TED2018
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Four billion years of evolution in six minutes
普羅薩塔·查克雷巴迪: 六分鐘了解四十億年的進化
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人類是從猴子進化而來還是從魚類進化而來？在這啓發式的演講中，魚類研究學者同時也是 TED 研究員普羅薩塔·查克雷巴迪將打破一些根深蒂固的進化傳説，鼓勵我們記住，在複雜的四百萬年的進化中我們只是一小部分而不是終點。「我們不是進化的終極目標，」查克雷巴迪說：「想想我們只是古老的巨大的生命樹上年輕的葉子，彼此被看不見的枝幹所連接著，連接著的不只是我們，還有一些我們已經消失的近親和我們進化的祖先。」
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
如果我們從猴子進化而來，
為什麽現在仍然還有猴子?
為什麽現在仍然還有猴子?
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys,
why are there still monkeys?
why are there still monkeys?
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00:17
(Laughter)
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嗯，因為我們不是猴子。
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
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00:20
we're fish.
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我們是魚。
00:22
(Laughter)
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了解你是一條魚而不是猴子，
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish
and not a monkey
and not a monkey
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對理解我們從哪裏來非常重要。
00:26
is actually really important
to understanding where we came from.
to understanding where we came from.
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我教生物進化論的班級
是美國最大的班級之一。
是美國最大的班級之一。
00:30
I teach one of the largest
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
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00:34
and when my students finally understand
why I call them fish all the time,
why I call them fish all the time,
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當我的學生們最終理解了
為什麽我總叫他們魚時，
為什麽我總叫他們魚時，
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
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那我就明白我達到教學目標了。
但我總是得透過打破一些
根深蒂固的觀點來開始我的課堂，
根深蒂固的觀點來開始我的課堂，
00:40
But I always have to start my classes
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
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因為在沒有真正了解進化論前，
大多數人被灌輸了錯誤的進化觀念。
大多數人被灌輸了錯誤的進化觀念。
00:45
because without really knowing it,
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
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比如，我們被教導用
「進化論」 這個詞。
「進化論」 這個詞。
00:50
For instance, we're taught
to say "the theory of evolution."
to say "the theory of evolution."
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實際上，有非常多的理論，
並且就像這個進程本身，
並且就像這個進程本身，
00:54
There are actually many theories,
and just like the process itself,
and just like the process itself,
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00:58
the ones that best fit the data
are the ones that survive to this day.
are the ones that survive to this day.
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那些最合適的數據是就是
那些被保存到如今的數據。
那些被保存到如今的數據。
其中最廣為人知的理論之一
就是達爾文的「物競天擇」。
就是達爾文的「物競天擇」。
01:03
The one we know best
is Darwinian natural selection.
is Darwinian natural selection.
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01:06
That's the process by which organisms
that best fit an environment
that best fit an environment
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在這種進化方式中，
最適應環境的生物
最適應環境的生物
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
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會生存下來，並且得到繁衍，
01:13
while those that are less fit
slowly die off.
slowly die off.
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而那些相對不適應環境的生物
漸漸地走向消亡。
漸漸地走向消亡。
就是這樣。
01:16
And that's it.
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01:17
Evolution is as simple as that,
and it's a fact.
and it's a fact.
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進化就是這麽簡單的事實。
進化如同「重力理論」，是個事實。
01:21
Evolution is a fact
as much as the "theory of gravity."
as much as the "theory of gravity."
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01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
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你可以很容易地證明它。
你只需要看看你的肚臍，
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
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那是你和其他
胎生哺乳動物一樣的地方，
胎生哺乳動物一樣的地方，
01:30
that you share
with other placental mammals,
with other placental mammals,
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01:32
or your backbone that you share
with other vertebrates,
with other vertebrates,
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或者看看你的脊椎骨，
那是你和其他脊椎動物一樣的地方，
那是你和其他脊椎動物一樣的地方，
01:35
or your DNA that you share
with all other life on earth.
with all other life on earth.
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又或者你的 DNA，
那是你和地球上
其他的生物相似的地方。
其他的生物相似的地方。
這些特徵並不就只出現在人類身上，
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
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而是從不同的祖先
遺傳給所有的子孫的，
遺傳給所有的子孫的，
01:41
They were passed down
from different ancestors
from different ancestors
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01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
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不僅僅只有我們。
01:47
But that's not really
how we learn biology early on, is it?
how we learn biology early on, is it?
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但這些並不是我們早期開始
了解到的生物學，不是嗎？
了解到的生物學，不是嗎？
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria
are primitive things,
are primitive things,
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我們知道植物和細菌是原生生物，
然後是魚類，進一步到兩棲類，
進而是爬行動物和哺乳動物，
進而是爬行動物和哺乳動物，
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians
followed by reptiles and mammals,
followed by reptiles and mammals,
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01:57
and then you get you,
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之後到人類自己，
在進化的時間軸終點
完美地成為進化的生物。
完美地成為進化的生物。
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature
at the end of the line.
at the end of the line.
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但生命並不是在一軸線進化的，
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
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02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
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也不會在人類這階段就終止。
但我們總是被灌輸這樣描述的進化論，
02:08
But we're always shown evolution
portrayed something like this,
portrayed something like this,
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02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
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比如：猴子，大猩猩，
02:14
some extinct humans,
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一些消失的類人猿，
02:15
all on a forward and steady march
to becoming us.
to becoming us.
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通過穩定的進化，然後成為我們。
但牠們並不會成為我們，
我們也不會成為牠們。
我們也不會成為牠們。
02:19
But they don't become us
any more than we would become them.
any more than we would become them.
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我們也不是進化的終極目標。
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
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但為什麽這這麽重要呢？
02:27
But why does it matter?
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為什麽我們需要
用正確的方式來理解進化呢？
用正確的方式來理解進化呢？
02:28
Why do we need to understand
evolution the right way?
evolution the right way?
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02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution
has led to many problems,
has led to many problems,
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其實，我們對進化的誤解
已經產生了很多的問題，
已經產生了很多的問題，
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
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但你不會問這樣古老的問題：
02:40
"Where are we from?"
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「我們從哪裏來？」
02:42
without understanding
evolution the right way.
evolution the right way.
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尤其當你沒有
以正確的方式理解進化時。
以正確的方式理解進化時。
對進化的誤解導致了許多
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led
to many convoluted and corrupted views
to many convoluted and corrupted views
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我們對地球上其餘生物
產生了破壞性的扭曲觀念，
產生了破壞性的扭曲觀念，
02:50
of how we should treat
other life on earth,
other life on earth,
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02:53
and how we should treat each other
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以及我們彼此在種族
和性別上的對待方式。
和性別上的對待方式。
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
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02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
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讓我們回溯四十億年。
03:02
This is the single-celled organism
we all came from.
we all came from.
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這些單細胞有機體是我們的起源。
首先，它們演變成其他的單細胞生命，
03:06
At first, it gave rise
to other single-celled life,
to other single-celled life,
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03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
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但這些單細胞生物今天仍然在進化，
03:11
and some would say
the Archaea and Bacteria
the Archaea and Bacteria
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而有些人會説細菌幾乎組成了
03:14
that make up most of this group
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這個星球上最成功的族群。
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
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03:18
They are certainly going
to be here well after us.
to be here well after us.
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牠們在我們消失後，
一定還會存在的。
一定還會存在的。
03:21
About three billion years ago,
multicellularity evolved.
multicellularity evolved.
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大約在三百萬年前，
進化出了多細胞生物。
進化出了多細胞生物。
03:25
This includes your fungi
and your plants and your animals.
and your plants and your animals.
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這包括真菌、植物，和動物。
03:29
The first animals to develop
a backbone were fishes.
a backbone were fishes.
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第一種被演化出脊椎的動物是魚類。
03:33
So technically,
all vertebrates are fishes,
all vertebrates are fishes,
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以科學的角度而言，
所有的脊椎動物都是魚。
所有的脊椎動物都是魚。
所以，嚴格來說，你和我都是魚。
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
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03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
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所以別説我沒提醒過你們。
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
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一些魚類來到岸上，然後演變成
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things,
the mammals and reptiles.
the mammals and reptiles.
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其餘的生物，哺乳動物、爬行動物。
03:49
Some reptiles become birds,
some mammals become primates,
some mammals become primates,
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一些爬行動物變成了鳥類，
一些哺乳動物變成了靈長動物，
一些哺乳動物變成了靈長動物，
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
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一些靈長動物變成了有尾巴的猴子，
03:56
and others become the great apes,
including a variety of human species.
including a variety of human species.
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其牠的變成了猿類，包括不同的人種，
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
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但我們並非由猴子進化而來，
而是和牠們擁有同一個祖先。
而是和牠們擁有同一個祖先。
04:03
but we do share
a common ancestor with them.
a common ancestor with them.
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與此同時，我們周圍的生命
也在一直進化：
也在一直進化：
04:06
All the while, life
around us kept evolving:
around us kept evolving:
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04:09
more bacteria, more fungi,
lots of fish, fish, fish.
lots of fish, fish, fish.
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更多的細菌、真菌，
更多的魚、魚、魚。
更多的魚、魚、魚。
04:13
If you couldn't tell --
yes, they're my favorite group.
yes, they're my favorite group.
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如果你不知道——
是的，牠們是我最喜歡的族群。
是的，牠們是我最喜歡的族群。
04:16
(Laughter)
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生命在進化，也在消亡。
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
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大多數的物種存在不到一百萬年。
04:20
Most species just last
for a few million years.
for a few million years.
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04:23
So you see, most life on earth
that we see around us today
that we see around us today
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所以，今天我們在地球上
看到的周圍的大多數的生物
看到的周圍的大多數的生物
和我們有著差不多的歷史。
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
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因此以自我為中心的思考是傲慢的：
04:28
So it's hubris,
it's self-centered to think,
it's self-centered to think,
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04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
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「噢，植物和細菌是原生生物，
04:34
and we've been here
for an evolutionary minute,
for an evolutionary minute,
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而我們已經進化了一陣子，
所以我們是些特別的物種。」
04:37
so we're somehow special."
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想想生命這部書，
04:39
Think of life as being this book,
an unfinished book for sure.
an unfinished book for sure.
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一定是一本尚未完成的書。
04:44
We're just seeing the last
few pages of each chapter.
few pages of each chapter.
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我們僅僅看到了
每一章節的最後幾頁。
每一章節的最後幾頁。
如果你仔細觀察
和我們生長在同一星球的
和我們生長在同一星球的
04:48
If you look out
on the eight million species
on the eight million species
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八百萬種生物，
04:50
that we share this planet with,
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04:52
think of them all being
four billion years of evolution.
four billion years of evolution.
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牠們已經有四十億年的進化歷程了。
04:56
They're all the product of that.
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牠們是進化的產物。
想想我們彼此只是這古老巨大的
生命樹中的年輕葉子，
生命樹中的年輕葉子，
04:59
Think of us all as young leaves
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
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我們彼此被看不見的枝幹連接著，
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches
not just to each other,
not just to each other,
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連接著的不僅僅是我們，
還有已經滅種的近親們，
05:08
but to our extinct relatives
and our evolutionary ancestors.
and our evolutionary ancestors.
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以及我們進化的祖先。
作為一名生物學家，
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still
trying to learn, with others,
trying to learn, with others,
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我還在和其他人一起學習，
我們每個人是如何和其他人相連，
05:15
how everyone's related to each other,
who is related to whom.
who is related to whom.
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誰又和誰相關聯。
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
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也許這樣想更好，
我們只是一隻離開水的小魚。
05:23
to think of us
as a little fish out of water.
as a little fish out of water.
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05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
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是的，一條學會了走路和説話的魚，
05:29
but one that still has
a lot of learning to do
a lot of learning to do
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但我們還有很多事情需要探究，
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
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關於我們是誰，
我們從哪裏來。
謝謝。
05:35
Thank you.
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05:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - IchthyologistProsanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.
Why you should listen
Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.
Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.
The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com