivencia de China.
e necesario para a supervivencia de China.
04:10
And she did what she thought
was right for her country.
was right for her country.
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E fixo o que creu que era correcto
para o seu país.
para o seu país.
04:14
I know how strong that message was.
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Eu sei o forte que era esa mensaxe.
04:17
It was everywhere
around myself when I grew up.
around myself when I grew up.
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Podía velo en todas partes
mentras medraba.
mentras medraba.
04:20
It was printed on matches,
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Imprimíase en caixas de mistos,
04:23
playing cards,
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en naipes,
04:24
textbooks, posters.
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libros, pósters.
04:27
The propaganda praising
the one-child policy
the one-child policy
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A propaganda que eloxiaba esa política
04:29
was everywhere around us.
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estaba por todas partes.
04:30
[Anyone who refuses to sterilize
will be arrested.]
will be arrested.]
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[Aquel que se negue a ser esterilizado
será detido.]
será detido.]
04:33
And so were the threats
against disobeying it.
against disobeying it.
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Así como as ameazas por desobediencia.
04:35
The message seeped into our minds
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A mensaxe filtrouse tanto nas nosas mentes
04:38
so much so that I grew up
feeling embarrassed
feeling embarrassed
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que medrei sentíndo vergoña
04:41
for having a younger brother.
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de ter un irmán menor.
04:45
With each person I filmed,
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En cada persoa que filmei,
04:49
I saw how their minds and hearts
can be influenced by the propaganda,
can be influenced by the propaganda,
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puiden ver como as súas mentes e corazóns
foran influenciados pola propaganda,
foran influenciados pola propaganda,
04:55
and how their willingness
to make sacrifices for the greater good
to make sacrifices for the greater good
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e como a súa disposición
a sacrificarse por un ben maior
a sacrificarse por un ben maior
05:00
can be twisted into something
very dark and tragic.
very dark and tragic.
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fora distorsionada en algo
moi escuro e tráxico.
moi escuro e tráxico.
05:04
China is not the only place
where this happens.
where this happens.
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A China non é o único lugar
onde pasa isto.
onde pasa isto.
05:08
There is no country on earth
where propaganda isn't present.
where propaganda isn't present.
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Non hai país no mundo
onde non haxa propaganda.
onde non haxa propaganda.
05:14
And in societies that are supposed to be
more open and free than China,
more open and free than China,
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Nas sociedades que supostamente
son máis abertas e libres que a China,
son máis abertas e libres que a China,
05:18
it can be even harder to recognize
what propaganda looks like.
what propaganda looks like.
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pode ser aínda máis difícil
detectar a propaganda.
detectar a propaganda.
05:23
It hides in plain sight as news reports,
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Escóndese a simple vista nas noticias,
05:27
TV commercials, political campaigning
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nos anuncios, nas campañas políticas
05:31
and in our social media feeds.
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e nas nosas redes sociais.
05:34
It works to change our minds
without our knowledge.
without our knowledge.
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Está deseñada para cambiar a nosa opinión
sen que nos decatemos.
sen que nos decatemos.
05:40
Every society is vulnerable
to accepting propaganda as truth,
to accepting propaganda as truth,
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Toda sociedade é vulnerable
a aceptar a propaganda como verdade,
a aceptar a propaganda como verdade,
05:45
and no society where propaganda
replaces the truth
replaces the truth
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e unha sociedade non pode ser
verdadeiramente libre
verdadeiramente libre
05:48
can be truly free.
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se a propaganda substitúe a verdade.
05:50
Thank you.
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Grazas.
05:51
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmakerNanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.
Why you should listen
Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.
Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com