TEDWomen 2017
Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think
Lera Boroditsky: Kako jezik oblikuje naš način razmišljanja
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Diljem svijeta govori se oko 7000 jezika. Svi imaju različite zvukove, vokabulare i strukture. No, oblikuju li naš način razmišljanja? Kognitivna znanstvenica Lera Boroditsky prikazuje primjere jezika, od jezika zajednice Aboridžina u Australiji koja koristi strane svijeta umjesto "lijevo" ili "desno", do ruskog jezika u kojem postoji više riječi za opisati "plavo", što sugerira da je odgovor odlučno "da". "Ljepota jezične raznolikosti otkriva nam koliko je genijalan i fleksibilan ljudski um", kaže Boroditsky. "Ljudski umovi nisu stvorili jedan kognitivni univerzum, već 7000."
Lera Boroditsky - Cognitive scientist
Lera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart. Full bio
Lera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, I'll be speaking to you
using language ...
using language ...
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Obraćam vam se koristeći jezik...
00:16
because I can.
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jer mogu.
00:17
This is one these magical abilities
that we humans have.
that we humans have.
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To je jedna od čarobnih sposobnosti
koju posjeduje ljudski rod.
koju posjeduje ljudski rod.
00:21
We can transmit really complicated
thoughts to one another.
thoughts to one another.
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Jedni drugima možemo prenijeti
uistinu komplicirane misli.
uistinu komplicirane misli.
00:25
So what I'm doing right now is,
I'm making sounds with my mouth
I'm making sounds with my mouth
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Upravo sada ustima proizvodim zvukove
00:29
as I'm exhaling.
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dok izdišem.
00:30
I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,
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Proizvodim tonove, zvižduke i zvukove,
00:32
and those are creating
air vibrations in the air.
air vibrations in the air.
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a oni stvaraju vibracije u zraku.
00:35
Those air vibrations are traveling to you,
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Zračne vibracije putuju k vama,
00:38
they're hitting your eardrums,
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dolaze do vaših bubnjića,
00:40
and then your brain takes
those vibrations from your eardrums
those vibrations from your eardrums
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zatim vaš mozak preuzima
te vibracije od vaših bubnjića
te vibracije od vaših bubnjića
00:44
and transforms them into thoughts.
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i pretvara ih u misli.
Nadam se.
00:48
I hope.
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00:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Nadam se da se to događa.
00:50
I hope that's happening.
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00:51
So because of this ability,
we humans are able to transmit our ideas
we humans are able to transmit our ideas
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Zbog ove sposobnosti,
mi ljudi možemo prenositi svoje ideje
mi ljudi možemo prenositi svoje ideje
00:56
across vast reaches of space and time.
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kroz široki doseg vremena i prostora.
00:58
We're able to transmit
knowledge across minds.
knowledge across minds.
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Možemo prenositi znanje između umova.
01:03
I can put a bizarre new idea
in your mind right now.
in your mind right now.
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Upravo sad u vaš um
mogu usaditi bizarnu novu ideju.
mogu usaditi bizarnu novu ideju.
01:06
I could say,
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Mogla bih reći:
01:08
"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library
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"Zamislite meduzu
kako pleše valcer u knjižnici,
kako pleše valcer u knjižnici,
01:11
while thinking about quantum mechanics."
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dok razmišlja o kvantnoj mehanici."
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:15
Now, if everything has gone
relatively well in your life so far,
relatively well in your life so far,
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Ako vam je do sada sve išlo
relativno dobro u životu,
relativno dobro u životu,
01:18
you probably haven't had
that thought before.
that thought before.
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vjerojatno niste pomislili na tako nešto.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:21
But now I've just made you think it,
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No sada ste upravo na to pomislili,
01:23
through language.
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kroz jezik.
01:24
Now of course, there isn't just
one language in the world,
one language in the world,
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Naravno, na svijetu ne postoji
samo jedan jezik,
samo jedan jezik,
01:27
there are about 7,000 languages
spoken around the world.
spoken around the world.
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diljem svijeta priča se oko 7000 jezika.
01:30
And all the languages differ
from one another in all kinds of ways.
from one another in all kinds of ways.
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Jezici se jedni od drugih
razlikuju na sve moguće načine.
razlikuju na sve moguće načine.
01:33
Some languages have different sounds,
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Neki jezici imaju različite zvukove,
01:36
they have different vocabularies,
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drugi različite vokabulare,
01:38
and they also have different structures --
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različite strukture, također,
01:40
very importantly, different structures.
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vrlo bitna stvar, različite strukture.
01:42
That begs the question:
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Nameće se pitanje:
"Oblikuje li jezik kojim govorimo
naš način razmišljanja?"
naš način razmišljanja?"
01:44
Does the language we speak
shape the way we think?
shape the way we think?
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01:46
Now, this is an ancient question.
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Riječ je o vrlo starom pitanju.
01:48
People have been speculating
about this question forever.
about this question forever.
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Ljudi o njemu raspravljaju od pamtivijeka.
Karlo Veliki, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva,
rekao je:
rekao je:
01:51
Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,
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01:53
"To have a second language
is to have a second soul" --
is to have a second soul" --
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"Posjedovati drugi jezik jest
imati drugu dušu."
imati drugu dušu."
01:56
strong statement
that language crafts reality.
that language crafts reality.
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Snažna izjava da jezik oblikuje stvarnost.
01:59
But on the other hand,
Shakespeare has Juliet say,
Shakespeare has Juliet say,
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S druge strane,
Shakespearova Julija rekla je:
Shakespearova Julija rekla je:
"Što je u imenu?
Ono što zovemo ružom
Ono što zovemo ružom
02:03
"What's in a name?
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02:04
A rose by any other name
would smell as sweet."
would smell as sweet."
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pod bilo kojom riječi
jednako bi slatko mirisalo."
jednako bi slatko mirisalo."
02:07
Well, that suggests that maybe
language doesn't craft reality.
language doesn't craft reality.
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Što sugerira da jezik
možda i ne oblikuje stvarnost.
možda i ne oblikuje stvarnost.
02:10
These arguments have gone
back and forth for thousands of years.
back and forth for thousands of years.
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O ovim se argumentima raspravlja
već tisućama godina.
već tisućama godina.
02:15
But until recently,
there hasn't been any data
there hasn't been any data
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No sve donedavno
nije bilo nikakvih podataka
nije bilo nikakvih podataka
02:18
to help us decide either way.
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koji bi nam pomogli odlučiti se.
Nedavno smo u mom, i drugim
laboratorijima na svijetu,
laboratorijima na svijetu,
02:20
Recently, in my lab
and other labs around the world,
and other labs around the world,
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02:22
we've started doing research,
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pokrenuli istraživanje,
02:24
and now we have actual scientific data
to weigh in on this question.
to weigh in on this question.
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i sada imamo stvarne znanstvene podatke
koji mogu odgovoriti na ovo pitanje.
koji mogu odgovoriti na ovo pitanje.
02:28
So let me tell you about
some of my favorite examples.
some of my favorite examples.
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Dopustite mi da vam kažem
svoje najdraže primjere.
svoje najdraže primjere.
02:31
I'll start with an example
from an Aboriginal community in Australia
from an Aboriginal community in Australia
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Počet ću s primjerom
zajednice Aboridžina u Australiji
zajednice Aboridžina u Australiji
02:35
that I had the chance to work with.
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s kojom sam imala prilike raditi.
02:37
These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.
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Riječ je o zajednici Kuuk Thaayorre.
02:38
They live in Pormpuraaw
at the very west edge of Cape York.
at the very west edge of Cape York.
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Žive u Pormpuraawu,
najzapadnijem dijelu poluotoka Cape York.
najzapadnijem dijelu poluotoka Cape York.
02:43
What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,
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Kod ove je zajednice zanimljivo
02:45
in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use
words like "left" and "right,"
words like "left" and "right,"
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da ne koriste riječi
za "lijevo" i "desno",
za "lijevo" i "desno",
02:48
and instead, everything
is in cardinal directions:
is in cardinal directions:
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umjesto toga, sve izražavaju
u smjeru strana svijeta,
u smjeru strana svijeta,
02:51
north, south, east and west.
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sjever, jug, istok i zapad.
02:53
And when I say everything,
I really mean everything.
I really mean everything.
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Kad kažem sve, zaista mislim na sve.
02:55
You would say something like,
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Rekli biste nešto poput:
02:57
"Oh, there's an ant
on your southwest leg."
on your southwest leg."
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"Mrav ti je na jugozapadnoj nozi."
03:01
Or, "Move your cup
to the north-northeast a little bit."
to the north-northeast a little bit."
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Ili: "Pomakni šalicu malo
prema sjeveru-sjeveroistoku."
prema sjeveru-sjeveroistoku."
03:04
In fact, the way that you say "hello"
in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
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U biti, Kuuk Thaayorre kažu "bok"
na sljedeći način:
na sljedeći način:
03:07
"Which way are you going?"
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"Kojim putem ideš?"
03:09
And the answer should be,
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Odgovor bi trebao biti:
03:11
"North-northeast in the far distance.
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"Daleko, prema sjeveru-sjeveroistoku.
03:12
How about you?"
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A ti?"
03:14
So imagine as you're walking
around your day,
around your day,
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Zamislite, dok hodate tijekom dana,
03:17
every person you greet,
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svakoj osobi koju pozdravite,
03:18
you have to report your heading direction.
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morate reći svoj smjer kretanja.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:22
But that would actually get you
oriented pretty fast, right?
oriented pretty fast, right?
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No, tako biste se vrlo brzo
naučili orijentirati, zar ne?
naučili orijentirati, zar ne?
03:25
Because you literally
couldn't get past "hello,"
couldn't get past "hello,"
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Doslovce ne biste mogli pozdraviti nekoga
03:28
if you didn't know
which way you were going.
which way you were going.
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ako ne biste znali u kojem smjeru idete.
03:31
In fact, people who speak languages
like this stay oriented really well.
like this stay oriented really well.
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Ljudi koji pričaju ovakvim jezicima
jako su dobro orijentirani.
jako su dobro orijentirani.
03:35
They stay oriented better
than we used to think humans could.
than we used to think humans could.
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Orijentirani su bolje nego što smo mislili
da ljudi mogu biti.
da ljudi mogu biti.
03:38
We used to think that humans
were worse than other creatures
were worse than other creatures
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Mislili smo da su ljudska bića
gora od ostalih stvorenja
gora od ostalih stvorenja
03:41
because of some biological excuse:
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zbog nekih bioloških isprika:
03:43
"Oh, we don't have magnets
in our beaks or in our scales."
in our beaks or in our scales."
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"Nemamo magnete u kljunu ili na ljuskama."
03:46
No; if your language and your culture
trains you to do it,
trains you to do it,
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Ne, ako su vas jezik i kultura naučili,
03:49
actually, you can do it.
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to zapravo možete učiniti.
03:51
There are humans around the world
who stay oriented really well.
who stay oriented really well.
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Na svijetu žive
vrlo dobro orijentirani ljudi.
vrlo dobro orijentirani ljudi.
03:54
And just to get us in agreement
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Kako biste bolje shvatili
03:56
about how different this is
from the way we do it,
from the way we do it,
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koliko se ovo razlikuje od načina
na koji mi to radimo,
na koji mi to radimo,
03:58
I want you all to close
your eyes for a second
your eyes for a second
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želim da na sekundu zatvorite oči
04:02
and point southeast.
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i pokažete jugoistočno.
04:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:05
Keep your eyes closed. Point.
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Držite oči zatvorenima. Pokažite.
04:10
OK, so you can open your eyes.
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U redu, možete otvoriti oči.
04:12
I see you guys pointing there,
there, there, there, there ...
there, there, there, there ...
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Vidim da ste pokazali tamo,
tamo, tamo, tamo...
tamo, tamo, tamo...
04:16
I don't know which way it is myself --
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Ni sama ne znam u kojem je to smjeru.
04:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:20
You have not been a lot of help.
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Niste bili od neke pomoći.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:23
So let's just say the accuracy
in this room was not very high.
in this room was not very high.
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Recimo da točnost ovdje
nije bila na previsokoj razini.
nije bila na previsokoj razini.
04:26
This is a big difference in cognitive
ability across languages, right?
ability across languages, right?
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Postoji velika razlika u kognitivnoj
sposobnosti u jezicima, zar ne?
sposobnosti u jezicima, zar ne?
04:29
Where one group -- very
distinguished group like you guys --
distinguished group like you guys --
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U jednoj jako raznolikoj skupini,
poput vaše,
poput vaše,
ljudi ne znaju pokazati
u kojem je smjeru što,
u kojem je smjeru što,
04:32
doesn't know which way is which,
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04:34
but in another group,
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dok bih u nekoj drugoj skupini
04:35
I could ask a five-year-old
and they would know.
and they would know.
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mogla pitati petogodišnjaka i on bi znao.
04:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:39
There are also really big differences
in how people think about time.
in how people think about time.
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Postoje i jako velike razlike
u poimanju vremena.
u poimanju vremena.
04:42
So here I have pictures
of my grandfather at different ages.
of my grandfather at different ages.
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Ovdje imam fotografije
svojeg djeda u različitoj dobi.
svojeg djeda u različitoj dobi.
04:46
And if I ask an English speaker
to organize time,
to organize time,
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Ako upitam govornika engleskog jezika
da ih poreda kronološki,
da ih poreda kronološki,
04:49
they might lay it out this way,
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poredao bi ih ovim redoslijedom,
04:51
from left to right.
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slijeva nadesno.
04:52
This has to do with writing direction.
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Ovo je povezano sa smjerom pisanja.
04:54
If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,
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Da ste govornik hebrejskog ili arapskog,
04:56
you might do it going
in the opposite direction,
in the opposite direction,
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možda biste ih poredali
u suprotnom smjeru,
u suprotnom smjeru,
04:58
from right to left.
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zdesna nalijevo.
05:01
But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,
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Međutim, kako bi Kuuk Thaayorre,
05:03
this Aboriginal group I just
told you about, do it?
told you about, do it?
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Aboridžini o kojima sam vam govorila,
to učinili?
to učinili?
Oni ne koriste riječi "lijevo" i "desno".
05:05
They don't use words
like "left" and "right."
like "left" and "right."
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05:07
Let me give you hint.
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Dat ću vam ideju.
05:09
When we sat people facing south,
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Kada posjednemo ljude prema jugu,
05:11
they organized time from left to right.
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vrijeme organiziraju slijeva nadesno.
05:14
When we sat them facing north,
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Kada ih posjednemo prema sjeveru,
05:16
they organized time from right to left.
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vrijeme organiziraju zdesna nalijevo.
05:19
When we sat them facing east,
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Kada ih posjednemo prema istoku,
05:21
time came towards the body.
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vrijeme prilazi tijelu.
05:23
What's the pattern?
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Koji je uzorak?
05:26
East to west, right?
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Istok prema zapadu, zar ne?
05:27
So for them, time doesn't actually
get locked on the body at all,
get locked on the body at all,
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Za njih, vrijeme uopće nije
ovisno o tijelu,
ovisno o tijelu,
05:31
it gets locked on the landscape.
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ono ovisi o okolišu.
05:32
So for me, if I'm facing this way,
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Ako sam okrenuta u ovom smjeru,
05:34
then time goes this way,
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meni vrijeme ide ovako,
05:35
and if I'm facing this way,
then time goes this way.
then time goes this way.
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ako gledam u ovom smjeru,
vrijeme ide ovako.
vrijeme ide ovako.
05:38
I'm facing this way, time goes this way --
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Ako gledam u ovom smjeru, ide ovako.
05:40
very egocentric of me to have
the direction of time chase me around
the direction of time chase me around
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Jako egocentrično s moje strane,
da vrijeme ide za mnom
da vrijeme ide za mnom
05:44
every time I turn my body.
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svaki put kada se okrenem.
05:46
For the Kuuk Thaayorre,
time is locked on the landscape.
time is locked on the landscape.
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Za Kuuk Thaayorre,
vrijeme je određeno okolišem.
vrijeme je određeno okolišem.
05:49
It's a dramatically different way
of thinking about time.
of thinking about time.
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Riječ je o izuzetno drugačijem načinu
poimanja vremena.
poimanja vremena.
05:52
Here's another really smart human trick.
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Evo još jednog pametnog ljudskog trika.
05:54
Suppose I ask you
how many penguins are there.
how many penguins are there.
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Recimo da vas pitam
koliko pingvina vidite.
koliko pingvina vidite.
05:56
Well, I bet I know how you'd solve
that problem if you solved it.
that problem if you solved it.
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Kladim se da znam
kako biste riješili taj problem.
kako biste riješili taj problem.
Išli biste: "Jedan, dva, tri, četiri,
pet, šest, sedam, osam."
pet, šest, sedam, osam."
06:00
You went, "One, two, three,
four, five, six, seven, eight."
four, five, six, seven, eight."
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06:02
You counted them.
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Izbrojali biste ih.
06:04
You named each one with a number,
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Svakog biste nazvali brojem,
06:05
and the last number you said
was the number of penguins.
was the number of penguins.
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i zadnji broj koji biste rekli
označio bi broj pingvina.
označio bi broj pingvina.
06:08
This is a little trick
that you're taught to use as kids.
that you're taught to use as kids.
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Ovo je mali trik
koji ste naučili kad ste bili mali.
koji ste naučili kad ste bili mali.
06:11
You learn the number list
and you learn how to apply it.
and you learn how to apply it.
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Naučili ste brojeve i kako ih primijeniti.
06:14
A little linguistic trick.
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Mali jezični trik.
06:16
Well, some languages don't do this,
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Ipak, neki jezici to ne čine,
06:18
because some languages
don't have exact number words.
don't have exact number words.
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jer neki jezici nemaju
precizne riječi za brojeve.
precizne riječi za brojeve.
06:22
They're languages that don't have
a word like "seven"
a word like "seven"
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Postoje jezici koji nemaju riječ "sedam"
06:24
or a word like "eight."
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ili "osam".
06:27
In fact, people who speak
these languages don't count,
these languages don't count,
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U stvari, ljudi koji govore ovim jezicima
ne broje,
ne broje,
06:29
and they have trouble
keeping track of exact quantities.
keeping track of exact quantities.
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i imaju problema s utvrđivanjem
točnih količina.
točnih količina.
06:32
So, for example, if I ask you
to match this number of penguins
to match this number of penguins
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Ako vas, primjerice, zamolim da
ovaj broj pingvina sparite
ovaj broj pingvina sparite
06:36
to the same number of ducks,
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s istim brojem patki
06:38
you would be able to do that by counting.
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mogli biste to učiniti brojanjem.
06:41
But folks who don't have
that linguistic trait can't do that.
that linguistic trait can't do that.
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No ljudi koji nemaju taj jezični trik
to ne mogu učiniti.
to ne mogu učiniti.
06:47
Languages also differ in how
they divide up the color spectrum --
they divide up the color spectrum --
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Jezici se također razlikuju
prema podjeli boja,
prema podjeli boja,
06:50
the visual world.
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vizualnom svijetu.
06:52
Some languages have
lots of words for colors,
lots of words for colors,
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Neki jezici imaju mnogo riječi
za boje,
za boje,
06:54
some have only a couple words,
"light" and "dark."
"light" and "dark."
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neki tek nekoliko riječi,
"svijetlo" i "tamno".
"svijetlo" i "tamno".
06:56
And languages differ in where they put
boundaries between colors.
boundaries between colors.
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I jezici se razlikuju kod postavljanja
granica među bojama.
granica među bojama.
07:00
So, for example, in English,
there's a world for blue
there's a world for blue
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Na primjer, u engleskom jeziku
postoji riječ za plavu boju
postoji riječ za plavu boju
07:03
that covers all of the colors
that you can see on the screen,
that you can see on the screen,
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koja obuhvaća sve boje
koje vidite na zaslonu,
koje vidite na zaslonu,
07:06
but in Russian, there isn't a single word.
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ali u ruskom ne postoji samo jedna riječ.
07:08
Instead, Russian speakers
have to differentiate
have to differentiate
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Govornici ruskog trebaju razlikovati
07:11
between light blue, "goluboy,"
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svijetlo plavu boju, "galuboj",
07:12
and dark blue, "siniy."
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i tamno plavu, "sinij".
07:15
So Russians have this lifetime
of experience of, in language,
of experience of, in language,
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Rusi imaju cjeloživotno jezično iskustvo
07:19
distinguishing these two colors.
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razlikovanja ovih dviju boja.
07:21
When we test people's ability
to perceptually discriminate these colors,
to perceptually discriminate these colors,
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Kada ispitujemo ljudske granice
u opažaju razlikovanja boja,
u opažaju razlikovanja boja,
07:25
what we find is that
Russian speakers are faster
Russian speakers are faster
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vidimo da su govornici ruskog brži
07:27
across this linguistic boundary.
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kod ovog jezičnog ograničenja.
07:29
They're faster to be able
to tell the difference
to tell the difference
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Brže će primijetiti razliku između
07:31
between a light and dark blue.
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svijetlo i tamno plave boje.
07:33
And when you look at people's brains
as they're looking at colors --
as they're looking at colors --
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Dok gledate ljudski mozak
kako promatra boje,
kako promatra boje,
07:36
say you have colors shifting slowly
from light to dark blue --
from light to dark blue --
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recimo dok se one polako mijenjaju
od svijetle prema tamno plavoj,
od svijetle prema tamno plavoj,
07:40
the brains of people who use
different words for light and dark blue
different words for light and dark blue
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mozgovi ljudi koji koriste
različite riječi za svijetlo i tamno plavu
različite riječi za svijetlo i tamno plavu
07:45
will give a surprised reaction
as the colors shift from light to dark,
as the colors shift from light to dark,
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reagirat će iznenađeno
tijekom promjene boja,
tijekom promjene boja,
07:48
as if, "Ooh, something
has categorically changed,"
has categorically changed,"
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u stilu "O, nešto se jako promijenilo",
07:52
whereas the brains
of English speakers, for example,
of English speakers, for example,
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dok mozgovi govornika engleskog,
na primjer,
na primjer,
07:54
that don't make
this categorical distinction,
this categorical distinction,
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koji ne rade ovu kategoričku razliku,
07:56
don't give that surprise,
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neće biti tako iznenađeni,
07:57
because nothing is categorically changing.
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jer se ništa izričito ne mijenja.
08:02
Languages have all kinds
of structural quirks.
of structural quirks.
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Jezici imaju sve moguće
strukturalne uvrnutosti.
strukturalne uvrnutosti.
08:04
This is one of my favorites.
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Ovo mi je jedna od najdražih.
08:05
Lots of languages have grammatical gender;
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Mnogo jezika ima gramatički rod:
08:08
every noun gets assigned a gender,
often masculine or feminine.
often masculine or feminine.
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svaka imenica ima svoj rod,
često muški ili ženski.
često muški ili ženski.
08:13
And these genders differ across languages.
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I oni se razlikuju od jezika do jezika.
08:15
So, for example, the sun is feminine
in German but masculine in Spanish,
in German but masculine in Spanish,
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Primjerice, "sunce" je ženskog roda
u njemačkom, ali muškog u španjolskom,
u njemačkom, ali muškog u španjolskom,
08:19
and the moon, the reverse.
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dok je "mjesec" obrnuto.
08:21
Could this actually have any
consequence for how people think?
consequence for how people think?
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Bi li ovo moglo imati ikakve
posljedice na to kako ljudi razmišljaju?
posljedice na to kako ljudi razmišljaju?
08:25
Do German speakers think of the sun
as somehow more female-like,
as somehow more female-like,
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Misle li govornici njemačkog da je sunce
više žensko,
više žensko,
08:29
and the moon somehow more male-like?
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1906
dok je mjesec više muškog izgleda?
Zapravo, izgleda da je upravo tako.
08:31
Actually, it turns out that's the case.
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Ako pitate govornike njemačkog
i španjolskog da opišu, primjerice, most,
i španjolskog da opišu, primjerice, most,
08:33
So if you ask German and Spanish speakers
to, say, describe a bridge,
to, say, describe a bridge,
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5423
08:39
like the one here --
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poput ovoga ovdje,
08:40
"bridge" happens to be grammatically
feminine in German,
feminine in German,
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3349
"most" je gramatički ženskog roda
u njemačkom,
u njemačkom,
08:43
grammatically masculine in Spanish --
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gramatički muškog roda u španjolskom.
08:46
German speakers are more likely
to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
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4318
Govornici njemačkog prije će reći
da su mostovi "divni", "elegantni",
da su mostovi "divni", "elegantni",
08:50
and stereotypically feminine words.
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2127
tipične ženske riječi.
08:52
Whereas Spanish speakers
will be more likely to say
will be more likely to say
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Dok će govornici španjolskog reći
08:55
they're "strong" or "long,"
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da su "snažni" ili "dugi",
08:56
these masculine words.
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1386
tipične muške riječi.
09:00
(Laughter)
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528849
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(Smijeh)
09:03
Languages also differ in how
they describe events, right?
they describe events, right?
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Jezici se također razlikuju
u opisivanju događaja, zar ne?
u opisivanju događaja, zar ne?
Uzmite za primjer ovu nezgodu.
09:08
You take an event like this, an accident.
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2346
09:10
In English, it's fine to say,
"He broke the vase."
"He broke the vase."
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2788
U engleskom je u redu reći:
"Razbio je vazu."
"Razbio je vazu."
09:13
In a language like Spanish,
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2544
U jeziku poput španjolskog,
09:16
you might be more likely
to say, "The vase broke,"
to say, "The vase broke,"
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2847
prije ćete reći: "Vaza je razbijena.",
09:19
or, "The vase broke itself."
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1561
ili "Vaza se razbila."
09:21
If it's an accident, you wouldn't say
that someone did it.
that someone did it.
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3222
Ako je riječ o nezgodi, ne biste rekli
da je netko to učinio.
da je netko to učinio.
09:24
In English, quite weirdly,
we can even say things like,
we can even say things like,
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3406
U engleskom, iako zvuči dosta čudno,
možemo reći nešto poput:
možemo reći nešto poput:
09:28
"I broke my arm."
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"Slomio sam si ruku."
09:29
Now, in lots of languages,
212
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1834
U mnogim jezicima
09:31
you couldn't use that construction
unless you are a lunatic
unless you are a lunatic
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3171
ne biste mogli koristiti takav oblik
osim ako ste ludi
osim ako ste ludi
09:35
and you went out
looking to break your arm --
looking to break your arm --
214
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2129
i išli ste sami sebi lomiti ruku.
09:37
(Laughter)
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565159
1002
(Smijeh)
09:38
and you succeeded.
216
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1151
I uspjeli u tome.
09:39
If it was an accident,
you would use a different construction.
you would use a different construction.
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3264
Ako je riječ o nesreći,
koristili biste drugačiju konstrukciju.
koristili biste drugačiju konstrukciju.
09:42
Now, this has consequences.
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570648
1805
Ovo ima posljedice.
09:44
So, people who speak different languages
will pay attention to different things,
will pay attention to different things,
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4188
Ljudi koji govore različitim jezicima
obraćaju pozornost na različite stvari,
obraćaju pozornost na različite stvari,
09:48
depending on what their language
usually requires them to do.
usually requires them to do.
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3406
ovisno o tome na što ih usmjerava
jezik kojim govore.
jezik kojim govore.
09:52
So we show the same accident
to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
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4172
Pokažemo li istu nezgodu
govornicima engleskog i španjolskog,
govornicima engleskog i španjolskog,
09:56
English speakers will remember who did it,
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3285
govornici engleskog će zapamtiti
tko je izazvao nezgodu,
tko je izazvao nezgodu,
jer engleski zahtijeva da kažete:
"On je to učinio: razbio je vazu."
"On je to učinio: razbio je vazu."
10:00
because English requires you
to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
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3414
S druge strane, govornici španjolskog
vjerojatno neće zapamtiti tko je krivac
vjerojatno neće zapamtiti tko je krivac
10:03
Whereas Spanish speakers might be
less likely to remember who did it
less likely to remember who did it
224
591963
3203
10:07
if it's an accident,
225
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1151
ako se radi o nezgodi,
10:08
but they're more likely to remember
that it was an accident.
that it was an accident.
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2829
već će zapamtiti činjenicu
da je riječ o nezgodi.
da je riječ o nezgodi.
10:11
They're more likely
to remember the intention.
to remember the intention.
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2436
Skloniji su zapamtiti namjeru.
10:13
So, two people watch the same event,
228
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3083
Dakle, dvoje ljudi gleda isti događaj,
10:16
witness the same crime,
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2081
svjedoče istom zločinu,
10:18
but end up remembering
different things about that event.
different things about that event.
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3046
ali zapamte drugačije stvari
o tom događaju.
o tom događaju.
10:22
This has implications, of course,
for eyewitness testimony.
for eyewitness testimony.
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3259
Naravno da ovo ima neizbježne posljedice
za svjedočenja očevidaca.
za svjedočenja očevidaca.
10:26
It also has implications
for blame and punishment.
for blame and punishment.
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2362
Također ima posljedice
za optužbu i kažnjavanje.
za optužbu i kažnjavanje.
10:28
So if you take English speakers
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1807
Dakle, govornicima engleskog
10:30
and I just show you
someone breaking a vase,
someone breaking a vase,
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2164
pokažem nekoga kako razbija vazu,
10:32
and I say, "He broke the vase,"
as opposed to "The vase broke,"
as opposed to "The vase broke,"
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3855
i kažem "Razbio je vazu."
umjesto "Vaza se razbila.",
umjesto "Vaza se razbila.",
10:37
even though you can witness it yourself,
236
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1913
čak i ako sami tome svjedočite,
10:39
you can watch the video,
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1268
pogledate video,
10:40
you can watch the crime against the vase,
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2162
možete pogledati zločin nad vazom,
više ćete kazniti nekoga drugoga,
10:44
you will punish someone more,
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632157
1767
okrivit ćete nekoga drugoga više
ako kažem "On ju je razbio."
ako kažem "On ju je razbio."
10:45
you will blame someone more
if I just said, "He broke it,"
if I just said, "He broke it,"
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2853
10:48
as opposed to, "It broke."
241
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1493
umjesto "Razbila se."
10:50
The language guides
our reasoning about events.
our reasoning about events.
242
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3323
Jezik usmjerava naše
rasuđivanje događaja.
rasuđivanje događaja.
10:55
Now, I've given you a few examples
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643996
2886
Pokazala sam vam nekoliko primjera
10:58
of how language can profoundly
shape the way we think,
shape the way we think,
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3727
kako jezik uvelike može
oblikovati naše razmišljanje,
oblikovati naše razmišljanje,
11:02
and it does so in a variety of ways.
245
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2175
i to čini na razne načine.
11:04
So language can have big effects,
246
652856
1931
Jezik može imati veliki utjecaj,
kao kod primjera prostora i vremena,
11:06
like we saw with space and time,
247
654811
1742
11:08
where people can lay out space and time
248
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1906
gdje ljudi raspolažu prostorom i vremenom
11:10
in completely different
coordinate frames from each other.
coordinate frames from each other.
249
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3241
na potpuno drugačije načine.
11:14
Language can also have
really deep effects --
really deep effects --
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2234
Jezik također može imati
značajan utjecaj
značajan utjecaj
11:17
that's what we saw
with the case of number.
with the case of number.
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2184
kao što smo vidjeli u slučaju s brojevima.
11:19
Having count words in your language,
252
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2043
Brojati u svom jeziku,
11:21
having number words,
253
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1220
imati riječi za brojeve,
11:22
opens up the whole world of mathematics.
254
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2561
otvara cijeli novi svijet matematike.
11:25
Of course, if you don't count,
you can't do algebra,
you can't do algebra,
255
673468
2503
Ako ne brojite,
ne možete se baviti algebrom,
ne možete se baviti algebrom,
11:27
you can't do any of the things
256
675995
1564
ne možete učiniti stvari poput
11:29
that would be required
to build a room like this
to build a room like this
257
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2743
gradnje ovakve dvorane,
11:32
or make this broadcast, right?
258
680350
2004
ili emitirati ovaj prijenos, zar ne?
11:34
This little trick of number words
gives you a stepping stone
gives you a stepping stone
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682836
2863
Ovaj mali trik s brojevima
odskočna je daska
odskočna je daska
11:37
into a whole cognitive realm.
260
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1481
u cjelovito kognitivno carstvo.
11:40
Language can also have
really early effects,
really early effects,
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2295
Jezik također može imati
prijevremene učinke,
prijevremene učinke,
11:42
what we saw in the case of color.
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2870
kao što smo vidjeli u slučaju boja.
11:46
These are really simple,
basic, perceptual decisions.
basic, perceptual decisions.
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2494
Ovo su stvarno jednostavne,
osnovne uočljive odluke.
osnovne uočljive odluke.
11:48
We make thousands of them all the time,
264
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2360
Cijelo ih vrijeme donosimo na tisuće,
11:51
and yet, language is getting in there
265
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1817
i jezik se uvlači u njih,
11:52
and fussing even with these tiny little
perceptual decisions that we make.
perceptual decisions that we make.
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4331
uznemiravajući čak i sitne odluke
koje donosimo.
koje donosimo.
Jezik može imati
uistinu široki utjecaj.
uistinu široki utjecaj.
11:58
Language can have really broad effects.
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1859
Iako se slučaj s gramatičkim rodom
može činiti luckastim,
može činiti luckastim,
12:00
So the case of grammatical gender
may be a little silly,
may be a little silly,
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3228
12:03
but at the same time,
grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
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3833
istovremeno, gramatički se rod
primjenjuje na sve imenice.
primjenjuje na sve imenice.
To znači da jezik može oblikovati
kako razmišljate
kako razmišljate
12:08
That means language can shape
how you're thinking
how you're thinking
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2289
12:10
about anything that can be
named by a noun.
named by a noun.
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2887
o bilo čemu što se može
imenovati imenicom.
imenovati imenicom.
12:14
That's a lot of stuff.
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1329
A to je mnogo toga.
12:16
And finally, I gave you an example
of how language can shape things
of how language can shape things
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Naposljetku, pokazala sam vam primjer
kako jezik može oblikovati
kako jezik može oblikovati
12:19
that have personal weight to us --
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nešto što jako utječe na nas,
12:21
ideas like blame and punishment
or eyewitness memory.
or eyewitness memory.
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poput krivice ili kažnjavanja
ili sjećanja očevidaca.
ili sjećanja očevidaca.
12:23
These are important things
in our daily lives.
in our daily lives.
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Ovo su važne stvari za našu svakodnevicu.
12:28
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity
is that it reveals to us
is that it reveals to us
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Ljepota jezične raznolikosti otkriva nam
12:33
just how ingenious and how flexible
the human mind is.
the human mind is.
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genijalnost i fleksibilnost ljudskog uma.
12:37
Human minds have invented
not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
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Ljudski umovi nisu stvorili jedan,
već 7000 kognitivnih univerzuma.
već 7000 kognitivnih univerzuma.
12:42
there are 7,000 languages
spoken around the world.
spoken around the world.
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U svijetu se govori 7000 jezika.
12:46
And we can create many more --
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I možemo ih stvoriti još.
12:47
languages, of course, are living things,
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Jezici su, naravno, živa materija,
12:50
things that we can hone
and change to suit our needs.
and change to suit our needs.
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i možemo raditi na njima i mijenjati ih
prema našim potrebama.
prema našim potrebama.
12:55
The tragic thing is that we're losing
so much of this linguistic diversity
so much of this linguistic diversity
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Tragično je da gubimo toliko
ove jezične raznolikosti
ove jezične raznolikosti
12:59
all the time.
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cijelo vrijeme.
13:00
We're losing about one language a week,
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Gubimo jedan jezik tjedno,
13:02
and by some estimates,
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i prema procjenama,
13:03
half of the world's languages
will be gone in the next hundred years.
will be gone in the next hundred years.
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u sljedećih sto godina
nestat će pola svjetskih jezika.
nestat će pola svjetskih jezika.
13:07
And the even worse news is that right now,
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Još je gora vijest da upravo sada,
13:10
almost everything we know about
the human mind and human brain
the human mind and human brain
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gotovo sve što znamo
o ljudskom umu i mozgu
o ljudskom umu i mozgu
13:14
is based on studies of usually American
English-speaking undergraduates
English-speaking undergraduates
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temelji se na studijama američkih
studenata, govornika engleskog,
studenata, govornika engleskog,
13:19
at universities.
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na sveučilištima.
13:22
That excludes almost all humans. Right?
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To isključuje gotovo sve ljude, zar ne?
13:26
So what we know about the human mind
is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
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Ono što znamo o ljudskom umu zapravo je
nevjerojatno uskogrudno i pristrano,
nevjerojatno uskogrudno i pristrano,
13:31
and our science has to do better.
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i naša znanost mora biti bolja od toga.
13:37
I want to leave you
with this final thought.
with this final thought.
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Želim vas ostaviti s ovom
posljednjom misli.
posljednjom misli.
13:40
I've told you about how speakers
of different languages think differently,
of different languages think differently,
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Rekla sam vam kako govornici raznih jezika
različito razmišljaju,
različito razmišljaju,
13:43
but of course, that's not about
how people elsewhere think.
how people elsewhere think.
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ali naravno, ne radi se o tome kako ljudi
negdje drugdje razmišljaju.
negdje drugdje razmišljaju.
13:47
It's about how you think.
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Važno je kako vi razmišljate.
13:48
It's how the language that you speak
shapes the way that you think.
shapes the way that you think.
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Kako jezik kojim govorite
oblikuje vaš način razmišljanja.
oblikuje vaš način razmišljanja.
13:53
And that gives you the opportunity to ask,
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To vam pruža priliku da se zapitate:
"Zašto razmišljam kako razmišljam?"
13:55
"Why do I think the way that I do?"
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13:57
"How could I think differently?"
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"Kako bih mogao razmišljati drugačije?"
13:59
And also,
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Također,
14:01
"What thoughts do I wish to create?"
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"Kakve misli želim stvoriti?"
Najljepša vam hvala.
14:03
Thank you very much.
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14:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lera Boroditsky - Cognitive scientistLera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart.
Why you should listen
Lera Boroditsky is an associate professor of cognitive science at University of California San Diego and editor in chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. She previously served on the faculty at MIT and at Stanford. Her research is on the relationships between mind, world and language (or how humans get so smart).
Boroditsky has been named one of 25 visionaries changing the world by the Utne Reader, and is also a Searle Scholar, a McDonnell scholar, recipient of an NSF Career award and an APA Distinguished Scientist lecturer. She once used the Indonesian exclusive "we" correctly before breakfast and was proud of herself about it all day.
Lera Boroditsky | Speaker | TED.com